Jan 15 2025

The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) recently summoned the Bangladesh Acting High Commissioner to India, over “security measures at the border, including on fencing”.

Recent Incident

  • Bangladesh summoned India’s High Commissioner in Dhaka to express “deep concern” over the activities of the Border Security Force (BSF).
    • Alleged violations of the 1975 guidelines were cited, particularly regarding the construction of fences.
    • The Border Guard Bangladesh (BGB) attempted to obstruct the construction of a barbed wire fence in Malda, West Bengal.
  • Bangladesh’s Objections:
    • Violation of 1975 Guidelines: Bangladesh argued that the fencing within 150 yards of the border breached the guidelines prohibiting the development of structures with defense potential.
    • Impact on Local Residents: Fencing disrupted the lives of border residents by limiting their movement and economic activities.
    • National Security Concerns: Bangladesh expressed concerns over “smart fencing” equipped with electronic surveillance, claiming it allowed India to monitor Bangladeshi territory.
  • India’s Stance: India has reiterated that all border security measures, including fencing, adhere to bilateral agreements and protocols established with Bangladesh.
    • The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) emphasized that barbed wire fencing is not a “defense structure” and is intended for border security​​.

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Timeline of the India-Bangladesh Border Issue

  • 1975: India and Bangladesh signed Joint Guidelines and  agreed not to construct defense structures within 150 yards of the international border.
  • 1980s: India initiated barbed wire fencing along critical stretches of the India-Bangladesh border to address infiltration, smuggling, and illegal migration.
  • 2015: Land Boundary Agreement (LBA):
    • Resolved long-standing enclave and land disputes between the two nations.
    • Enabled better border demarcation, facilitating additional fencing.
    • India enacted the 100th Constitutional Amendment to implement the agreement.
  • 2019: Operation BOLD-QIT Launched:
    • Deployed in Assam’s Dhubri district under the Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System (CIBMS).
    • Introduced electronic surveillance for riverine and porous sections of the border.
  • 2023: Fencing Progress: Approximately 81.5% of the 4,096.7 km border was fenced as of 2023.
    • Challenges such as riverine areas, resistance from local communities, and pending land acquisition continued to impede progress.

About India’s International Borders

  • India shares its international land borders with seven countries and has a coastline of 7,516km.
  • Border Management in IndiaTotal land border length: 15,106.7 km
  • India shares borders with the countries
    • Bangladesh – 4096.70 kms running along West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.
    • Pakistan – 3323 kms running along Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab, Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir and Union Territory of Ladakh.
    • China – 3488 kms running along Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh and the Union Territory of Ladakh.
    • Nepal – 1751 kms running along Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal and Sikkim.
    • Bhutan – 699 kms running along Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam and Arunachal Pradesh.
    • Myanmar – 1643 kms running along Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram.
    • Afghanistan – 106 kms running along Union Territory of Ladakh

Border Management in India

India’s border management involves multiple agencies and forces, each with specific responsibilities depending on the type of border and associated challenges. The coordination among these agencies is crucial for effective management.

  • Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA): The Ministry of Home Affairs oversees policy and operational aspects of all border guarding forces.
    • Key Departments:
      • Department of Border Management: Focuses on infrastructure development, such as roads, fencing, and floodlighting.
        • Oversees the Border Area Development Programme (BADP) for socio-economic upliftment of border regions.
  • Border Security Force (BSF): Manages borders with Pakistan (3,323 km) and Bangladesh (4,096.7 km).
    • Primary Functions:
      • Prevent cross-border crimes such as smuggling, infiltration, and illegal migration.
      • Conduct counter-insurgency operations in Jammu & Kashmir.
      • Maintain peace along the international borders during peacetime.
    • Special Features: Equipped with advanced surveillance technology, smart fencing, and floodlights.
  • Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP): Guards the India-China border (3,488 km).
    • Primary Functions:
      • Conduct surveillance and maintain security along the Line of Actual Control (LAC).
      • Operate in extreme altitudes and challenging terrain.
      • Assist in disaster management and internal security duties when required.
  • Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB): Secures the borders with Nepal (1,751 km) and Bhutan (699 km).
    • Primary Functions:
      • Prevent cross-border crimes such as smuggling, illegal migration, and human trafficking.
      • Work closely with local law enforcement to maintain peace in the border areas.
    • Special Role: Acts as the first line of defense in the open-border system with Nepal.
  • Assam Rifles: Responsibility: Manages the India-Myanmar border (1,643 km).
    • Primary Functions:
      • Prevent smuggling, arms trafficking, and insurgency in the northeast region.
      • Conduct counter-insurgency operations and aid in maintaining law and order.
      • Support local administration in developmental initiatives.
  • Indian Coast Guard (ICG): Secures India’s 7,516.6 km coastline, including maritime borders with Sri Lanka, Maldives, and Indonesia.
    • Primary Functions:
      • Prevent illegal fishing, smuggling, and piracy.
      • Conduct search and rescue operations.
      • Protect marine biodiversity and enforce maritime laws.

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Importance of Border Management

  • Ensuring National Security: Border management is critical for preventing cross-border terrorism and infiltration.
    • India faces constant threats from infiltrators along the India-Pakistan LoC, as seen in the Pathankot (2016) and Uri (2016) attacks.
  • Curbing Smuggling and Trafficking: Effective border management reduces illegal trade, drug trafficking, and human trafficking.
    • The porous India-Bangladesh border is a hotspot for cattle smuggling and narcotics trafficking, with significant economic and social implications.
    • India’s Northeastern Region (NER) has been grappling with the challenge of drug trafficking since the 1970s, primarily due to the region’s proximity to the Golden Triangle. 

Golden Triangle:

  • The Golden Triangle is a mountainous region in Southeast Asia that is located in northeastern Myanmar, northwestern Thailand, and northern Laos
  • The Golden Triangle was a major producer of opium and heroin from the 1950s until the early 2000s.

Golden Crescent: 

  • The Golden Crescent, on the other hand, is a major global opium production site in Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan, from where drugs are smuggled into India through Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat.

  • Controlling Illegal Migration: Unregulated borders lead to demographic changes and socio-economic stress in border states.
    • The Registrar General of India and Census Commissioner of India in Assam has published a final list that declared more than 19 lakh people living in Assam as illegal migrants.
  • Preventing Insurgency and Arms Smuggling: Border management is crucial in combating insurgency in sensitive regions like the Northeast.
    • The India-Myanmar border facilitates the movement of insurgent groups and the smuggling of arms and ammunition.
  • Safeguarding Territorial Integrity: Managing disputed borders helps maintain sovereignty and prevent territorial violations.
    • The India-China border (LAC) has seen frequent incursions, such as the Galwan Valley clash (2020), necessitating robust border surveillance and management.
  • Facilitating Trade and Development: Well-managed borders promote legitimate trade and cross-border cooperation, boosting economic ties.
    • Agreements like the Protocol on Inland Water Transit and Trade (PIWTT) between India and Bangladesh enhance trade connectivity while ensuring regulated movement.

