Jan 14 2025

As nations worldwide increasingly integrate artificial intelligence into their military capabilities, India has emerged as a significant participant in this technological transformation.

Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a broad field of computer science focused on creating machines capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence.

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Significance of Artificial Intelligence in Defence

  • Enhanced Decision-Making: AI enables faster and more accurate decision-making through predictive analytics and data-driven insights.
    • AI-enabled systems in the F-35 fighter jet of the USA assist pilots with mission-critical decisions in real-time.
  • Strengthened Surveillance and Security: AI-powered systems like autonomous drones and surveillance tools enhance border security and reconnaissance operations.
    • AI systems like IBM Watson are used in military decision-making to predict risks in operations.
  • Cybersecurity Enhancement: AI helps detect and prevent cyber threats by analyzing patterns, predicting breaches, and automating responses.
  • Logistics and Supply Chain Management: AI optimizes supply chains by predicting equipment maintenance needs and managing inventory.
    • The U.S. Air Force has been using its AI-driven predictive maintenance across various aircrafts to save time and resources. 
  • Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR): AI accelerates data processing from multiple sources, such as satellites, drones, and sensors. It can  identify patterns, detect threats, and provide actionable intelligence.
    • Indrajaal Autonomous Drone Security System in India provides a multi-layered drone-based perimeter defense against UAV threats.

India’s Progress in Use of AI in Defence

  • India’s Defense Budget and Focus on AI Modernization: India allocated Rupees 6.21 lakh crore ($75 billion) to its defense budget last year, with a significant emphasis on modernizing its military capabilities. 
  • Government Emphasis on AI’s Role in Military Operations: The Union Defence Minister, has highlighted the transformative potential of AI in military operations. 
  • AI Innovations in India’s Defense Sector: India has made notable progress in developing and deploying AI-enabled systems, such as Indrajaal Autonomous Drone Security System.
      • The Indrajaal system is an AI-powered, autonomous drone defense system developed by Grene Robotics, a Hyderabad-based company.
    • Indian Army: The Indian Army has deployed Artificial Intelligence (AI) surveillance systems along its borders with Pakistan and China.
    • Air Force: The Air Force is adopting AI to improve mission planning and execution, focusing on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and autonomous systems. 
      • Further, the Air Force has also established the Center of Excellence for Artificial Intelligence (CoEAI) at Air Force Station Rajokri, New Delhi under the Unit for Digitisation, Automation, Artificial Intelligence and Application Networking (UDAAN) initiative.
    • Indian Navy: The Navy is exploring AI for maritime surveillance and threat detection, using machine learning algorithms to analyze vast amounts of data from various sensors and platforms. 
  • Attracting Foreign Investments in AI: India’s AI ecosystem has gained global attention, leading to significant foreign investments:
    • Microsoft’s Commitment: The company has invested approximately $3 billion to build data centers in Telangana, bolstering India’s AI infrastructure.
  • International Collaborations in AI Development: India actively participates in international partnerships aimed at advancing AI technologies, especially for military applications. 
    • These collaborations reflect India’s commitment to keeping pace with global developments in military AI.

Government Initiatives in Adopting AI in Defence

  • Task Force for the implementation of AI (2018): N Chandrasekaran Task Force was set up in 2018 to study implications of AI in national security.
    • Based on the recommendations of the Chandrasekaran Task Force, Defence AI Council (DAIC) and Defence AI Project Agency (DAIPA) was created.
  • Defence AI Council (DAIC): Its primary goal is to provide strategic direction and guidance for AI-driven transformation within the Indian defense forces.  
  • Defence AI Project Agency (DAIPA):  DAIPA was established to provide the necessary guidance and implementation framework for AI adoption in defense organizations.  
    • It serves as the central execution body for AI projects and initiatives across the Indian military.  
  • AI in Defense Symposium: In July 2022, India launched 75 AI-enabled products focused on automation, autonomous systems, cybersecurity, and operational analytics.
  • Defence India Startup Challenge:  The Defence India Startup Challenge, part of the Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX) program, provides funding to startups developing advanced technologies for the Indian defense forces. 
  • AI Research and Development in DRDO:
    • Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (CAIR), Bengaluru: Conducts workshops to train DRDO scientists in AI for defense systems and supports start-ups by nurturing innovation and collaboration.
    • DRDO Young Scientist Laboratories (DYSL):
      • DYSL-AI: Focused on AI-related research and applications.
      • DYSL-CT (Cognitive Technology): Concentrates on cognitive technology advancements for defense.
    • Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DIAT): Offers certified courses in AI and machine learning.
  • Department of Defence Production (DDP) has earmarked Rs 100 crore per year for AI projects for the Armed Forces.

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Key Challenges Faced by India in the use of AI in Defence:

Despite this progress, several challenges hinder India’s full utilization of AI in defense:

  • Data and Funding: Limited digitized data for training AI systems and the high cost of data centers pose significant obstacles. 
  • Policy Gaps: While India has outlined national AI strategies and principles for responsible AI, specific guidelines for military AI deployment and regulation are lacking.
  • Inter-Service Interoperability Issues: The separate doctrines, systems, and communication practices of the Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force create interoperability challenges and complicate the procurement of systems for joint operations.
  • Over-reliance on Public Sector Units (PSUs): While PSUs play a role, limiting defense procurement primarily to them hinders innovation and access to advanced systems developed by private companies and startups.
    • Private sector startups and enterprises, which are better equipped to develop cutting-edge AI solutions, remain underutilized.
  • Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities and Hacking Risks: AI systems are susceptible to cyberattacks, such as data breaches, adversarial inputs, and hacking attempts.
  • Ethical and Security Concerns: Autonomous AI systems raise accountability issues, particularly in the context of decisions with lethal consequences.
    • Ethical questions about bias in AI systems and their impact on human rights are yet to be fully addressed.
  • Exploitation of Generative AI by Terrorist Groups: Terrorist Groups can use AI to spread fake images/videos to manipulate emotions and influence behavior.
    • Hamas-affiliated groups have used AI-generated images in the recent Gaza conflict to spread misinformation.

