Donald Trump’s second term as 47th US President of the United States marks the start of a new ‘Trumpian’ era, defined by his leadership.

• Donald Trump started his second term as the 47th president of the United States on January 20, 2025. He was also the 45th president from 2017 to 2021.
• He signed several executive orders declaring a national emergency at the US border with Mexico, withdrawing from the Paris Agreement and the World Health Organisation (WHO), and ending birthright citizenship.

Key Executive Orders signed by Trump in his second term

While Trump is expected to sign hundreds of orders on his first day in the White House. 

• Ending Birthright Citizenship: Birthright citizenship, guaranteed by the 14th Amendment, ensures that anyone born on US soil automatically receives citizenship. 
  • The order aims to prevent the issuance of documents confirming US citizenship to individuals born in the US within 30 days of the order’s enactment.
• Exiting the World Health Organization: The US has announced plans to withdraw from the World Health Organization (WHO) in 12 months and will cease all financial contributions to the global health body. 
  • As the largest financial supporter of the WHO, this marks a significant shift in US involvement.
• Withdrawing from the Paris Climate Agreement: Trump formally withdrew the US from the Paris Climate Agreement in 2017. 
  • This latest executive order reaffirms his commitment to exit the global treaty aimed at addressing climate change, a promise made during his election campaign.
• Renaming the Gulf of Mexico: Trump ordered the Gulf of Mexico to be renamed the ‘Gulf of America’, fulfilling a pledge made during a recent press conference.
• National Border Emergency Declaration: This executive action clears the way for deploying US troops to the southern border, fulfilling campaign promises to enforce stricter immigration policies.
  • The Alien Enemies Act of 1798 would help “eliminate the presence of all foreign gangs and criminal networks bringing devastating crime to US soil”.

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• Declaring a national energy emergency: To promote fossil fuel production, Trump declared a national energy emergency. 
  • This move is part of a broader strategy to increase US energy output, including lifting drilling restrictions in Alaska and reversing a pause on gas exports. 
  • The declaration allows for the fast-tracking of permits for new fossil fuel infrastructure projects.
• Establishing a Two-Gender Policy: Trump signed an executive order to eliminate ‘gender ideology’ from federal documents, policies, and communications. 
  • The new policy asserts that only two genders — male and female — will be officially recognised by the government.

Trump 2.0: Implications for the World

• Weakening of Multilateralism: Trump’s withdrawal from international organizations and agreements (e.g., WHO, Paris Climate Agreement) undermines collective global action on health, trade, and climate.
  • U.S. exit from the Paris Agreement reduces momentum for global climate goals. The U.S., as the second-largest greenhouse gas emitter, plays a pivotal role in global climate strategies. 

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• Increased Unilateralism in Trade: Trump’s emphasis on “America First” policies and tariff threats risks igniting trade wars.
  • Imposition of tariffs on BRICS nations for exploring non-dollar trade systems could strain global trade frameworks and disrupt supply chains​.
  • During his first term, Trump imposed $360 billion worth of tariffs on Chinese goods, which led to retaliatory measures and disrupted global markets​​.
• Climate Policy Reversals: Revival of fossil fuel-centric policies and halting of green energy initiatives threaten global climate goals.
  • Declaration of a national energy emergency to expand fossil fuel production contrasts with global efforts to limit warming to 1.5°C​​.
  • The renewable energy sector in the U.S., which employs over 3.4 million people, may face setbacks due to halted green initiatives​.
• Erosion of International Legal Order: Actions like rejecting the global corporate tax deal and revisiting sovereignty in multilateral treaties challenge established norms.
  • U.S. refusal to adopt the OECD’s 15% global minimum corporate tax could lead other countries to reinstate unilateral digital taxes, risking retaliatory tariffs​.
  • The OECD tax deal involves 140 countries and aims to address profit-shifting by multinational corporations​.
• Geopolitical Realignments: U.S. normalization with Russia and overtures to China could shift power dynamics, particularly in the Indo-Pacific region.
  • While welcoming closer ties with Moscow, Trump’s history of seeking “grand bargains” with China raises concerns among U.S. allies like Japan and India​​.
  • Under Trump 1.0, the U.S. withdrew from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), creating a void that China exploited by promoting the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP).
• Impact on Global Governance: Trump’s obstruction of WTO Appellate Body appointments left the dispute resolution mechanism dysfunctional​.
  • Between 1995 and 2018, the WTO resolved 500+ trade disputes. Its current dysfunction risks unchecked trade conflicts globally​.