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Govt Initiatives for Border Management in India

  • Infrastructure Development
    • Border Roads and Highways: Developed by the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) for better connectivity in remote border areas.
      • Example: Zojila Tunnel, Atal Tunnel, and all-weather roads in Arunachal Pradesh.
    • Integrated Check Posts (ICPs): Modernized infrastructure at border crossings to streamline trade and movement.
      • Equipped with biometric scanners, CCTV surveillance, and X-ray baggage scanners.
      • The first Integrated Check Post (ICP) along the India-Bhutan border was inaugurated at Darranga, Assam in November 2024.
    • Border Fencing: Use of vibration sensors, laser walls, and physical fencing along sensitive borders like India-Pakistan and India-Bangladesh.
    • Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act (FCAA) of 2023 allows for the diversion of forest land for security-related projects within 100 km of India’s international borders.
  • Border Area Development
    • Border Area Development Programme (BADP): Focused on developing infrastructure, health, and education facilities in border regions.
      • Installation of solar-powered lighting and Wi-Fi hotspots for connectivity.
    • Vibrant Villages Programme (VVP): Centrally Sponsored Scheme, launched in 2023 for comprehensive development of the selected villages in northern border in the States of Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Uttarakhand and UT of Ladakh.
    • Disaster-Resilient Infrastructure: Construction of flood-resistant roads and buildings using advanced materials and designs.
  • Advanced Surveillance and Monitoring Technology
    • Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System (CIBMS): A system that uses technology, manpower, and intelligence to improve border security in India.
      • Smart fencing with laser-based intrusion detection.

BOLD-QIT: Border Electronically Dominated QRT Interception Technique.

  • Launched in 2019, as part of the Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System (CIBMS).
  • Objective: Strengthen surveillance in riverine and porous areas of the India-Bangladesh border.
  • Implementation: Deployed in Assam’s Dhubri district along the Brahmaputra river basin.
  • Features:
    • Electronic surveillance systems, including radars, ground sensors, and thermal imagers.
    • Integration of microwave communication and day-night cameras.

      • Border Electronically Dominated QRT Interception Technique (BOLD-QIT)
      • Thermal imagers, night vision devices, and ground sensors.
      • Integrated command and control centers for real-time monitoring.
    • Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): Use of drones for aerial surveillance in rugged terrains.
      • Example: Deployment of Heron drones along India-China and India-Pakistan borders.
    • Satellite-Based Surveillance: Utilization of RISAT (Radar Imaging Satellite) and CARTOSAT for real-time imagery and border mapping.
    • Night Vision and Infrared Technology: Deployment of thermal imaging cameras and infrared sensors to detect movement in low visibility conditions.
    • Ground Penetrating Radars (GPRs): Used to detect tunnels and underground activities along sensitive border areas.

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Challenges in Border Management in India

  • Geographic and Topographic Challenges
    • Diverse Terrain: India’s borders span mountains, deserts, rivers, and forests, making surveillance and infrastructure development difficult.
      • Example: High-altitude Himalayan regions along the India-China border in Ladakh and Arunachal Pradesh.
    • Porous Borders: Unfenced and porous borders, particularly with Bangladesh (4,096 km) and Myanmar (1,643 km), facilitate illegal migration, smuggling, and infiltration.
    • Climatic Extremes: Harsh weather conditions, such as extreme cold in Ladakh or dense monsoons in the Northeast, hamper operations.
  • Security Challenges
    • Cross-Border Terrorism: Persistent infiltration attempts by terrorist groups, particularly along the India-Pakistan border in Jammu & Kashmir.
    • Insurgency and Militancy: Border regions in the Northeast, like Nagaland and Manipur, face insurgencies that exploit porous borders with Myanmar.
    • Smuggling and Human Trafficking:
      • India-Bangladesh: Smuggling of narcotics, arms, and cattle.
      • India-Nepal and India-Myanmar: Human trafficking and drug smuggling are rampant.
  • Infrastructure and Technological Gaps
    • Inadequate Infrastructure: Border roads and facilities are underdeveloped in remote areas, delaying troop movement and logistics.
      • Example: On India China Border, Indian roads end 60-80 km before the LAC, while Chinese infrastructure is much closer to the border, offering logistical advantages.
    • Limited Technology Adoption: Many border areas lack modern surveillance systems, such as smart fences, drones, and thermal cameras, particularly along the India-Myanmar and India-Nepal borders.
    • Digital Divide: Limited internet and communication networks in remote border regions hinder real-time data sharing and coordination.
  • Political and Administrative Challenges
    • Federal Conflicts: Coordination issues between the Centre and states over managing borders, especially along state-controlled borders like India-Bangladesh.
    • Border Disputes with Neighbors: Ongoing disputes with China (LAC) and Pakistan (LoC) complicate border management and lead to frequent skirmishes.
    • Overlapping Jurisdictions: Multiple agencies, such as BSF, ITBP, Assam Rifles, and local police, often face coordination challenges.
  • Socio-Economic Challenges
    • Local Community Involvement: Limited trust and cooperation from border communities due to socio-economic neglect and poor development in regions like Northeast India.
    • Migration Issues: Illegal migration from Bangladesh and Myanmar creates demographic and resource pressures in border states like Assam and West Bengal.
  • Financial Constraints
    • Budgetary Limitations: Insufficient funding for modernizing infrastructure and acquiring advanced technologies like UAVs and smart fences.
    • Maintenance Costs: High costs for maintaining border roads, fencing, and surveillance equipment, especially in harsh terrains.
  • Non-Traditional Security Threats
    • Cybersecurity: Threats of cyber-attacks targeting critical border management systems.
      • Example: Concerns over cyber intrusions in sensitive areas along the India-China border.
    • Climate Change: Melting glaciers, changing river courses, and extreme weather events disrupt border infrastructure and operations.
      • Example: Shifting river boundaries along the India-Bangladesh border.

Way Forward in Border Management in India

  • Infrastructure Development: Accelerate construction of all-weather roads, tunnels, and bridges in remote border areas through initiatives like the Border Roads Organisation (BRO).
    • Develop Integrated Check Posts (ICPs) equipped with advanced scanning and surveillance technologies to streamline trade and security.
  • Technology Integration: Expand the Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System (CIBMS) with smart fencing, thermal cameras, drones, and ground sensors for real-time surveillance.
    • Use satellite imagery and AI-driven analytics to monitor and analyze border activities.
  • Enhanced Coordination: Establish unified command centers to streamline operations among multiple agencies such as BSF, ITBP, and local police.
    • Improve collaboration with neighboring countries through joint patrolling and bilateral agreements like the Coordinated Border Management Plan (CBMP).
  • Community Engagement: Strengthen the Border Area Development Programme (BADP) to address socio-economic needs of border communities, fostering cooperation and reducing vulnerabilities.
    • Provide incentives for local populations to assist in reporting suspicious activities.
  • Capacity Building and Modernization: Train border security forces in advanced surveillance techniques, high-altitude operations, and counter-insurgency tactics.
    • Equip forces with modern tools like GPS-enabled devices, encrypted communication systems, and night vision technology.
  • Policy and Financial Support: Allocate increased funding for border management, focusing on both infrastructure and technology.
    • Formulate long-term policies addressing migration issues, cross-border disputes, and smuggling to ensure sustainable security measures.