Ethical challenge in the use of AI in Military

The use of AI in military applications raises a host of complex ethical debates. Here are some of the key concerns:

  • Life-and-Death Decisions: Granting machines the power to autonomously select and attack targets raises ethical issues about human dignity and international humanitarian law.  
  • Lack of Judgment and Empathy: Machines/Computers lack essential human qualities, risking civilian harm and conflict escalation.
  • Accountability and Responsibility: If an autonomous weapon commits a war crime, it is unclear who should be held responsible. This lack of accountability undermines the principles of justice and deterrence.
  • Bias in Training Data: AI may perpetuate discrimination, leading to unfair or harmful targeting of certain groups of people.  
  • Lack of Transparency and Explainability: Many AI systems are “black boxes,” meaning that it is difficult to understand how they arrive at their decisions. This lack of transparency makes it difficult to identify and correct biases.  
  • Proliferation and Arms Race: AI could make advanced weapons technology more accessible to a wider range of actors, including non-state groups and terrorists.  

Global use of AI in Military and Defence

  • United States’s Project Maven: This initiative aims to accelerate the integration of big data and machine learning into military operations, particularly for full-motion video analysis in counterterrorism operations.
  • China:  China has emphasized the importance of AI in future warfare, aiming to develop systems that can operate with minimal human intervention.  
  • Israel: Israel utilizes AI for border surveillance, employing sensors, cameras, and machine learning to detect and respond to potential threats along its borders.  

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Way Forward

To fully leverage AI in defense, India needs to:

  • Develop Robust Frameworks: Establish clear policies and regulations specifically for military AI deployment and ethical use.
  • Promote Inter-Service Collaboration: Break down silos between the armed forces to ensure interoperability and effective joint operations.
  • Encourage Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Foster collaboration with private companies and startups to drive innovation and access cutting-edge technologies.
  • Foster International Cooperation:
    • Engage in international dialogues: Participate in international discussions and collaborations on AI in defense to share best practices and address common challenges.
  • Enhance Research and Development (R&D):
    • Increase R&D funding: Allocate more resources to AI research and development in the defense sector.
    • Foster collaboration between academia, industry, and government: Create platforms for collaboration and knowledge sharing between research institutions, private companies, and defense organizations.
    • Promote indigenous AI development: Encourage the development of indigenous AI technologies to reduce reliance on foreign sources and ensure strategic autonomy.
  • Emphasize Ethical Considerations:
    • Develop ethical guidelines for military AI: Establish clear ethical principles and guidelines for the development and deployment of AI in military applications, including the use of lethal autonomous weapons.
    • Ensure human oversight: Maintain human control over critical decisions, especially those involving the use of force.
    • Promote transparency and accountability: Ensure transparency in the development and deployment of AI systems and establish mechanisms for accountability.

Conclusion

As India embraces the potential of AI in defense, the focus should remain on fostering an environment that encourages innovation while addressing ethical and operational challenges. The integration of AI technologies into the armed forces not only promises enhanced national security but also positions India as a leader in the global defense landscape. 

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Key International Steps to Regulate AI in Defense

  • UN Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) – Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on LAWS (Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems):  
    • Established in 2016.  
    • Mandate: To discuss issues related to lethal autonomous weapons systems, including those involving AI.
  • UN Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) Guidelines (October 2024):  Developed guidelines for national strategies on AI in security and defense.  
    • Purpose: To provide a framework for nations to develop their own policies and regulations regarding military AI.  
  • International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC): Actively advocates for a comprehensive and legally binding set of norms and rules for the development and use of autonomous weapon systems involving AI.  

 

The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) is in news in the context of growing demands on India’s foreign policy apparatus as the country assumes a larger role in global governance.

MEA

  • MEA serves as the backbone of India’s foreign policy, managing diplomatic relations and projecting India’s strategic interests globally. 
  • As the world navigates an era of geopolitical flux, economic interdependence, and emerging global challenges like climate change, cyber security, and public health crises, the MEA faces mounting pressure to evolve.

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About MEA

The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA), also known as the Foreign Ministry of India, is the government department responsible for managing the country’s foreign affairs and international relations. 

  • It plays a key role in shaping and implementing India’s foreign policy, representing the country’s interests globally, and fostering bilateral and multilateral relationships.
  • Key Leadership
    • Minister of External Affairs: Currently Dr. S. Jaishankar (as of 2025).
    • Supported by Ministers of State and a cadre of Indian Foreign Service (IFS) officers.
  • Functions of MEA
    • Diplomatic Relations: Establishing and maintaining diplomatic ties with countries and international organizations.
    • Policy Formulation: Crafting foreign policy strategies aligned with national security and economic interests.
    • International Agreements: Negotiating and finalizing treaties, trade agreements, and bilateral pacts.
    • Consular Services: Assisting Indian citizens abroad with passport services, visa issues, and legal aid.
    • Multilateral Engagement: Representing India in global forums such as the United Nations (UN), World Trade Organization (WTO), G20, and BRICS.
    • Promoting Soft Power: Strengthening India’s global image through cultural diplomacy, education, and outreach programs (e.g., International Yoga Day, Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR)).

Points of Concern for MEA

  • Structural Reorganisation: The MEA’s internal structure requires reorganisation to reduce fragmentation and improve coordination. It has many small divisions, especially territorial ones, which often result in inefficiencies.
  • India’s Growing Global Role: India’s presidency of the G20 in 2023 and active participation in platforms like BRICS, QUAD, and the SCO have highlighted the increasing demands on its diplomatic framework.
  • Geopolitical Challenges:  Recent global developments, such as the Russia-Ukraine conflict and the intensifying U.S.-China rivalry, underscore the need for India to navigate complex diplomatic landscapes effectively.
  • Regional Relations: Issues like India-China border tensions, outreach to neighbors through the “Neighborhood First” policy, and strategic challenges in the Indian Ocean Region demand enhanced capacities within the MEA.
  • Technological Diplomacy: The rise of digital diplomacy and cyber security concerns, coupled with India’s tech leadership aspirations, necessitate reforms to address emerging challenges.
  • Internal Concerns: Criticism regarding the MEA’s limited staffing, budget constraints, and lack of specialization in new-age issues like climate negotiations and artificial intelligence have reignited the call for systemic reforms.

Global Best Practices

  • China’s Multi-Layered Diplomacy:
    • Maintains a vast diplomatic network with over 276 embassies and consulates, focusing on economic partnerships and cultural exchange programs.
  • U.S. Public Diplomacy:
    • The U.S. actively engages through programs like the Fulbright Scholarship and the International Visitor Leadership Program, strengthening bilateral ties.
  • European Union Climate Diplomacy:
    • EU nations integrate climate objectives into foreign policy, leading global negotiations on green energy transitions and carbon neutrality.
  • Singapore’s Strategic Training:
    • Offers world-class training to diplomats through specialized institutions like the Civil Service College to maintain a competitive edge in negotiation and international relations.