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Trump 2.0: Implications for India 

• Trade Challenges: Increased pressure to open Indian markets and address trade imbalances could strain economic relations.
  • Trump’s emphasis on tariffs and protectionism, including threats of 100% tariffs on BRICS nations exploring non-dollar trade, may affect Indian exports like pharmaceuticals and IT services​.
• Immigration Policies: Crackdown on H-1B visas and removal of birthright citizenship could adversely impact Indian professionals and their families.
  • In 2022, Mexico was the top country of birth for immigrants who arrived in the last year, with about 150,000 people and India (about 145,000) and China (about 90,000) were the next largest sources of immigrants..
  • 24,766 out of the total 1.3 lakh H-1B visas were issued to Indian-origin companies in the April-September 2024 period.
• Defense and Strategic Cooperation: Continued focus on the Indo-Pacific and Quad partnerships could strengthen India-U.S. defense ties.
  • India has procured over $20 billion worth of U.S. defense equipment, reflecting growing defense ties​.
• Energy and Climate Policies: Reversal of U.S. climate commitments and focus on fossil fuels may hinder global renewable energy efforts, indirectly affecting India’s clean energy goals.
  • Reduced global momentum on climate finance may challenge India’s renewable energy targets of 500 GW by 2030​.
• Geopolitical Realignments: U.S. normalization with Russia may realign global power structures, creating complexities for India’s foreign policy.
  • India imports over 60% of its defense equipment from Russia, highlighting its strategic dependence on Moscow.
• Technology and Innovation Collaboration: Enhanced focus on emerging technologies (e.g., AI, quantum computing) could offer opportunities for India-U.S. partnerships.
  • The U.S. Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technologies (iCET) provides a platform for joint research and innovation​.
• Cultural and People-to-People Ties: Stricter U.S. immigration policies and potential deportations of undocumented Indians could affect bilateral relations.
  • The Indian diaspora in the U.S., numbering over 4.2 million, plays a significant role in fostering India-U.S. ties​.

Way Forward for India in Strengthening India-US Relations

• Strengthening Defense and Strategic Cooperation: Expand joint military exercises and enhance defense technology collaboration under initiatives like INDUS-X.
  • Increase co-production of defense equipment through agreements such as BECA and COMCASA.
• Boosting Trade and Economic Relations: Resolve trade disputes and ensure better market access for Indian goods and services.
  • Engage actively in the India-U.S. Trade Policy Forum (TPF) to address tariff issues and IT service concerns.
• Funding from Alternative Sources: India should work with philanthropies, such as the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and explore private sector investments to fill the funding gaps left by WHO.
  • Pursue innovative financing models for health programs, including public-private partnerships, to ensure continuity in key initiatives.
• Enhancing Technology and Innovation Collaboration: Leverage the Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technologies (iCET) to foster partnerships in AI, semiconductors, and quantum computing.
  • Strengthen research and development links between Indian and U.S. universities and industries.
• Collaborating on Climate and Energy Goals: Deepen cooperation under the Strategic Clean Energy Partnership (SCEP) to advance renewable energy and hydrogen projects.
  • Seek U.S. investments in India’s clean energy sector to meet its 500 GW renewable energy target by 2030.
• Strengthening the Indian Diaspora’s Role: Leverage the influence of the 4.2 million-strong Indian diaspora in the U.S. to bolster bilateral ties.
  • Promote cultural and educational exchanges to create goodwill and enhance people-to-people connections.
• Proactively Addressing Immigration Issues: Advocate for reforms in U.S. visa policies, particularly H-1B visas, to benefit Indian professionals.
  • Enhance diplomatic engagement to ensure smoother deportation processes for undocumented Indians.
• Managing Geopolitical Challenges: Maintain a balanced approach between the U.S., Russia, and China while leveraging strategic partnerships like Quad.
  • Support U.S. Indo-Pacific strategies to counterbalance Chinese influence while securing India’s regional interests.

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Conclusion

The evolving dynamics of U.S.-India relations under Trump 2.0 present both challenges and opportunities. By focusing on strategic partnerships, addressing economic and policy disputes, and enhancing collaboration in defense, technology, and clean energy, India can solidify its role as a key partner to the U.S. while safeguarding its national interests.