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Conclusion

India’s border management strategy must balance security concerns with developmental goals to enhance bilateral relations and ensure sustainable peace.

Draft UGC Regulations

Recently, the Union Minister for Education released the draft UGC (Minimum Qualifications for Appointment & Promotion of Teachers and Academic Staff in Universities and Colleges and Measures for the Maintenance of Standards in Higher Education) Regulations, 2025.

  • The Draft will give flexibility to universities in appointing & promoting teachers and academic staff in their institutions.
  • The draft regulations and guidelines are available for public consultation, inviting comments, suggestions and feedback from stakeholders.

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About the University Grants Commission (UGC)

  • Establishment: It was established in 1956 as a statutory body under the UGC Act, 1956.
    • Established on recommendation of University Education Commission headed by Dr. S Radhakrishnan.
    • It operates under the Ministry of Education, Government of India.
  • Headquarters: UGC’s headquarters is located in New Delhi, with regional offices in Pune, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Bhopal, Guwahati, and Bangalore.
  • Functions:
    • Setting and enforcing standards for affiliation and accreditation.
    • Developing schemes for faculty development, scholarships, and fellowships.
    • Monitoring and regulating higher education institutions for quality assurance.
    • Promoting Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) and the use of Indian languages in academics.

Key Highlights of UGC Draft Regulations, 2025

  • Appointment of Vice-Chancellors (VCs)
    • VCs to be selected by a Search-cum-Selection Committee comprising nominees from:
      • Chancellor/Visitor (Governor for most state universities),
      • UGC Chairperson,
      • University’s apex body (e.g., Senate or Syndicate).
    • Eligibility Criteria: It include professionals from academia, industry, public administration, or public policy.
    • Term: VCs will serve a five-year term with eligibility for reappointment.
  • Emphasis on “Notable Contributions”: Recruitment and promotion of faculty to consider contributions in nine areas, such as:

Appointment of Vice-Chancellors (VCs) 

  • Search-Cum-Selection Committee Formation: A Search-cum-Selection Committee comprising eminent persons in higher education is constituted for shortlisting candidates.
  • VC Appointment in Central Universities: 
    • Currently, there are 56 currently Central University, established under an Act of Parliament, and are administered by the Centre. 
    • The Visitor, their ceremonial head, is the President of India.
    • The composition of the committee to appoint the VC of a central university is determined by the Act that governs the university.
    • The Chancellor/Visitor (typically the President of India) appoints the VC from the list of recommended names provided by the committee.
  • VC Appointment in State and Private Universities:  Appointments are made by the Governor of respective states.
    • One member of the Search-Cum-Selection Committee is nominated by the UGC Chairperson.
  • The composition of the rest of the committee:
    • For State Universities: Constituted in accordance with the respective state laws.
    • For Private Universities: Defined by the university’s governance framework, as approved by the state government.

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    • Innovative teaching methods,
    • Sponsored research,
    • Teaching in Indian languages,
    • Startups aligned with HEI policies.
  • Career Advancement Scheme (CAS): Promotions based on qualitative assessment rather than score-based metrics.
    • Contributions in research, teaching innovation, and community engagement emphasized.
  • Encouragement of Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS): Promotes research and teaching in Indian languages and traditional knowledge systems.
  • Flexibility in Faculty Recruitment: Allows candidates to qualify for teaching roles through NET/SET in disciplines different from their UG/PG degrees.
    • Ph.D. specialization prioritized over earlier degrees.
  • Increased Role for Contractual Teachers: Removes the 10% cap on contractual appointments, giving institutions flexibility to hire more contract teachers.
  • Inclusivity and Representation: Encourages participation of underrepresented groups (SC/ST/OBC/EWS/Persons with Disabilities) in recruitment and leadership roles.
  • Transparency and Governance: Mandates public notifications and streamlined processes for recruitment and promotion to ensure fairness and accountability.
  • Professor of Practice (PoP): Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) can engage up to 10% of sanctioned posts for industry professionals, independent of regular teaching roles.
  • Promotion of Research and Entrepreneurship: Faculty expected to contribute to research labs, startups, and digital content creation (e.g., MOOCs).
  • Compliance and Penalties: Non-compliance with regulations may result in:
    • Debarment from UGC funding and schemes,
    • Loss of recognition under UGC Act Sections 2(f) and 12B.

Governor Role as Chancellor

  • Ex-Officio Chancellor: In most state universities, the Governor acts as the Chancellor, which is primarily a ceremonial role but includes key administrative powers.
    • As Chancellor, the Governor is the head of the university and exercises supervisory powers over its functioning.
  • Appointments: The Governor, as Chancellor, appoints key officials, including:
    • Vice-Chancellors (VCs): Appoints VCs from a panel recommended by the search-cum-selection committee.
    • Members of governing bodies like the university’s syndicate, senate, or executive council.
  • Approval of Statutes and Ordinances: The Governor approves the statutes, ordinances, and regulations formulated by the university, ensuring they align with state laws and UGC guidelines.

Merits of UGC Draft Regulations, 2025

  • Transparency in Recruitment and Governance: Public notification and structured processes for appointing Vice-Chancellors (VCs) and faculty ensure fairness and accountability in recruitment.
    • Inclusion of external experts in selection committees reduces potential biases.
  • Alignment with National Education Policy (NEP) 2020: Promotes interdisciplinary learning, Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS), and flexibility in faculty recruitment.
    • Encourages academic innovations to align with global standards while preserving cultural heritage.
  • Encouragement of Indian Languages: Fosters academic research and teaching in Indian languages, promoting inclusivity and cultural preservation.
    • Supports diverse linguistic backgrounds, benefiting underrepresented regions.
  • Broadened Eligibility for Leadership: Inclusion of professionals from industry, public administration, and public policy for VC roles diversifies leadership perspectives.
    • Encourages cross-sector collaboration in higher education governance.
    • Historical examples, such as former President K.R. Narayanan and scientist Y. Nayudamma, shows that non-academics have successfully led universities.
  • Focus on Notable Contributions: Replaces the rigid Academic Performance Indicators (API) with qualitative assessments, recognizing contributions such as innovative teaching and community engagement.
    • Supports holistic faculty development and academic excellence.
  • Enhanced Career Progression: Simplifies Career Advancement Scheme (CAS), emphasizing impactful contributions rather than bureaucratic metrics.
    • Motivates faculty to focus on meaningful research, teaching, and entrepreneurial efforts.
  • Professor of Practice (PoP): Enables institutions to engage industry professionals for teaching and mentoring, promoting practical knowledge and skill development among students.
  • Autonomy for Institutions: Institutions can appoint contract teachers without restrictions, allowing flexibility in addressing immediate teaching requirements.
  • Global Competitiveness: Aligns Indian higher education with international standards, preparing students and institutions for global mobility and recognition.