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About Indian Foreign Service (IFS)

  • Establishment: The Indian Foreign Service (IFS) was established in 1946 to handle India’s external affairs, including diplomacy, trade, and cultural relations.
  • Role: IFS officers represent India in foreign countries, negotiate agreements, protect Indian citizens abroad, and promote international cooperation.
  • Recruitment: Candidates are selected through the UPSC Civil Services Examination, followed by specialized training at the Foreign Service Institute (FSI) in Delhi.
  • Career Path: Officers serve in Indian embassies, high commissions, and consulates worldwide and in key roles at the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA).
  • Global Reach: India has over 190 diplomatic missions, making the IFS integral to implementing India’s foreign policy and maintaining international relations.

Way forward in Suggested Reforms for the MEA

  • Expand Human Resources: India has around 850 Indian Foreign Service (IFS) officers, significantly fewer than Russia (4,500), U.K. (4,600) or the U.S. (14,500).
    • Lateral recruitment of trade experts can support negotiations in forums like the WTO or free trade agreements.
  • Increase Budget Allocation: MEA receives 0.4% of the Union Budget (2023-24).
    • Increase funding to modernize embassies, enhance cultural diplomacy, and support soft power initiatives like scholarships for foreign students.
  • Specialization and Training: Introduce mid-career specialized training programs for diplomats in areas such as climate change, health diplomacy, and technology.
    • Example: Training modules similar to Singapore’s Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy can enhance skills in negotiation and strategic thinking.
  • Decentralization of Missions: Provide greater autonomy to embassies and regional offices for faster decision-making and localized engagement.
    • Example: The U.K.’s FCDO (Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office) empowers embassies with regional policy-making authority.
  • Strengthen Cultural Diplomacy and Soft Power: Enhance programs under the Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR) to promote India’s rich cultural heritage abroad.
    • Expand initiatives like Yoga Day, which saw participation from 190 countries in 2023.
  • Digital and Technological Diplomacy: Establish a dedicated cyber diplomacy division to address issues like digital sovereignty and cyber security.
    • Example: Estonia’s use of digital platforms in diplomacy highlights how tech integration enhances global outreach.

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Conclusion

The Ministry of External Affairs stands at a pivotal juncture. By adopting forward-looking reforms and drawing inspiration from global best practices, the MEA can effectively address contemporary challenges and position India as a leading voice in global governance. Enhanced capacity, specialized training, and innovative diplomacy will ensure that India navigates the complexities of an interconnected and multipolar world with confidence and influence.

Recently, India’s G20 Sherpa, Amitabh Kant, has emphasized the critical role of sunrise sectors for India to become a developed nation and achieve a $32 trillion economy by 2047.

Key Highlights of the Address

  • Global Leadership in Sunrise Sectors: India must become a global champion in sunrise sectors to secure its economic future.
    • Manufacturing of solar panels and electric vehicles (EVs) is vital to reducing dependence on imports and boosting domestic capabilities.
  • Technological Shifts and Clean Energy: A radical shift towards cutting-edge technology is essential for India to remain competitive globally.
    • Delivering cost-competitive clean technology solutions is critical to maintaining economic and environmental sustainability.
  • Private Credit to GDP: India’s private credit-to-GDP ratio lags behind that of the US, Europe, and China. Increasing this ratio is essential to fuel growth in emerging sectors.

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What are Sunrise Sectors?

Sunrise Sectors

  • Definition: Sunrise sectors are industries in their nascent stages but expected to grow rapidly and significantly impact the global economy.
  • Examples:
    • Clean Energy: Solar, wind, and green hydrogen.
    • Electric Mobility: EV manufacturing and battery technologies.
    • Digital Technologies: Artificial intelligence, blockchain, and quantum computing.
    • Biotechnology: Genome editing and synthetic biology.
  • Significance:
    • Drive economic growth by creating jobs, fostering innovation, and improving competitiveness.
    • Contribute to sustainability goals and energy independence.

Sunset Industry

  • A sunset industry refers to an established sector experiencing decline due to factors such as poor market demand, lack of technological advancement, or changing consumer preferences.
  • Characteristics:
    • Decline in profitability and growth.
    • Inability to adapt to new technology or market trends.
    • Redundant machinery and high operational costs.
    • Lack of product innovation and muted funding.
  • Reasons for Decline:
    • Limited innovation and stagnation in ideas.
    • Market vulnerabilities and customer preference shifts.
    • High costs of technological upgrades.
  • Examples:
    • Typewriter manufacturing: Replaced by computers and digital devices.
    • Coal-based power plants: Declining due to a shift towards renewable energy.
    • Landline telephony: Outpaced by mobile and internet communication technologies.

Exemplary Progress in Sunrise Sectors

  • Renewable Energy: India ranks third globally in renewable energy capacity and is rapidly expanding its solar and wind power infrastructure.
    • Initiatives like the National Solar Mission aim to install 500 GW of renewable capacity by 2030.
  • Electric Vehicles: EV adoption has increased significantly, supported by initiatives like the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (FAME) scheme.
    • Major auto manufacturers are investing in lithium-ion battery production and EV ecosystems.
  • Digital Transformation: India has become a hub for startups in AI, machine learning, and blockchain, with increasing global recognition.
    • Programs like Digital India and Startup India have fostered a conducive environment for tech-driven growth.

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Challenges for Sunrise Sectors in India

  • Technological Lag: Indian industries, particularly in solar panel manufacturing, are 5-7 years behind global competitors, limiting market leadership opportunities.
  • Infrastructure and Investment Gaps: Lack of advanced infrastructure for EV charging, renewable energy storage, and digital networks hampers scalability.
    • Insufficient private credit to GDP ratio limits capital availability for startups and new ventures.
  • Policy and Regulatory Barriers: Complex regulatory frameworks and delayed policy implementation discourage private investment.
    • Import dependence on critical technologies and components increases costs and hinders domestic innovation.
  • Skilled Workforce Deficit: A shortage of skilled professionals in cutting-edge fields like AI, renewable energy, and biotech constrains industry growth.
  • High Dependence on Fossil Fuels: Despite strides in renewable energy, fossil fuels still dominate India’s energy mix, delaying the transition to clean energy.