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The year 2025 begins with BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) experiencing significant growth, as it fully welcomed four new members in 2024.

New BRICS Member Countries

• Original Members: Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa.
• New Members: Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, UAE, and Indonesia.
• Indonesia became the first Southeast Asian member in 2025.
• Saudi Arabia  has put its membership on hold.
• Argentina declined the invitation it had previously accepted.
• Several regional powers have expressed interest in joining the group, including Türkiye, Vietnam, Thailand, and Malaysia.

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Evolution of BRICS+

• Origins: BRIC (2001): The concept of BRICS dates back to 2001, when economist Jim O’Neill coined the term “BRIC” to identify the four emerging economies—Brazil, Russia, India, and China.
  • The idea was primarily focused on economic cooperation, recognizing the rising influence of these nations in the global market. 
• Establishment: The grouping was formalised at the 2006 BRIC Foreign Ministers’ meeting.
  • The first BRIC Summit took place in 2009 in Russia and focused on issues such as reform of the global financial architecture.
• First Expansion to BRICS (2010): In 2010, South Africa was invited to join the group, officially transforming BRIC into BRICS.
• New Development Bank (NDB): Established in 2014, the NDB aimed to finance infrastructure and sustainable development projects in emerging economies.
• Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA): Established in 2015, the CRA was designed to provide emergency liquidity to BRICS countries in times of economic instability.
• Expansion and Diversification (2024 Onwards): In 2024, BRICS took a significant step forward by expanding its membership to include Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
• Key Principles: Operates on non-interference, equality, and mutual benefit.

Significance of BRICS+ in the Global Order

• A Voice for the Global South: BRICS+ aspires to position itself as a counterweight to the G7, representing the interests of the Global South.
  • BRICS+ offers an alternative vision, with a focus on inclusive development and multipolarity.
• Rising Global Influence: The successful Kazan meeting in Russia (attended by 36 heads of state and UN Secretary-General António Guterres) highlighted BRICS+ resilience and impact.
• BRICS+ already represents 47% of the world’s population and 41% of global GDP.
  • If Türkiye and most ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) members—join, the group would comfortably surpass the 50% threshold in both indicators.
• It also includes two of the world’s biggest oil producers, the UAE and Iran while Saudi Arabia’s membership is also pending.

Reasons of the Expansion of BRICS

• Strategic global influence: The primary reason is to create counter balance to western dominance in the institutions working on an international level. 
  • It has the potential to become a new power center for the Global South, positioning itself as a counterbalance to the G7.
• Economic strength: The expansion of brics will strengthen its economic potential. For it, it includes countries with high economic potential like China and India.
  • This institution promotes trade and investment opportunities among its member countries.
• Energy security: Apart from trade and investment, its decision to include countries like  Iran and Saudi Arabia (Pending) is backed by accessing energy reserves. 
  • It will help BRICS to reduce its reliance on traditional energy markets, increasing security within the group. 
• Geopolitical significance: Inclusion of countries like Egypt and Ethiopia helps in accessing maritime trade routes.
  • It promotes cooperation and stability in the economies of the member countries. 

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Impact of BRICS+ Expansion on Global Institutions

• Pressure on International Organizations to Reform: It will increase the pressure on international organizations like the UN, the World Bank, and the IMF to reform and offer adequate representation for developing and emerging economies.
• EU and Balkan Enlargement: The European Union may also feel the pressure as some Western Balkans countries, tired of waiting for EU membership, could consider aligning with BRICS+ instead.

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Does Expansion Strengthen or Weaken BRICS+?

Arguments for

• Strategic Complementarity: Despite their differences, BRICS+ members share common interests, such as reforming global financial institutions, reducing reliance on the U.S. dollar, and amplifying the voice of the Global South.
• Economic Clout: With an expanded membership, BRICS+ could control a larger share of global GDP and population, increasing its leverage in international negotiations and institutions.
• Motivations from Global Context: The expansion creates a strong incentive for BRICS+ members to collaborate as a counterbalance to Western dominance.