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Centre’s Role in Education

The Centre plays a significant role in shaping and regulating education in India through legislative, administrative, and financial measures. 

  • Constitutional Basis
    • Education in the Concurrent List: Education falls under the Concurrent List (Seventh Schedule, Article 246), allowing both the Centre and states to legislate on it.
    • Union List Authority: Entry 66 of the Union List empowers the Centre to coordinate and determine standards in institutions of higher education, research, and scientific and technical institutions.
  • Legislative Role
    • National Policies on Education: The Centre formulates national-level policies like the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 to guide the education system toward inclusivity, interdisciplinarity, and global competitiveness.
    • Regulatory Bodies:
      • The Centre establishes and oversees bodies like:
        • University Grants Commission (UGC) for higher education.
        • National Council for Educational Research and Training (NCERT) for school curricula.
        • All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) for technical education.
        • National Testing Agency (NTA) for conducting competitive examinations.
  • Administrative Role
    • Coordination with States: The Centre provides a framework for educational governance while encouraging states to tailor policies to their local needs.
      • Examples: Right to Education Act (RTE) 2009, Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan.
    • Implementation of Central Schemes: Administers nationwide initiatives like:
      • Mid-Day Meal Scheme for improving school attendance and nutrition.
      • PM eVidya and SWAYAM for digital and online learning.
    • Appointments and Governance: Appoints key officials in central universities and institutions, such as Vice-Chancellors, through processes outlined by the UGC Regulations.
  • Financial Role
    • Budgetary Support: The Centre allocates funds for the development of educational infrastructure and research through schemes and grants.
      • Examples:
        • Higher Education Financing Agency (HEFA) for funding capital expenditure in institutions.
        • Centrally Sponsored Schemes like Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan and Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA).
    • Funding Research and Innovation: Supports research through bodies like:
      • Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR).
      • Department of Biotechnology (DBT).
      • Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR).

Challenges of UGC Draft Regulations, 2025

  • Federalism Challenges: The enhanced role of Governors (Chancellors) in appointing Vice-Chancellors sidelines state governments, reducing their autonomy in university governance.
    • Tamil Nadu and Kerala have strongly opposed these provisions, terming them a direct assault on the federal structure of the Constitution.
  • Dilution of Academic Leadership: Allowing non-academicians from industry or public administration to serve as Vice-Chancellors risks compromising academic integrity and focus.
    • This could result in appointments influenced by political considerations rather than academic merit.
  • Equity Challenges: Rural and underfunded institutions lack the infrastructure and access to resources required for implementing criteria like lab development and notable contributions.
    • Emphasis on digital content creation and online learning disadvantages institutions and regions with limited access to internet and technology.
  • Financial Challenges: A 17% reduction in higher education funding (Budget 2024) makes it difficult for institutions to implement resource-intensive reforms like interdisciplinary systems and infrastructure upgrades.
    • Emphasis on startups and sponsored research risks pushing institutions towards private funding, potentially undermining the focus on public good.
  • Implementation Challenges: Many universities, particularly in rural areas, lack trained personnel and infrastructure to implement research-focused and interdisciplinary reforms effectively.
    • Smaller institutions may struggle with the financial burden of implementing reforms like startup initiatives, sponsored research, and lab development.
  • Quality Challenges: Removing the 10% cap on contractual teaching appointments risks increasing reliance on temporary faculty, leading to job insecurity and reduced teaching quality.
    • Faculty members face increased pressure to meet diverse qualitative metrics, which may dilute their effectiveness in teaching and mentoring students.
  • Technological Challenges: Institutions, especially in rural areas, may lack the necessary tools and infrastructure to support massive open online course (MOOC) and other online learning initiatives.
    • Faculty and administrators may struggle to integrate advanced technologies like AI-driven education and interdisciplinary learning platforms.
  • Regional and Institutional Disparities: Institutions in urban areas are better equipped to implement reforms, leading to a widening gap in education quality between urban and rural regions.
    • Established universities are more likely to adapt quickly, while smaller or newer institutions may lag, creating uneven progress across the country.

States vs Centre over Vice-Chancellor Appointments

  • Kerala: Conflict began in 2021 over Kannur University VC reappointment by Governor.
    • In 2023, the Assembly passed a Bill to replace the Governor with educationists as Chancellors; awaiting President’s assent.
  • West Bengal: Supreme Court is handling the state’s challenge to a 2023 High Court order allowing unilateral interim VC appointments by the Governor.
    • In 2023, the Assembly passed a Bill to replace the Governor with the Chief Minister as Chancellor; awaiting Governor’s assent.
    • In 2024, SC appointed former Chief Justice U U Lalit to oversee VC selection committees.
  • Tamil Nadu: In 2022, the state government passed two Bills allowing the state government to appoint VCs; these were not approved by the Governor.
    • In 2023, the Governor objected to search committee notifications for not including a UGC nominee, leaving appointments pending.

Way Forward

  • Collaborative Policymaking: Ensure state governments have a meaningful role in university governance to uphold the federal structure.
    • Include state nominees in the VC selection process to balance central and state interests.
  • Equitable Resource Allocation: Provide targeted funding and grants for rural and resource-limited institutions to meet the criteria for notable contributions.
    • Launch capacity-building programs for smaller institutions.
  • Strengthen Academic Leadership: Restrict VC eligibility to individuals with a blend of academic and administrative experience to preserve academic integrity.
    • Establish clear benchmarks for leadership roles, prioritizing academic excellence.
  • Monitor Contractual Hiring: Reintroduce a cap or guidelines for contractual appointments to maintain quality and stability in teaching positions.
    • Offer pathways for contractual teachers to transition into permanent roles based on performance.
  • Promote Inclusivity: Develop scholarships and support mechanisms for institutions and students in underprivileged areas to prevent widening disparities.
    • Offer research grants specifically for under-resourced universities.
  • Faculty Development Programs: Train faculty to adapt to new teaching models, interdisciplinary learning, and research expectations.
    • Partner with academic bodies and industry experts for skill development workshops.
  • Focus on Transparent Governance: Enforce accountability in recruitment and promotion processes to minimize political interference and bias.
    • Regular audits and independent oversight committees for university governance.

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Conclusion

While the UGC Draft Regulations, 2025, introduce forward-looking reforms aligned with NEP 2020, they risk undermining federalism, equity, and academic integrity. Addressing these concerns requires collaborative policymaking, resource allocation, and phased implementation.

Additional Reading: National Education Policy

The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has successfully conducted trials of India’s indigenous Anti-Tank Missile- Nag Mark 2 at the Pokhran Field Range in Rajasthan.