Way Forward

  • Policy Reforms and Incentives: Simplify regulatory frameworks to attract domestic and foreign investment in sunrise sectors.
    • Offer tax breaks and subsidies for companies investing in clean energy and emerging technologies.
  • Boosting Research and Development: Increase public and private investments in R&D, particularly in areas like EV batteries, solar panels, and AI applications.
    • Establish centers of excellence for innovation in sunrise industries.
  • Infrastructure Development: Expand infrastructure for EV charging stations, renewable energy grids, and digital networks to support growth.
    • Develop industrial clusters for sectors like solar and EV manufacturing.
  • Enhancing Financial Access: Strengthen India’s private credit-to-GDP ratio by encouraging banks and financial institutions to extend credit to startups and small businesses in sunrise sectors.
  • Skill Development: Launch nationwide programs for upskilling and reskilling in emerging technologies.
    • Collaborate with academic institutions to create industry-relevant curricula.
  • Global Collaboration: Forge international partnerships for technology transfer and co-development in areas like green hydrogen and AI.
    • Leverage platforms like G20 to position India as a hub for sustainable innovation.

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Measures Taken to Boost Sunrise Sectors in India

Measure Description Target
Make in India Aims to encourage manufacturing in India by providing incentives and reducing regulatory hurdles. To increase manufacturing’s share in GDP to 25% by 2025.
Atmanirbhar Bharat Promotes self-reliance by boosting domestic industries and reducing import dependence. To create a self-reliant economy with a focus on critical sunrise sectors.
Production-linked Incentive (PLI) Schemes Offers financial incentives to boost manufacturing in key sectors like Advanced Battery Storage, Pharmaceuticals, and Semiconductors. To attract investments of ₹1.97 lakh crore and create jobs across industries.
Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (FAME) Encourages EV adoption by offering subsidies for electric vehicles and charging infrastructure. Targeting EV penetration of 30% by 2030.
National Quantum Mission Focuses on quantum computing and technology development in India. To build quantum computers with 50 qubits by 2030.
National Electric Mobility Mission Plan Supports the development and adoption of electric and hybrid vehicles. To make India a leader in EV manufacturing by 2026.
PM Formalisation of Micro Food Processing Enterprises (PM-FME) Provides financial, technical, and business support to micro food processing units. Formalize 2,00,000 enterprises and support ODOP (One District, One Product) by 2025.

Diego Garcia Island

As many as 15 fishermen who ventured into the sea from the Thengapattinam fishing harbour in Kanniyakumari, Tamil Nadu, were reportedly detained near the Diego Garcia island  for allegedly crossing the maritime boundary.

About Diego Garcia Island

  • Location: Diego Garcia is located in the Indian Ocean, forming part of the Chagos Archipelago, which is part of the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT).
    • Positioned approximately 1,600 km south of India and 3,500 km east of Africa, it lies strategically between major international shipping routes.
  • Geography: Diego Garcia is an atoll, characterized by a coral reef encircling a central lagoon. The island has a horseshoe shape, with the lagoon open to the sea on the northern side.

About Atolls

  • An atoll is a ring-shaped coral reef, island, or series of islets surrounding a lagoon.
  • Atolls are formed from the remnants of sinking volcanic islands, with coral growth creating the surrounding reef structure.

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    • The atoll spans approximately 27 square kilometers and is surrounded by pristine coral reefs and deep blue waters.
  • Diego Garcia islandStrategic Importance: Diego Garcia hosts a naval and military base, leased by the United Kingdom to the United States since 1971.
    • It serves as a key hub for military operations and surveillance in the Indian Ocean region.
  • Ecological Significance: The atoll is home to diverse marine life, including endangered coral species and tropical fish.
  • It is a Ramsar site.
    • The part of the atoll which is not included in the Ramsar site is the area which, under a 1976 UK/USA agreement, is set aside for military uses as a US naval support facility. 
    • Its isolated location helps preserve the unique biodiversity of the region.
  • Chagossian Displacement: The island was once inhabited by the Chagossian people, descendants of African slaves and Indian laborers, who were forcibly relocated by the UK in the 1960s and 1970s.

India has become a member of the UN Committee of Experts on Big Data and Data Science for Official Statistics (UN-CEBD), signifying its growing influence in the global statistical community.

Highlights of India Joining UN-CEBD

  • India’s Contribution: India will help shape global standards and practices for leveraging Big Data and data science in official statistics.
    • The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI) emphasized India’s role in promoting innovative solutions in data science.
  • Focus Areas: This initiative highlights India’s commitment to utilizing data and technology for evidence-based decision-making and enhancing global statistical collaboration.

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About UN Committee of Experts on Big Data and Data Science for Official Statistics (UN-CEBD)

UN-CEBD

  • Origin: Established in 2014, with Australia as its first chair.
  • Created to provide strategic vision and coordination for a global program on Big Data for official statistics.
  • Aim : To offer a strategic direction for integrating Big Data into official statistical systems.
    • Support the development of indicators for the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
  • Membership: Comprises 31 member states and 16 international organizations, including India.
  • Powers and Functions
    • Integration of Big Data: Incorporate Big Data into national and international statistical systems.
      • Utilize non-traditional data sources, such as IoT devices, satellite imagery, and private sector data.
    • Capacity Building: Provide training for statisticians in data science techniques to enhance their skills.
    • Framework Development: Establish frameworks for cross-border data sharing and promote ethical practices in data utilization.
  • Purpose of UN-CEBD
    • Explore the benefits and challenges of Big Data in official statistics.
    • Play a crucial role in monitoring and reporting on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
    • Advocate for data-driven policymaking to address global challenges.

Significance of Joining for India

  • Enhancing Statistical Capabilities: Modernize data processes by adopting IoT, satellite imagery, and private sector data sources.
  • Global Collaboration: Share India’s innovations, such as the Data Innovation Lab, and adopt best practices from other nations.
  • Improved Decision-Making: Enable real-time insights for policymakers to support evidence-based decisions.
    • Address key socio-economic challenges effectively with advanced data tools.

About Big Data

  • Definition: Big Data refers to collecting and analyzing vast amounts of structured, unstructured, and mixed data to uncover patterns, trends, and actionable insights.
  • Types of Data:
    • Structured Data: Organized data, such as inventory databases or financial transaction lists.
    • Unstructured Data: Raw data, including social media posts or videos.
    • Mixed Data Sets: Combination of structured and unstructured data, often used to train AI models like large language models.