Arguments Against

• Varying Political Systems and Economic Goals: The bloc’s members like Iran, Egypt, and the UAE, have divergent political ideologies, governance models, and economic priorities.
• China-India Rivalry: Historical and ongoing disputes between these two major members may hinder consensus and collaboration.
• Complexity of Enlarged Membership: The inclusion of new members makes it harder to align interests and formulate policies, especially on sensitive global issues.
• Consensus Challenges: Reaching agreements on trade, security, and other critical matters becomes increasingly complex with a diverse membership.
• Diverse Economic Capacities: Differences in economic strength and developmental stages among members may lead to unequal benefits and reduced cooperation.
• • China’s dominant economic role may overshadow other members, leading to an imbalance in influence.
• Skepticism from the West: BRICS+ is often seen as a challenge to the Western-dominated global economic order, increasing geopolitical tensions, especially with the G7 and NATO allies.
• Traditional Alliances: Including countries like Saudi Arabia and the UAE, traditionally aligned with the US, may complicate BRICS+’s positioning as an independent bloc.
• Geopolitical Conflicts: Diverging stances on conflicts (e.g., Middle East tensions, Russia-Ukraine war) could undermine collective efforts.

Way Forward

• Address Diverging Interests: BRICS+ must acknowledge and reconcile its members’ diverse political systems, economic priorities, and development stages. 
  • India and China’s rivalries need to be managed to ensure collective progress without undermining the bloc’s unity.
• Promotion of Local Currencies in Trade: The bloc should work on establishing a multi-currency trade framework, possibly with a BRICS+ digital currency. 
• Facilitating Market Access: BRICS+ should work toward reducing trade barriers, enhancing investment flows, and establishing more diversified supply chains among member nations. 
  • This could also include new sectors such as technology and green energy, which are key to future growth.
• Refining the New Development Bank (NDB): The NDB should expand its focus to include more sustainable development projects and social infrastructure in developing countries. 
• Leveraging Global Platforms: BRICS+ must actively engage in platforms like the G20, the WTO etc. 
  • This would amplify its voice in key global policy decisions, from climate change negotiations to international trade deals.
• Collaborate on Conflict Mediation: BRICS+ could become an important mediator in global conflict resolution, offering a platform for dialogue on regional tensions in Africa, the Middle East, Russia-Ukraine. 
  • The efforts to promote peace and stability would elevate BRICS+ as a global peace broker.
• Supporting the Global South: BRICS+ should continue to champion the interests of the Global South, advocating for fair trade, debt relief, and infrastructure development in developing nations.

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Conclusion

BRICS+ is rapidly evolving into a major geopolitical entity, with the potential to reshape global power dynamics. The future of BRICS+ will depend on how it manages its diversity, navigates its strategic interests, and addresses the changing global order. The upcoming summit in Brazil will likely be a key moment in determining the group’s trajectory.

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India is infamously considered the ‘snakebite capital’ of the world with over 58000 snakebite related deaths occurring annually.

• As per the Central Bureau of Health Investigation (CBHI) reports (2016-2020), the average annual frequency of snakebite cases in India is around 3 lakhs and about 2000 deaths occur due to snakebite envenoming.

About Snakebite Envenoming

• Snakebite envenoming is a potentially life-threatening disease following the bite of a venomous snake resulting in medical issues which can lead to death or permanent impairment if timely and appropriate treatment is not given.
• Cocktail of Toxic Proteins: Snake Venom is a cocktail of toxins immobilising the human body by releasing,
  • Haemotoxins: It destroys blood cells and disrupts clotting. 
  • Neurotoxins: It blocks nerve signals and paralyzes.
  • Cytotoxins: It dissolves tissue at the bite site. 

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• WHO Guidelines: It  has categorised ‘snakebite envenoming’, as a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) globally and has issued certain guidelines for effective management of snakebite cases,
  • Remove anything tight from around the bitten part of the body to avoid harm if swelling occurs.
  • Immobilize the person completely, splint the limb to keep it still and transport the person to a health facility as soon as possible
  • Applying pressure at the bite site with a pressure pad may be suitable in some cases.
  • Avoid traditional first aid methods or herbal medicines like wound incision or excision, suction, or application of “black stones” 
  • Place the person on their left side with head down in the recovery position so as to not choke if vomiting occurs
  • Closely monitor airway and breathing and be ready to resuscitate if necessary
  • Health facilities should treat all snakebite cases as emergencies and give priority to assessing these patients and instituting treatment without delay.
• Symptoms: Bleeding disorders, Kidney failure, Paralysis, Tissue damage, and Amputation. 
• Treatment: Making Safe and effective antivenoms widely available and accessible is the most effective treatment against snakebite envenoming.
• • Antivenoms are included in the WHO List of essential medicines and should be part of any primary health care package where snake bites occur.