About Nag Mk 2 Missile

Nag Mk 2 Missile

  • Indigenous Development: The Nag Mk 2 is a third-generation anti-tank guided missile developed by the DRDO under India’s Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP).
  • Fire-and-Forget Technology: The missile independently tracks and neutralizes its target.
  • Enhanced Range: The missile boasts an operational range of 7 to 10 kilometers, an upgrade from the 4-kilometer range of the earlier Nag Mk 1 variant.
  • Versatility Against Armour: It can neutralize modern armored vehicles equipped with Explosive Reactive Armour (ERA), ensuring effectiveness against advanced battlefield threats.
  • Platform Integration: Successfully integrated with the Nag Missile Carrier (NAMICA), providing enhanced mobility and deployment flexibility for the weapon system.

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About Fire-and-Forget Missiles

  • Definition: Fire-and-forget missiles use advanced guidance systems that require no further intervention from the operator after launch, enabling safer and more efficient combat operations.
  • Examples in India:
    • Nag Mk 2: A state-of-the-art anti-tank guided missile with fire-and-forget technology.
    • Astra: India’s air-to-air missile designed for beyond-visual-range engagements with fire-and-forget capability.
    • BrahMos: A supersonic cruise missile that employs fire-and-forget principles for precision strikes.

Significance of Nag Mk 2

  • Boost to Indigenous Defense Capability: Represents a significant achievement in India’s self-reliance in defense technology.
  • Enhanced Operational Readiness: The readiness for induction into the Indian Army strengthens its anti-armor capabilities.
  • Deterrent to Adversaries: Augments India’s military strength along sensitive borders with Pakistan and China, acting as a deterrent against potential threats.
  • Support for Modern Warfare: The missile’s precision, mobility, and compatibility with NAMICA make it a crucial asset for modern battlefield scenarios.
Additional Reading: IGMDP

The Konkan region, situated between the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghats, is famous for its unique geographical features, including the sada.

About Sada

Sada

  • Definition and Formation: The sada are flat-topped lateritic regions in the Konkan area of the Western Ghats, formed over centuries of erosion. Locally, the term “sada” means a large flat area.
    • They are similar to the plateaux, locally called pathar, in the Satara district of Maharashtra, of which the Kaas Plateau is a well-known example.\
  • Characteristics: These regions remain barren for most of the year but transform during the monsoons, flourishing with endemic flora unique to the area such as Pinda concanensis.
    • A biodiversity survey of the region recorded 459 plant species, of which 105 are endemic to the Konkan region.

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About Konkan Region

  • Location: Lies between the Arabian Sea (west) and the Western Ghats (east) in western India.
    • Extends ~330 miles (530 km) from the Daman Ganga River (north of Mumbai) to the Terekhol River (Maharashtra-Goa border).
  • Geography:
    • Includes regions like Thane, Greater Mumbai, Raigarh, and Ratnagiri.
    • Characterized by seasonal rivers, low lateritic plateaus, and alternating bays and headlands.
  • Economic Activities:
    • Agriculture: Crops include rice, pulses, vegetables, fruits, and coconuts.
    • Other: Fishing, salt manufacturing, and iron/manganese mining.
  • Historical Importance:
    • Renowned for spice trade with Greeks, Egyptians, and Arabs.
    • It hosts historical sites like Elephanta and Kanheri cave temples.

  • Farming Practices: During the monsoon season, locals cultivate small patches of sada for growing rice and millets such as nanchani (Eleusine coracana) using traditional agricultural methods that avoid pesticides and chemical fertilizers.
  • Perennial water sources : The porous lateritic soil of the sada effectively retains rainwater, facilitating a year-round supply of freshwater through open step wells, dug wells, springs, and perennial streams.

Geoglyphs of Konkan Sada

  • Definition: The sada hosts ancient geoglyphs, which are a form of prehistoric rock art carved on laterite stone.
  • Types: These geoglyphs include rock paintings, etchings, cup marks, and ring marks, some of which date back approximately 10,000 years.
  • UNESCO Mention: The “Konkan geoglyphs” have been acknowledged in UNESCO listings.
  • Significant Sites: India’s largest rock engraving or geoglyph is located in Kasheli, in the Ratnagiri district.

Ecological Significance

Sada

  • Biodiversity: The sada supports a rich ecosystem, including 459 plant species (105 endemic to the Konkan region), 31 species of reptiles, 13 species of amphibians, 169 species of birds, and 41 species of mammals.
  • Wildlife Habitat: It provides critical habitats for vulnerable species like the Vulnerable (IUCN Status)  Indian flapshell turtle (Lissemys punctata), as well as leopards, jackals, hyenas, barking deer, and migratory birds.
  • Cultural Importance: The region’s water bodies are conserved as part of local rituals dedicated to deities, ensuring the cleanliness and sustainability of these natural commons.

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Threats

  • Developmental Projects: The sada is under threat from land-use changes driven by the development of orchards, residential areas, and other projects.
  • Laterite Mining: Mining activities for laterite stones pose a significant risk to this fragile ecosystem.
  • ‘Wasteland’ Classification: Its classification as “wasteland” in the Wasteland Atlas exacerbates the threats, undermining conservation efforts and the ecological significance of the sada.

A recent study reveals that Deccan Volcanism, despite its catastrophic effects on terrestrial fauna such as the extinction of dinosaurs, caused only regional and short-term impacts on tropical flora.

Key Findings of the Study

  • Minimal Impact on Tropical Flora: Deccan Volcanism had limited negative effects on tropical flora, with impacts being regional and short-term.

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  • Tropical Flora: Plant life characteristic of tropical regions, known for its incredible diversity, lushness, and abundance
    •  Examples include rainforests, mangroves, and savannas.
  • Angiosperms: Flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed within a fruit.
    • They are the most diverse group of plants, dominating most terrestrial ecosystems. Examples include roses, orchids, and oak trees.
  • Gymnosperms: Seed-bearing plants that do not produce flowers or fruits.
    • Their seeds are typically borne on the surface of cones. Examples include pine trees, cycads, and ginkgoes.

  • Positive Influence on Angiosperm Development: The volcanic activity indirectly supported the development of diverse tropical flora.
    • It eliminated large faunal communities like dinosaurs and gymnosperms, creating undisturbed, fertile habitats.
    • The warm and humid climate during dormant volcanic phases provided ideal conditions for angiosperms to grow and diversify.
  • Resilience of Tropical Flora: Despite the release of toxic greenhouse gases that contributed to the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction, tropical flora displayed high resilience and recovered on a sub-millennial timescale.
  • Lessons for Modern Climate Change: The study suggests that tropical rainforests, if left undisturbed, have the potential to recover rapidly under favorable climatic conditions.

Methodology used for the Study

  • Sample Collection: Sedimentary rock samples, including mudstone and claystone, were collected from a 17-meter-thick sedimentary sequence in Yeotmal, Maharashtra.