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Applications of Big Data Analytics

  • Governance: Enhances utility management, law enforcement, and education.
    • Supports predictive analytics for risk mitigation, cyber-attack prevention, and disaster impact reduction.
  • Economy: Applied in insurance, banking, taxation, and anti-money laundering.
    • Improves customer service, risk management, financial analysis, and identifies tax evasion or shell companies.
  • Healthcare: Enables personalized treatments, improves patient outcomes, and predicts disease outbreaks.
    • Optimizes clinical trials and enhances hospital management and patient monitoring.
  • Agriculture: Facilitates data-driven farming to improve crop yields and predict plant diseases.
    • Optimizes supply chains, monitors livestock, and aids adaptation to climate change.
  • Digital Space: Optimizes telecommunications and delivers personalized content.
    • Powers AI-driven appliances and wearable technology to enhance performance.
  • Defence: Strengthens cybersecurity and improves mission planning.
    • Analyzes threats, supports weapon system development, and aids training through combat simulations.
  • Space Technology: Monitors environmental changes and optimizes mission trajectories.
    • Manages space debris, explores exoplanets, and ensures efficiency of life support systems.

The Telangana Public Service Commission (TGPSC) has been designated as the coordinator for all legal issues concerning Public Service Commissions (PSCs) in India.

  • TGPSC will also provide subject experts for various topics to assist PSCs across the country.
  • The decision was made during the 25th National Conference of the Chairpersons of PSCs held in Bengaluru.
  • The conference was inaugurated by Vice-President Jagdeep Dhankar in the presence of Karnataka Chief Minister, Karnataka Governor Thawar Chand Gehlot, and UPSC Chairperson Preeti Sudan.

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About State Public Service Commission (SPSC)

  • Historical Background: In 1926, on the recommendation of Lee Commission (1924), the Federal Public Service Commission was established.
    • The Government of India Act, 1935 provided for Federal Public Service Commissions, Provincial Public Service Commission and Joint Public Service Commission.
  • Constitutional Body: SPSCs are established under Articles 315-323 of the Indian Constitution (Part-XIV).
    • These articles define the structure, powers, and functions of Public Service Commissions at the Union and State levels.
    • Article 315: Constitution of Public Service Commissions (PSC) for the Union and for the States of India.
  • Role and Functions
    • Conducts examinations for recruitment to state services.
    • Advises on matters related to recruitment, promotions, transfers, and disciplinary actions within the state public services.
  • Appointments and Term
    • The Governor appoints the members of the SPSC under Article 316.
    • Reappointment: Individuals who have previously served as members of an SPSC cannot be reappointed to the same position.
  • Condition Of Service: Under Article 318 for SPSC, the Governor may regulate:
    • Number and service conditions of Commission members.
    • Number and service conditions of Commission staff.
    • Service conditions of a Public Service Commission member cannot be altered to their disadvantage after appointment.
  • Term: Members serve for a term of 6 years or until the age of 62 years, whichever is earlier.
  • Resignation and Removal
    • Resignation: Members can resign by submitting a written resignation to the Governor.
    • Removal: Members can only be removed by the President for reasons such as:
      • Insolvency.
      • Engaging in paid employment outside their office.
      • Misbehavior or incapacity (following an inquiry by the Supreme Court).
  • Expenses: The expenses of the SPSC are charged to the Consolidated Fund of the State, ensuring financial independence and autonomy.

Joint Public Service Commission (JPSC)

  • The Constitution makes provision for a JPSC to cater to the needs of two or more states.
  • JPSC is formed by an act of parliament. Thus, a JSPSC is a statutory and not a constitutional body.
  • It submits reports to the concerned State Governors.
  • Example: The two states of Punjab and Haryana had a JSPSC for a short period, after the creation of Haryana out of Punjab in 1966. 

  • Annual Report of SPSC: Under Article 323, it is the duty of a State Commission to present annually to the Governor of the State a report as to the work done by the Commission.
    • It is the duty of a Joint Commission to present an annual report to the Governor of each of the States under the Joint Public Service Commission (JPSC).

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National Conference of Public Service Commissions

  • Overview: Established under Article 315 of the Constitution to provide a forum for exchange of ideas and information between the Union and State Public Service Commissions.
    • The Conference is held from time to time with no fixed period.
  • All 29 State Public Service Commissions participate in the conference, along with the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC).
  • Historical Background
    • The first National Conference was held in 1949.
    • In 1999, the Chairman of UPSC became the ex-officio Chairman of the conference.
  • Significance
    • Serves as a platform to discuss methods of recruitment, personnel policies, and examination conduct.
    • Addresses changes in the socioeconomic environment and their impact on the functioning of Public Service Commissions.
    • Facilitates collaboration to meet constitutional obligations and public expectations.

A new analysis reveals that 2024 experienced the highest ocean temperatures on record, significantly impacting global climate patterns.

Key Findings of the analysis

  • Highest Surface and Ocean Heat Content (OHC):

  • Ocean Heat Content (OHC): it refers to the total heat stored in the ocean. 
  • Surface Temperature (SST): It is the temperature of the ocean surface (top few metres). 

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    • The average global surface temperature and the heat content of the upper 2,000 metres of oceans reached record highs in 2024.
    • Ocean heat content increased by 16 (± 8) Zetta Joules (ZJ) compared to 2023.
  • Global Sea Surface Temperature (SST):
    • The annual mean SST in 2024 was 0.61°C above the 1981-2010 baseline, slightly surpassing the previous record set in 2023.
  • Climate Impacts of Ocean Warming
    • Increased Atmospheric Moisture:
      • Warmer oceans led to higher levels of water vapour, which traps heat and accelerates global warming.
      • Evaporation rates rose, transferring more heat and moisture to the atmosphere.
    • Extreme Weather Events:
      • Increased atmospheric moisture contributed to severe weather events, such as:
        • Heavy rainstorms in South China during the summer of 2024.
        • Hurricane Helene in the United States, causing devastating floods.
    • Sea Level Rise:
      • Ocean warming caused thermal expansion, significantly contributing to rising sea levels.
  • Regional Ocean Warming Trends
    • Ocean WarmingIndian Ocean:
      • Ocean heat content rose by 10.3 ZJ compared to 2023, mainly due to one of the five strongest El Niño events in history.
      • Impacts included intensified monsoons and shifts in precipitation patterns in India.
    • Mediterranean Sea:
      • Experienced the most intensive warming rate, with a 1.1 ZJ increase compared to 2023.
      • Warming rates were five times higher than the past two decades, affecting marine biodiversity and regional climates.
    • North Pacific:
      • OHC rose by 3.8 ZJ, continuing its long-term warming trend since the 1990s.
      • Contributed to marine heatwaves and impacted intermediate water masses.
    • Other Regions:
      • Record-high OHC values were also observed in the tropical Atlantic, Southern Ocean, and North Atlantic.