India- The Snakebite Capital of World

• India is home to more than 300 species of snakes, of which more than 60 are venomous, ranging from mild to high. 
• Statistics: A 2020 study has estimated that between 2001 and 2014, approximately,  1.2 million snakebite deaths and three-times as many cases of permanent disability occurred in India. 
  • The study also said one in 250 Indians were at risk of dying from snakebite before the age of 70.
• Causes: 
  • Rural: Agricultural workers, Farmers, Tribals ect are the most vulnerable to snake bites particularly during the monsoon, when snakes become more active. 
  • Urban: Rapid, often unplanned urbanisation, poor garbage management, and urban floods have increased encounters between humans and snakes, making even city-dwellers vulnerable.
• Reasons for high Snake Bite related Mortality:
  • Not easily accessible: Timely medical care in remote areas is a significant challenge as people often have to undertake long journeys to reach a healthcare facility equipped with antivenoms.
  • Not Inclusive: The present method of treatment ie. Polyvalent antivenoms (PVAs) is not effective on the venom of other less known but venomous snakes like,
    • king cobra, monocled cobra, banded krait, Sochurek’s saw-scaled viper, hump-nosed viper, and several species of pit vipers.
  • Logistical Issues: Antivenoms often need to be transported in cold storage and India’s rural parts lack the supporting infrastructure and power supply.
  • Delay in Treatment: Superstitious beliefs, cultural practices and using traditional medicine as the first line of treatment  leads to delay in  proper treatment..
  • Inadequate Facilities: Lack of supporting infrastructure or proper handling of the antivenoms can cause them to degrade in storage and become ineffective.
  • Unequal Access: The high cost of manufacturing antivenom limits accessibility for the economically-disadvantaged. 

About Antivenoms

• Antivenoms are life-saving medicines used to treat snakebites. India is the world’s largest producer and consumer of antivenoms in the world.
  • The Antivenoms work by specifically binding to the venom toxins to render them ineffective, allowing the body’s natural defence systems to clear them safely over time. 
• Production Process: The first Antivenom was produced by French physician Albert Calmette in the 1890s using horses
  • Antivenoms are produced by injecting small amounts of snake venom into horses, which then produce antibodies as part of their immune response.
  • These antibodies are extracted from the horse’s blood and purified and formulated as antivenoms.

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• The Irula tribe of Tamil Nadu are experts in milking the snake and collecting its venom which is then supplied to Pharma companies to produce Antivenoms.
  • Several companies in India, including Bharat Serums and Vaccines, Haffkine Bio-pharmaceutical Corporation, and ViNS Bioproducts, produce antivenom this way.
• Current Status in India: Polyvalent antivenoms (PVAs) are currently used in India as it targets the Big Four accounting for most snakebite deaths.
  • The Big Four: The venom extracted from Indian cobra (Naja naja), common krait (Bungarus caeruleus), Russell’s viper (Daboia russelii), and the saw-scaled viper (genus Echis)  is used to produce PVAs in India.
• Future Research in Antivenom Development:
  • Synthetic Antivenoms: Recombinant DNA technology is being used to produce lab-engineered, synthetic antivenoms that are free from animal-derived proteins and offer greater safety and efficacy. 
    • Example: A research led by 2024 Nobel laureate David Baker, reported successfully using Artificial Intelligence (AI) to design synthetic antivenoms. 
  • Region-Specific Antivenoms: Researching on the cross-species and geographic variability in venoms, scientist are developing Region-Specific Antivenoms.
  • Tailored Antivenoms: By mapping the toxins’ compositions, scientists are attempting to create tailored antivenoms, holding the promise for more precise treatments.

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The Neutral Expert (NE), Michel Lino, appointed under the Indus Water Treaty (IWT), declared himself “competent” to decide on technical differences between India and Pakistan regarding hydroelectric projects.

Key Highlights of the Appointment

• Neutral Expert’s Competence: The NE will address seven technical issues concerning Kishenganga and Ratle hydroelectric projects on the western tributaries.
  • The NE clarified that his jurisdiction does not invalidate the existing Court of Arbitration (CoA) but limits its remit over these issues.
• India’s Stance: India argued that the IWT mandates disputes to follow a step-by-step resolution process, starting with the Permanent Indus Commission (PIC), then NE, and finally, CoA.
  • India considered parallel mechanisms (NE and CoA) against treaty provisions and refused to participate in CoA proceedings.
  • India welcomed the decision of NE appointment as it aligns with its interpretation of the treaty.
• Pakistan’s Position: Pakistan bypassed the PIC and sought a CoA directly in 2016, asserting compliance with the treaty.
  • It has yet to respond to the Neutral Expert’s decision.