NLR and CA

The Nearest Living Relative (NLR) approach and Coexistence Approach are two different ways of studying extinct species.

  • Nearest Living Relative (NLR) approach: Compares an extinct species to its closest living relative to understand its potential ecology, behavior, and physiology.
  • Coexistence Approach: Focuses on understanding the interactions and relationships between extinct species and other species in the same ecosystem to reconstruct the past environment.

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  • Palynological Analysis: Pollen, spores, and organic matter were extracted and studied to understand biostratigraphy and reconstruct paleoecology, paleoclimate, and paleobiogeography.
  • Analytical Approaches: The Nearest Living Relative (NLR) approach and Coexistence Approach (CA) were used for paleoecological and paleoclimatic modeling.
    • Palaeobiogeographic reconstruction was also conducted.

Deccan Volcanism

About Deccan Volcanism

  • Deccan Volcanism refers to extensive volcanic activity that took place on the Deccan Plateau in India, primarily during the Cretaceous-Paleogene transition, approximately 66 million years ago.

Key Features of Deccan Volcanism

  • Formation of the Deccan Traps: Deccan Traps consist of vast, layered flood basalts created by extensive lava flows.
    • Deccan VolcanismThese geological features cover significant portions of central and western India and led to the formation of the Deccan Plateau.
  • Reunion Hotspot: The volcanic activity occurred as the Indian Plate migrated northward over the Reunion hotspot, now located at Reunion Island.
  • Soil Formation: Weathering of basalt from these eruptions resulted in the creation of Black or Regur soil, known for its fertility.
  • Climate Impact: The eruptions released large amounts of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and sulfur aerosols.
    • This led to significant global climate changes, including global warming and acid rain.
    • These climatic disruptions contributed to the extinction of various species, including non-avian dinosaurs.

Mass Extinction Events

Mass extinctions are catastrophic events leading to the rapid and widespread loss of biodiversity on Earth. These events are often triggered by drastic changes in the Earth’s climate, carbon cycle, or catastrophic occurrences such as asteroid impacts or massive volcanic eruptions.

Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) Extinction

  • Occurred 66 million years ago, marking the end of the Mesozoic Era.
  • Caused by a massive asteroid impact near the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico, creating a 120-mile-wide crater.
  • Effects:
    • Immediate wildfires within 900 miles of impact.
    • Global cooling caused by debris and sulfur in the atmosphere.
    • Tsunamis and collapse of ecosystems.
  • Aggravating Factor: Deccan Volcanic eruptions in India may have amplified climate changes.
  • Result: Extinction of 76% of all species, including non-avian dinosaurs.

Major Mass Extinction Events

Event Time (Million Years Ago) Cause Extinction Rate Notable Losses
Ordovician-Silurian 444 Glaciation and sea-level fall ~85% Marine species
Late Devonian 375 Ocean anoxia and climate change ~75% Reef-building organisms
Permian-Triassic 252 Volcanic activity, methane release, climate warming ~96% Marine and terrestrial species
Triassic-Jurassic 201 Volcanism and carbon cycle disruptions ~80% Early dinosaurs, marine species
Cretaceous-Paleogene 66 Asteroid impact, Deccan volcanism ~76% Non-avian dinosaurs, marine life

Parbati-Kalisindh-Chambal-Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project will submerge 37 sq km of the Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve, effectively splitting it into two sections, raising ecological concerns.

About PKC-ERCP

PKC-ERCP

  • The PKC-ERCP, a flagship river-linking irrigation project, aims to provide water for irrigation, drinking, and industrial purposes to 23 districts in Rajasthan.
    • The Modified Parbati-Kalisindh-Chambal-ERCP (PKC-ERCP) Link Project is an inter-state project between Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan that integrated the PKC link with the Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project (ERCP).
    • Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project (ERCP) envisages intra-basin transfer of water within the Chambal Basin by utilising surplus monsoon water available in Kalisindh, Parvati, Mej and Chakan sub-basins and diverting it into water deficit sub-basins of Banas, Gambhiri, Banganga and Parbati to provide drinking and industrial water to 13 districts of eastern Rajasthan.
  • Objective: Channel surplus water from the Chambal river basin to benefit 3.45 crore people in Rajasthan.
  • Scale of Submergence:
    • Of the total 408.86 sq km submergence area in Rajasthan, 227 sq km will be under the reservoir of a proposed dam on the Banas river.
    • This includes 37.03 sq km from the Ranthambhore National Park and Keladevi Wildlife Sanctuary.
  • Infrastructure:
    • The largest dam under the project is a 39-m-high and 1.6-km-long dam near Doongri village, 30 km from Sawai Madhopur.
    • Phase One includes construction of the Doongri dam, five barrages (Ramgarh, Mahalpur, Navnera, Mej, Rathod), and a water conductor system.
  • Timeline: The first phase is scheduled for completion by 2028.

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Concerns Regarding the Project

  • Impact on Tiger Reserve: The submergence will fragment the Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve, home to 57 tigers, affecting their habitat connectivity and biological carrying capacity.
  • High-Value Forests: Conservationists stress avoiding high-value forest areas, suggesting compensatory measures like notifying double the submerged area as forest land.
  • Ecological Challenges: The dam’s submergence zone will disrupt the north-south dispersal routes of wildlife, raising concerns over long-term habitat sustainability.

About Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve

  • Location: Situated at the junction of the Aravalis and Vindhyan ranges in Rajasthan.
  • Composition: It includes Ranthambhore National Park, Sawai Mansingh Wildlife Sanctuary, and Keladevi Wildlife Sanctuary.
  • Rivers: Drained by the Chambal river in the south and the Banas river in the north.
  • Ecology:
    • Features tropical dry deciduous forests, dominated by grasslands and drought-resistant Dhok trees.
    • Hosts diverse fauna, including tigers, leopards, and sloth bears.

Significance of PKC-ERCP

  • Economic Benefits: Provides water for irrigation, drinking, and industrial use across 23 districts in Rajasthan, benefiting 3.45 crore people.
    • Supports water supply to Malwa and Chambal regions of Madhya Pradesh.
  • Strategic Importance: Enhances agricultural productivity and addresses water scarcity issues in drought-prone regions.
  • Development Potential: Includes renovation of the Isarda dam and construction of additional dams in Madhya Pradesh, such as the Kumbhraj dam on Parbati.

Environmental Concerns

  • Wildlife Impact: Submergence will reduce the habitat area for tigers and other species in the reserve.
    • Potential water shortages during summers could stress the reserve further.
  • Recommendations: Conservationists suggest compensatory forest land adjacent to the reserve or creating buffer zones to mitigate damage.

Way Forward

  • Ecological Assessments: Conduct detailed studies on the environmental impact of the submergence.
  • Avoid High-Value Forests: Design dams and infrastructure to minimize impacts on critical tiger habitats.
  • Compensatory Measures: Implement compensatory afforestation or notify additional forest areas.
  • Stakeholder Collaboration: Engage local communities, wildlife experts, and policymakers for sustainable implementation.
  • Strict Monitoring: Regular monitoring of the project’s ecological and socio-economic effects to ensure balance between development and conservation.