What is Ocean Warming?

Ocean Warming  is the increase in ocean temperatures over time, mainly caused by human activities like burning fossil fuels.

Consequences of Ocean Warming

  • Rising Sea Levels: Expansion of seawater and melting ice sheets contribute to higher sea levels.
  • Melting Ice Sheets: Polar ice caps and glaciers are melting at alarming rates.
  • Marine Heatwaves: Unusual and prolonged warming events in ocean regions.
  • Ocean WarmingOcean Acidification: Increased CO₂ absorption alters the pH of seawater.
  • Coral Bleaching: Coral reefs are losing their vibrant colors and ecosystems are being damaged.
  • Loss of Breeding Grounds: Marine species are losing vital habitats for reproduction.
  • Extreme Weather Events: Warmer oceans intensify storms, hurricanes, and rainfall.
  • Coastal Protection Loss: Degradation of coral reefs and mangroves increases coastal vulnerability.
  • Reduced Carbon Absorption: Warmer oceans are less able to absorb carbon dioxide, worsening climate change.

Reasons for Ocean Warming

  • Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Burning fossil fuels, cutting trees, and industrial activities release gases like carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) that trap heat, making the atmosphere and oceans warmer.
  • CO2 Absorption: The ocean absorbs excess CO2 from human activities. While this helps reduce climate change, it also causes ocean warming.
  • Solar Radiation: Changes in solar energy can also increase ocean temperatures over long periods, but it’s a small factor compared to human activities.

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Solutions to Address Ocean Warming

  • Limit Global Temperature Rise: Keep the global average temperature increase well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels.
  • Establish Marine Protected Areas: Safeguard critical marine habitats and ecosystems.
  • Implement Adaptive Measures: Enforce precautionary catch limits to prevent overfishing and promote sustainable practices.

BRICSEEIIU, formerly BRICS, has expanded with full membership of new countries.

What is BRICS?

  • BRICS is an intergovernmental organization 
    • Original Members: Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa
    • New Members: Egypt, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Iran, and the UAE.
  • Key Principles: Operates on non-interference, equality, and mutual benefit.
  • Origin of the Term “BRIC”
    • Coined in 2001 by Jim O’Neill, a Goldman Sachs economist, to highlight investment opportunities in Brazil, Russia, India, and China.
    • Initially focused on economic potential, later evolved into a geopolitical and geoeconomic bloc.
  • After South Africa’s entry in 2010, The group was renamed BRICS.
  • Recent Expansion and New Membership
    • New Members in 2024 and 2025:
      • Iran, Egypt, Ethiopia, and UAE joined during the 2024 summit in Russia.
      • Indonesia became the first Southeast Asian member in 2025.
    • BRICS+: Informal term used to reflect the inclusion of new members.

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Expansion of BRICS: Reasons

  • Strategic global influence:  The primary reason is to create counter balance to western dominance in the institutions working on an international level. 
    • It is related to distribution of global power across multiple players.
  • Economic strength: The main reason behind expansion of brics is to strengthen its economic potential. For it, it includes countries with high economic potential.
    • This institution promotes trade and investment opportunities among its member countries.
  • Energy security: Apart from trade and investment, its decision to include countries like Saudi Arabia and Iran is backed by accessing energy reserves. 
    • It will help BRICS to reduce its reliance on traditional energy markets, increasing security within the group. 
  • Geopolitical significance: Inclusion of counties like Egypt and Ethiopia helps in accessing maritime trade routes.
    • It promotes cooperation and stability in the economies of the member countries. 

Significance of Indonesia’s Membership

  • Impact on BRICS
    • Indonesia strengthens BRICS’ influence in the Asia-Pacific region as Southeast Asia’s largest economy.
    • It brings additional support to BRICS’ goals of reforming global institutions and reducing dependency on Western-dominated systems.
  • Importance for India
    • Indonesia’s inclusion deepens India’s engagement in Southeast Asia, a key region for global trade and geopolitics.
    • It reinforces India’s leadership in South-South cooperation and its efforts to promote emerging economies’ interests.
  • Countering Western Dominance
    • BRICS continues to serve as a counterweight to Western powers, particularly the G7.
    • The bloc aims to challenge the dominance of the US dollar in international trade and promote non-dollar transactions.

BRICS’ Growing Global Influence

  • Key Statistics
    • BRICS accounts for 35% of global GDP and 46% of the world’s population.
    • With the addition of new members, BRICS is becoming more influential in global decision-making.
  • Objectives and Achievements
    • BRICS prioritizes reducing reliance on the US dollar in trade and finance.
    • Recent discussions focused on strengthening local currencies and promoting financial reforms.

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How effective have the BRICS financial institutions been?

  • The primary institution of brics was New Development Bank (NDB). 
    • It was established in 2014 and headquartered in Shanghai.
    • It offers more flexible and inclusive financial options than traditional western institutions like the IMF and world bank. 
      • It also succeeded in maintaining strong credit ratings, equal shareholder participation, and better access to funds. 
    • Since 2016, it has approved over $32 billion for 96 projects.
  • Another institution is Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA). 
    • Both the institutions were created as an alternative to the Bretton Woods system, which includes institutions like the IMF and World Bank.
    • Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) provides financial support during balance of payment crisis, but is limited to brics members. 
    • Its foundation is built on the Treaty for the Establishment of a BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement. 
    • It acts as an alternative to the IMF and is a way better source for short term liquidity. 

India and BRICS

India is a key member of BRICS, and its participation in the group has brought several advantages.