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About the Indus Water Treaty (IWT)

• Origin: Signed in 1960, mediated by the World Bank.
• Rivers: Divides six Himalayan rivers:
  • India’s unrestricted use: Eastern tributaries (Sutlej, Beas, Ravi).
  • Pakistan’s use: Western tributaries (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab).
• Dispute Resolution Mechanism: Resolution via PIC. If unresolved, escalation to NE. The final step is CoA if both prior steps fail.

Key Disputed Projects on Indus

• Kishenganga Hydroelectric Project (330 MW):Located on the Jhelum River, Pakistan raised objections in 2006.
• Ratle Hydroelectric Project (850 MW): Located on the Chenab River, Pakistan questioned its design compliance with the treaty.

Significance of Neutral Expert Appointement

• Validates India’s interpretation that the NE can address technical issues without CoA intervention.
• Ensures a technical resolution process under treaty provisions.
• Sets a precedent for addressing future disputes between India and Pakistan.

Challenges in Resolving IWT Disputes

• Parallel Mechanisms: Pakistan’s bypassing of the step-by-step process.
• Lack of Agreement: Differing interpretations of treaty provisions.
• Geopolitical Tensions: Strained bilateral relations hinder cooperation.

Way Forward

• Revisiting the IWT: India has sought revisions to address current geopolitical and hydrological challenges.
• Strengthening Mechanisms: Ensure adherence to a stepwise resolution framework to prevent parallel processes.
• Bilateral Talks: Resumption of dialogue to address disputes and propose modern solutions under the treaty.

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Tributaries of Indus River

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JNPA in Mumbai is set to surpass 10 million TEUs (twenty-foot equivalent units) by 2027, aiming to become India’s first port among top global ports.

Key Highlights of JNPA Expansion

• Record Container Handling in 2024: Handled 7.05 million TEUs, the highest ever, operating at more than 90% capacity.Achieved an annual growth of 11% year-on-year.

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• Budget of Expansion: Union Minister of Ports, Shipping and Waterways launched projects worth ₹2,000 crore to enhance capacity and efficiency at the port.
• Capacity Enhancement Projects:Phase II of Bharat Mumbai Container Terminal: Will add 2.4 million TEUs to JNPA’s capacity.
  • Nhava Sheva Freeport Terminal Upgrade (2025): Expected to further boost capacity.
  • Projected Capacity by 2027: Container handling capacity to reach 10.4 million TEUs.
• New Infrastructure and Equipment: Launched one solar-powered boat, two indigenously developed 70T tugs, and three fire tenders to enhance safety and efficiency.

About JNP

• Location: Situated in Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra.
• Premier Container Port: Handles approximately 50% of India’s total containerized cargo volume.
• Operational Timeline: Commissioned in 1989, it has evolved from a bulk cargo terminal to the premier container port in the country.
• Part of Landlord Port Model: It has become the first major port of the country to become a 100% Landlord port. 
• Global Ranking: Ranked 26th among the top 100 global ports (Lloyds List Top 100 Ports 2021 Report).
• Vessel Handling Capacity: Currently handles vessels with 9,000 TEU capacity.
• • Post-upgradation, capable of handling vessels with 12,200 TEU capacity.

Significance of JNPA Expansion

• Strengthens India’s global trade position.
• Boosts port efficiency and capacity to handle growing demand.
• Enhances infrastructure for agro-processing, warehousing, and public-private collaborations.

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Award-winning historian Anirudh Kanisetti, in his work Lords of Earth and Sea, highlights the decline of women’s influence in the Chola Empire and its widespread impacts. 

• The research sheds light on how powerful women, who once played significant roles in South India’s royal courts, gradually vanished from historical records as the Chola dynasty transitioned from a sprawling empire to a regional power.