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About Chambal River Basin

  • Location and Origin:
    • Originates from the Singar Chouri peak in the Vindhya mountains (Mhow, Indore, Madhya Pradesh).
    • PKC-ERCPIt flows through Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh before merging with the Yamuna River in Etawah district.
  • River Course and Tributaries:
    • Total length: 960 km.
    • Tributaries: Parbati, Kali Sindh, Banas.
  • Geography:
    • Covers 31,239 sq. km in Rajasthan, with semi-arid to sub-humid climatic conditions.
    • Topography includes hills, plateaus, ravines, and plains with elevations ranging from 111 m to 605 m.
  • Vegetation: Dry Deciduous Forest and  sparse xerophytic vegetation dominates the region.
  • Significance:
    • It houses the National Chambal Sanctuary, protecting endangered species like gharial, red-crowned roof turtle, and Ganges river dolphin.
    • Supports agriculture and power generation with major dams: Gandhi Sagar, Rana Pratap Sagar, Jawahar Sagar, and Kota Barrage.
    • Provides water for irrigation and drinking purposes.

Additional Reading: River Interlinking Projects

SEBI Chairperson Madhabi Puri Buch emphasized the potential of Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs), Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvITs), and Municipal Bonds to match or exceed fundraising in the debt market over the next decade.

About Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs), Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvITs), and Municipal Bonds

Aspect Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvITs) Municipal Bonds (Munibonds)
Definition Entities channeling funds into income-producing real estate. Collective schemes investing in infrastructure projects. Debt instruments issued by urban local bodies (ULBs) for infrastructure funding.
Primary Focus Real estate properties (income-generating or under construction). Infrastructure projects like roads, energy, and transmission lines. Socio-economic projects like schools, hospitals, and bridges.
Key Features
  • 90% of income is distributed as dividends.
  • 80% investment in revenue-generating properties.
  • ₹500 crore minimum asset base.
  • 90% of net distributable cash flows are distributed.
  • Leverage capped at 70% of net asset value.
  • Sponsors must hold 15% of units with a 3-year lock-in.
  • Fixed maturity period.
  • Tax-exempt for investors.
  • Funds used for socio-economic development.
Significance
  • Offers liquidity and long-term capital appreciation.
  • Enables small investors to participate in real estate.
  • Recycles capital for developers.
  • Attracts long-term investors like pension funds and sovereign wealth funds.
  • Provides ULBs with funds for infrastructure projects.
  • Promotes socio-economic development.
SEBI Guidelines 90% income distribution, investment restrictions on agriculture/vacant land. Restrictions on leverage and sponsor’s stake; 90% income distribution required. Municipality must have positive net worth, no defaults, and compliant promoters/directors.
Target Investors Retail and institutional investors seeking real estate exposure. Institutional investors and long-term investors (e.g., pension funds). Public investors interested in fixed returns and tax benefits.
Sectoral Examples Commercial real estate, office spaces, and malls. Renewable energy projects, highways, and utilities. Urban infrastructure like sanitation, roads, and schools.

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About SEBI

  • Statutory Body: Established in 1992 under the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992.
  • Predecessor: Replaced the Controller of Capital Issues, which derived authority from the Capital Issues (Control) Act, 1947.
  • Transition: Formed in 1988 as a non-statutory body under a Government resolution, becoming statutory in 1992.
  • Headquarters: Located in Mumbai, with regional offices in Ahmedabad, Kolkata, Chennai, and Delhi.
  • Role: Protects investor interests and regulates/promotes securities markets.
  • Structure: A 9-member board including 1 Chairperson, 2 government nominees, 1 RBI nominee, and 5 others (at least 3 Whole-Time Members).
  • Chairperson Appointment: Recommended by the Financial Sector Regulatory Appointments Search Committee (FSRASC).

Significance of these Financial Instruments

  • Economic Growth: Boosts infrastructure and real estate sectors, contributing to India’s GDP.
  • Market Potential: Expected to match or exceed debt market fundraising over the next decade.
  • Investor Benefits: Offers diversified investment opportunities with predictable returns.

SEBI’s Role

  • Regulatory Framework: Ensures compliance and protection for investors in REITs, InvITs, and municipal bonds.
  • New Initiatives:
    • Introduction of ₹250 bite-size SIPs to increase mutual fund penetration.
    • Streamlining approval processes for mutual fund schemes and IPOs.
  • Impact: Facilitates faster capital formation and promotes financial inclusion.
Additional Reading: REITs, InvITs, and Municipal Bonds

Bharat Climate Forum

Context: The Bharat Climate Forum was recently launched to position India as a global leader in clean tech manufacturing.

About Bharat Climate Forum

  • It is a national platform which is dedicated to unifying stakeholders from policy, industry, finance, and research to accelerate cleantech manufacturing in India.
  • Hosted By: The Centre for Indigenous Economic Understanding (CIEU) and Dalberg Advisors
  • Supported By: The Forum is supported by key institutions, including the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), NITI Aayog, and the International Solar Alliance (ISA).
  • Aim: To position India as a global leader in clean tech manufacturing, fostering self-reliance towards a journey for a Net-Zero and Viksit Bharat.
  • Theme: The forum will focus on six foundational themes that are critical to driving India’s net-zero ambitions
    • Clean energy generation and storage
    • Manufacturing for Net-Zero
    • E-mobility and green transportation
    • Climate finance and investment mobilization
    • Industrial decarbonization and clean energy transition
    • Building partnerships for climate action and leadership

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Drishti 10 Starliner

Context: A Drishti 10 Starliner drone, developed by Adani Defence and Aerospace, crashed off the Porbandar coast, Gujarat.

About Drishti 10 starliner

  • The Drishti 10 Starliner is an advanced unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). 
  • Developed by: Adani Defence and Aerospace in collaboration with the Israeli firm Elbit Systems. 
  • commonly known as Hermes 900,
  • The drone is a MALE (Medium Altitude Long Endurance). 
  • Indigenous Content: Approximately 70% of the drone is made in India.
  • Payload Capacity: Can carry a payload of up to 450 kg

Features

  • Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR): The drone is designed for advanced ISR operations.
  • Over-the-Horizon Capabilities: Provides persistent surveillance over large maritime territories.

 

Odisha: 34th State to Implement Ayushman Bharat PM-JAY

Context: Recently, The Odisha government signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with the National Health Authority (NHA) to implement Ayushman Bharat-Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) in the state.

About AB PM-JAY Implementation in Odisha

  • Convergence with GJAY: PM-JAY will be integrated with the existing Gopabandhu Jan Arogya Yojana (GJAY) in Odisha.  
  • Coverage:
    • Financial: Provides a cover of Rs 5 lakh per family per annum, with an additional Rs 5 lakh for women members.  
    • Population: Approximately 1.03 crore families will be covered, with 67.8 lakh families supported by the Union Government.  