  • Strategic Cooperation
    • Global Platform: BRICS provides India with an opportunity to engage on critical issues such as security, counter-terrorism, climate change, and trade.
  • Economic Advantages
    • Access to Markets: India benefits from a large market of over 3 billion people, creating significant business opportunities.
  • Promoting Multilateral Reforms
    • Global Order Reforms: India collaborates with BRICS members to advocate for a more inclusive and equitable global governance structure.
  • Strengthening South- Cooperation
    • Collaboration with Developing Nations: BRICS enables India to promote trade, investment, and technology transfer among developing countries.
  • Supporting the New World Order
    • BRICS Vision: During the 15th BRICS Summit, the group was described as a key pillar of the emerging New World Order, emphasizing its growing influence.

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Challenges for India

  • Balancing Global Powers: India faces the challenge of navigating between a China-centric and West-centric world order while maintaining a balanced approach.

The Supreme Court in a recent judgement rejected a Special Leave Petition underscoring that the Right To Access Justice is not absolute and and must be exercised responsibly.

  • Case: The order came in the case of, Pandurang Vithal Kevne v. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited & Anr
  • Background: The petitioner has challenged the Bombay High Court’s rejection of his second review petition by filing a Special Leave Petition
  • Judgement: The Supreme Court of India has fined the petitioner ₹1 lakh for repeatedly abusing the judicial process by filing repetitive and meritless pleas and engaging in forum shopping for over 11 years

Right To Access Justice

  • The Right to Justice:  Access to Justice is a basic principle of the rule of law, and it ensures that the legal system is transparent, fair, and protects the constitutional and human rights of citizens.
  • Principles: The Right to Justice includes the following principle,
    • Access to judicial proceedings: The right to access the legal system, including criminal trials 
    • Fair trials: The right to have a fair trial where all parties contribute to the justice process 
    • Legal representation: The right to have legal representation in the courtroom 
    • Protection of constitutional rights: The right to have constitutional rights protected within the legal system 
  • Fundamental Right: The Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court in the Anita Kushwaha v. Pushap Sudan case has held that access to Justice is a Fundamental Right guaranteed to citizens by Article 14 and Article 21 of the Constitution of India.
  • Constitutional Provisions: 
    • Preamble: It covers social, economic and political justice.
    • Fundamental Rights: Right to Justice is not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution but finds implicit mention,
      • Article 13: Any law could be declared unconstitutional that violates the Fundamental Rights enlisted under Part III. 
      • Article 32: The right against constitutional remedies paves the way toward the Right to Justice by protecting citizens from the violation of their rights by the state or other entities.
    • Directive Principles of State Policy: Article 39A provides, Right to free legal aid which is institutionalised by constituting the National Legal Services Authority (NALSA)
  • Other Provision: 
    • Public Interest Litigation: It is a legal process that allowed public spirited citizens and organizations to file cases of public importance in courts to protect the public interest.
      • PIL was introduced in India in the early 1980s by Justice V R Krishna Iyer and Justice P N Bhagwati 
    • Alternative Dispute Redressal Mechanisms (ADR): Such mechanisms offer grievance Redressal with lesser formality at lower cost. 
  • Access to justice and International Human Rights Laws: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights drafted in the year 1948 gave universal recognition to the right of ‘access to justice’ in the following manner,
    • Article 6: Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.
    • Article 8: Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights

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Special Leave Petition

  • Article 136: The Supreme Court may, in its discretion, grant special leave to appeal from any judgment, decree, determination, sentence or order in any cause or matter passed or made by any court or tribunal in the territory of India.
  • Discretion: The Supreme Court may or may not accept the appeal for the leave. If approved , the special leave appeal becomes a Special Leave Petition.
  • Grounds: An SLP can be filed when there is, 
    • A  substantial legal issue is involved 
    • There is a perceived injustice 
    • When a High Court refuses to grant a certificate of fitness for appeal to the Supreme Court 
  • Filing an SLP:  
    • File within 90 days of the High Court judgment
    • File within 60 days of the High Court’s refusal to grant a certificate of fitness for appeal

The Indian government has formed a committee to establish a reliable system for publishing accurate gold import data, following significant discrepancies in reported figures. 

  • The errors arose due to the migration of the data transmission system from the Special Economic Zone (SEZ) platform to the Indian Customs Electronic Gateway (ICEGATE).

Discrepancies

Issue with Gold Import Figures

  • Unusual Surge in Imports: Gold imports in November 2024 surged by 331% year-on-year, raising economic concerns such as:
    • Weakening of the domestic currency.
    • Negative impact on trade and fiscal policies.
  • Revised Figures: November’s reported gold import figures were reduced by $5 billion after corrections.
    • Cumulatively, the gold import data from April to November 2024 was revised downwards by $12 billion, from the initial estimate of $49 billion to $37 billion.

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Reasons for the Discrepancy

  • Data Migration Issues: The transition from the SEZ platform to the ICEGATE system led to errors such as double counting of gold imports.
    • The integration process, initiated in July 2024, failed to ensure seamless and accurate data transmission.
  • Technical Glitches: Persistent technical problems in transmitting data between SEZs and ICEGATE contributed to inaccuracies.
    • These glitches resulted in erroneous duplication of trade statistics.

Impact on Policy and Economy

  • The discrepancies in gold import data have come at a critical time, just weeks ahead of the Union Budget presentation.
  • The significant rise in gold imports, partly driven by a reduction in import duty from 15% to 6%, has led to calls for tightening duty rates in the upcoming Budget to:
    • Reduce the widening trade deficit.
    • Stabilize the weakening rupee.

About Indian Customs Electronic Commerce/Electronic Data Interchange Gateway (ICEGATE)

  • Introduction: ICEGATE was established in 2007 by the Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC) as a national portal of Indian Customs.
  • Functions and Features:
    • It provides e-filing services to trade entities, cargo carriers, and other partners electronically.
    • Acts as a unified platform for capturing and processing trade data from ports, airports, and container depots.
    • Collects Export-Import (EXIM) data from over 500 locations across India.
    • Ensures real-time transmission of trade data to the Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics (DGCIS).
  • Role in Trade Statistics:
    • Captures trade data from SEZs and non-SEZs.
    • Prevents duplication by integrating data across multiple sources.
    • Transmits reconciled and accurate trade data to the DGCIS for precise trade statistics.

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Need for Correcting Gold Import Data

  • Policy Formulation: Accurate data is critical for designing effective trade and fiscal policies, especially ahead of the Union Budget.
    • Discrepancies can lead to misinformed decisions on trade deficits and import duties.
  • Economic Stability: Correct data ensures better management of the trade deficit, which impacts the stability of the rupee.
    • Prevents market distortions caused by inflated or incorrect import figures.
  • International Trade Relations: Precise trade statistics are essential for maintaining credibility in global trade and meeting international reporting standards.
  • Revenue Collection and Allocation: Accurate reporting of imports directly impacts customs revenue and its allocation across sectors.
  • Efficient Resource Utilization: Eliminating data errors ensures better allocation of resources and prevents duplication of efforts across agencies.

Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)

Context: A new copper-based catalyst with a “morning star” like Nanostructure has been developed through the controlled growth of copper oxide nanostructures on a sporopollenin template.

  • Developed By: Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), an autonomous institution of the Department of Science and Technology (DST)
  • Published In: The innovation was published in ‘Nanoscale 2024’ 
  • Material: The new catalyst has utilized spores (an abundant biomass waste) as a foundation for high-value catalysts.
  • Application: The new catalyst formed is useful in organic reactions and can be used in environmental remediation, nanoscale electronics, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS).

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About Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)

  • SERS is a highly sensitive technique that enhances the Raman scattering of molecules supported by some nanostructured materials. 
    • It allows for the structural fingerprinting of low-concentration analytes through the plasmon-mediated amplification of electrical fields or chemical enhancement. 
  • Material Used: SERS uses nanostructured materials, usually gold or silver  to enhance the Raman scattering of molecules 
  • Significance: It provides detailed information about the molecular composition, structure, and environment of the analyzed molecules or analyte.
    • SERSSERS can also detect molecules at very low concentrations, often down to single molecule levels.
  • Application: SERS can be used in a vast array of applications like,
    • Biomedicine: SERS has been used to analyze DNA, RNA, cancer markers, bacteria, and viruses
    • Food science: SERS has been used to analyze bacteria on food and food contamination. 
    • Environmental analysis: SERS has been used to analyze toxins, dyes, and pesticides
    • Forensics: SERS has been used to analyze trace evidence from a crime scene
    • Materials Science: SERS is used for analyzing surface properties and molecular compositions

 

Haj Agreement

Context: India has signed a new Haj agreement with Saudi Arabia establishing a quota of 175,025 pilgrims from India for Haj 2025.

  • Quota Allocation for 2025: The Haj quota will be allocated between the Haj Committee of India (HCoI) and Haj Group Organizers (HGOs) at a ratio of 70:30.
    • Specifically, 52,507 spots will be available for HGOs.

About Haj Committee of India

  • Nodal Ministry: It  is a statutory body under the Ministry of Minority Affairs
  • Act: It is set up under the provisions of the Haj Committee Act, 2002 
  • Aim: It is responsible for making arrangements for the pilgrimage of Muslims for Haj and for matters connected therewith.

About Hajj

  • The Hajj pilgrimage is an annual Islamic pilgrimage made to Kaaba in the sacred city of Mecca, Saudi Arabia (the holiest city for Muslims).
  • Duty: Hajj is a mandatory religious duty for Muslims that must be carried out at least once in their lifetime by all adult Muslims who are physically and financially capable of undertaking the journey.
  • Duration: The pilgrimage is performed for a period extending from the 8th to the 12th or 13th of Dhu al-Hijjah, the last month of the Islamic calendar.
  • Pillars of Islam: Performing Hajj is considered as one of the Five Pillars of Islam
    • Other Pillar: Shahadah (oath that one believes there is no god but Allah (God)),  salat (prayer), zakat (almsgiving) and sawm (fasting of Ramadan).

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Japan Tsunami advisory for the ring of fire

Context: A strong earthquake with a magnitude of 6.9 hit the Kyushu region in southwestern Japan on January 13 2025

What is the Ring of Fire?

  • The Ring of Fire is a large area around the Pacific Ocean that has many volcanoes and earthquakes.
  • Shape and Size: It is shaped like a horseshoe and stretches for 40,250 kilometers.
  • Countries Affected: It passes through countries like Japan, USA, Indonesia, Mexico, Canada, Russia, Chile, Peru, and the Philippines.
  • Tectonic Plates: It includes plates like the Pacific, Eurasian, Philippine which often move and collide.
  • Volcanic Activity: Most volcanoes in the Ring of Fire are stratovolcanoes (steep-sided volcanoes built by layers of lava and ash).
    • Famous volcanoes in the Ring of Fire : Mount St. Helens in the United States, Mount Fuji in Japan, Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines, and Mount Merapi in Indonesia
  • Natural Resources: The region has rich deposits of minerals, oil, and gas, which contribute to the economies of countries along its coast.
  • Why Do Earthquakes Happen in the Ring of Fire?
    • Plate Movements:
      • Tectonic plates move, slide, or collide with each other.
      • The rough edges of the plates get stuck, and when they finally move, earthquakes occur.
    • Earthquakes in Japan: Japan faces earthquakes because four plates—Pacific, Philippine Sea, Okhotsk, and Eurasian—meet near it.

Why Are There Many Volcanoes in the Ring of Fire?

  • Subduction Process:
    • Subduction happens when a heavier tectonic plate goes under a lighter plate, creating a trench.
    • The heavy plate melts and turns into magma, which rises to form volcanoes.
  • Concentration of Volcanoes: Most subduction zones are in the Ring of Fire, which is why there are so many volcanoes in this region.

 

Z-Morh Tunnel

Context: Recently the Prime Minister inaugurated the 6.5 km Z-Morh tunnel in Ganderbal district Jammu and Kashmir.

About Z-Morh Tunnel

  • Location: The Z-Morh tunnel is a 6.5 km tunnel located near Gagangir village, connecting Sonamarg health resort with Kangan town in Ganderbal district, central Kashmir.
    • It is situated on the Srinagar-Sonamarg-Leh highway at an altitude of over 8,500 feet.
  • It is named after the Z-shaped road stretch at its construction site.

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Significance of Z-Morh Tunnel

  • All-Weather Connectivity: Provides uninterrupted access to Sonamarg and ensures year-round connectivity between Srinagar and Ladakh, overcoming challenges of heavy snowfall during winters.
  • Boosts Tourism and Logistics: Facilitates tourism in Ladakh and strengthens military logistics by improving road access to Dras, Kargil, and Leh.
  • Strategic Military Importance: Enhances troop mobility and supply chains for the Indian Army, reducing reliance on costly air transport for forward positions.
  • Border Security Enhancement: Strengthens military readiness against Pakistan in Siachen and China in Eastern Ladakh, addressing regional tensions.

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