Ayushman Bharat – Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY)

  • Ministry: Ministry of Health & Family Welfare
  • Launched on: 23rd September 2018
  • Objective: To provide Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and ensure affordable healthcare for all.
  • Components of Ayushman Bharat
    • Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs): Provide primary healthcare services such as prevention, promotion, and ambulatory care.
    • Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY): Offers secondary and tertiary care hospitalization benefits to eligible families.
  • Key Features of PM-JAY
    • World’s largest health assurance scheme.
    • Health coverage of ₹5 lakh per family per year.
      • Provides additional Rs 5 lakh for women members.
    • Targets 10.74 crore families (approximately 50 crore beneficiaries), forming the bottom 40% of the Indian population.
    • No cap on family size or age of family members.
    • Covers pre-existing diseases from the first day of enrollment.

Gopabandhu Jan Arogya Yojana (GJAY)

  • It is a flagship healthcare scheme launched by the Government of Odisha.
  • Named after Gopabandhu Das, a revered freedom fighter and social reformer from Odisha.
  • Objective: Aims to provide free and quality healthcare to economically weaker sections of society.
  • Managed by:  the Health and Family Welfare Department, Odisha.
  • Comparison with Ayushman Bharat
    • Similar to the Ayushman Bharat – Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) in objectives and scope.
    • GJAY is specific to Odisha and provides higher financial coverage for women beneficiaries.
  • Key features
    • Free Healthcare Services:
      • Provides free medical care for secondary and tertiary-level treatments.
      • Covers both government and empanelled private hospitals.
    • Eligibility Criteria:
      • Covers families based on the Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC) 2011.
      • Targets economically vulnerable groups, especially those below the poverty line.

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Bharat Ranbhoomi Darshan Project

Context: The Defence Minister launched the ‘Bharat Ranbhoomi Darshan’ on January 15 to mark the 77th Army Day.

About The Bharat Ranbhoomi Darshan

  • It is an initiative of the Indian Army to boost “battlefield tourism” alongside the forward sites across the country’s borders which have witnessed some military action in the past.
  • Sites: The Army has shortlisted 77 sites with most of sites falling along India’s borders with China and Pakistan including,
    • Ladakh: Galwan, Doklam, Dras, Kargil, Siachen base camp
    • Rajasthan: Longewala, Thar Desert
    • Arunachal Pradesh: Bum La and Kibithu
    • Sikkim: Nathu La 
  • Ministry: The Defence Ministry in partnership with the Ministry of Tourism.
    • The sites will also be highlighted by the Tourism Ministry as part of the Incredible India campaign.
  • Aim: It aims to educate the public about the nation’s military history
    • To promote the development of the Border Regions focusing on the pillars of, infrastructure, communication, tourism and education.

About Battlefield Tourism

  • Battlefield tourism is the practice of visiting war-related sites for historical study or sightseeing.
    • These sites include battlefields, cemeteries, memorials, and museums.
  • Aim: Battlefield Tourism is a way to learn about history and experience the emotional impact of the conflict.
  • Notable Examples: 
    • Gettysburg Battlefield and Pentagon in the United States, The Kargil War Memorial in India and sites of the World War II (Gallipoli, Pearl Harbor, and Omaha Beach)

 

National Turmeric Board

Context: The Union Minister of Commerce and Industry has recently inaugurated the National Turmeric Board (NTB) 

About the National Turmeric Board

  • Objective: The National Turmeric Board will focus on the overall development and growth of the turmeric sector in the country.
  • Headquarters: Nizamabad, Telangana
  • Representatives: The Board will consist of representatives from,
    • Central Ministries: Ministry of AYUSH, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Department of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare and Department of Commerce
    • States: Representatives from Maharashtra, Telangana and Meghalaya (Lakadong Turmeric)
      • States will be represented on the Board by rotation.
    • Others: Exporters, Producers Bodies and Farmers from various States
  • Significance: 
    • The central government will allocate special funds in the budget to the NTB
    • A price stabilization fund will be set up 
    • Crop Insurance will be ensured in the event of crop loss due to natural calamities
  • Functions: 
    • To promote research and development of new turmeric products
    • To provide value addition of turmeric related products for marketing abroad.
    • To create awareness on the essential and medical properties of turmeric
    • To find ways to increase its yield and boost logistics and supply chain to foster trade into newer markets
    • To ensure quality and safety standards of turmeric production and exports

About Turmeric

  • Botanical Name: Curcuma longa 
  • Family: Turmeric is a flowering plant in the ginger family Zingiberaceae. 
  • Native: It is a perennial, rhizomatous, herbaceous plant native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia
  • In India: 
    • India is the world’s largest producer, consumer, and exporter of turmeric with over 30 varieties of turmeric being produced 
    • States: Turmeric is grown in close to 20 states in India with,
      • Maharashtra being the largest producer and Telangana has the highest acreage in cultivation. 
    • Production: India produced 10.74 lakh tonnes or over 70% of global turmeric on an area of 3.05 lakh hectare
    • Exports: During 2023-24, 1.62 lakh tonnes of turmeric and turmeric products valued at $226.5 million was exported constituting more than 62% share of world trade.

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Atomic Energy Commission (AEC)

Context: The government has recently reconstituted the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC).

About Atomic Energy Commission

  • Establishment: The Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) was first established in August 1948 within the Department of Scientific Research.
  • The AEC was founded under the leadership of Dr. Homi J. Bhabha, a key figure in India’s atomic energy program.
  • Later, it was brought under the jurisdiction of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE).
  • Composition of AEC
    • Total Members: The Atomic Energy Commission has 13 members, including ex-officio members and experts in various fields.
    • Ex-Officio Members: The commission has 6 ex-officio members, including key government officials from departments such as Atomic Energy, National Security, and Finance.
    • Ex-Officio Chairman: The Secretary to the Government of India in the Department of Atomic Energy serves as the ex-officio Chairman of the commission. 
  • Function
    • The AEC is responsible for formulating policies for the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE).
    • Its primary role is to oversee and guide the development and expansion of India’s atomic energy program.
  • The AEC oversees five major research centres:
    • Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu.
    • Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology (RRCAT), Indore.
    • Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai.
    • Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre (VECC), Kolkata.
    • Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research (AMD), Hyderabad.

About Department of Atomic Energy (DAE)

  • Establishment: The DAE was set up on August 3, 1954, under the direct charge of the Prime Minister through a Presidential Order.
  • Mandate:
    • The DAE is tasked with planning and implementing measures for the expansion of atomic energy in India.
    • It is also responsible for formulating policies related to atomic energy.

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UDAAN PRELIMS WALLAH
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UDAAN PRELIMS WALLAH
Comprehensive coverage with a concise format
Integration of PYQ within the booklet
Designed as per recent trends of Prelims questions
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