About the Chola Empire

• Origin and Early References: One of the Muvendhar (three mighty dynasties) of the Tamizh region.
  • Mentioned in Sangam literature and Ashoka’s rock edicts.
  • The Tamizh region, encompassing modern-day Tamil Nadu and parts of South India, is renowned for its rich cultural heritage, vibrant Dravidian traditions, and historical significance as the epicenter of ancient dynasties like the Cholas, Cheras, and Pandyas.
• Foundation and Revival: Revived in the 9th century under Vijayalaya Chola, who established Thanjavur as the capital after conquering the Kaveri delta from Muttaraiyar.
  • Later Cholas traced their lineage to Karikala Chola of the Sangam age.
• Key Rulers:
  • Raja Raja Chola I (985–1014 CE): Expanded the empire through naval expeditions to Sri Lanka, Maldives, and the West Coast. 
    • He constructed Brihadeeshwarar Temple at Thanjavur.
  • Rajendra Chola I (1014–1044 CE): Extended territories to the Tungabhadra and Ganga rivers, founded Gangaikonda Cholapuram, and led naval expeditions to Southeast Asia.
• Cultural and Administrative Legacy: Known for advancements in architecture, maritime trade, and efficient governance.
  • Promoted literature, temple-building, and local self-governance through village assemblies.
• Decline: Transitioned to a regional power by the 13th century, leading to the loss of central influence and royal women’s diminished roles.

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Condition of Women During the Chola Period

Social Status

• Prominent Women in History: Women like Sembiyan Mahadevi, a pivotal figure in South Indian religious history, and Loka-Mahadevi, a temple builder and mother of emperors, had significant influence.
  • By the 12th century, royal women’s presence in political and religious spheres dwindled. Women from rival families, such as Hoysala and Kadava princesses, were among the few to maintain some public role.
• Service Retinues: The institution of Service Retinues, which included palace women with social and ceremonial roles, declined by the 1230s.

Economic Contributions

• Temple Patronage: Women contributed economically through temple patronage, commissioning bronze sculptures and supporting religious activities.
• Temple Roles: As the Chola dynasty weakened, many women sought involvement in temple administration, gaining honorary positions and influence within these sacred spaces.

Political Involvement

• Early Influence: Chola queens and royal women wielded political influence, contributing to temple construction and diplomacy.
• Marginalization: With the rise of regional powers and internal turmoil, women lost their political clout. Many palace women, disconnected from their fraternal lines, faced precarious circumstances, especially when captured or neglected by the court.

Religious Roles

• Significant Figures: Women like Sembiyan Mahadevi shaped South India’s religious landscape through temple-building and endowments.
• Transition to Temples: During the 13th century, temples offered women a refuge and a means to maintain some level of influence through participation in religious affairs.

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Sources of Information

• Inscriptions from temples and royal records highlighting women’s roles and contributions.
  • The share of women named in inscriptions peaked in the Rajaraja and Rajendra Chola periods, when the Cholas were at the height of their power
• Archaeological evidence from Chola temples, such as Brihadeeshwarar Temple in Thanjavur.
• Secondary historical analyses on South Indian dynasties.

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Tactical ballistic missile Pralay and long-range Pinaka rocket system will be showcased at the upcoming Republic Day parade in the Capital, focusing on indigenously developed systems.

About Pralay

• Type: Short-range, quasi-ballistic surface-to-surface missile.
• Developed by: Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).
• Payload Capacity: 500-1,000 kg.
• Propulsion: Powered by solid fuel.

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• Range: 150-500 km, placing it between:
  • Prithvi missile (150-350 km range).
  • Agni series (700-8,000 km range).
• Quasi-Ballistic Characteristics:
  • Functions as a ballistic missile with a low trajectory hyperbolic flight path.
  • Warheads can maneuver during the terminal phase like a cruise missile.
  • Designed to evade anti-missile defence systems with thrust vector control (jet vane system) for evasive manoeuvres.
• Stealth Features: Equipped with two sets of small fins to reduce radar signature.

About Pinaka Missile System

• Type: Multi-Barrel Rocket Launcher (MBRL) system.
• Developed by: Armament Research and Development Establishment (ARDE), a DRDO laboratory.
• Capabilities:
  • Launches a salvo of 12 rockets in 44 seconds.
  • Can program all 12 rockets in a maximum of 20 seconds.
  • Neutralises a 700 x 500 square metre area within 48 seconds.
• Range:
  • Pinaka Mk1: 40 km range with multiple ammunition types.
  • Enhanced range version: Over 75 km (successfully tested by DRDO).
• Features:
  • “Shoot and scoot” capability enables quick relocation to evade counter-battery fire.
  • Equipped with an onboard Inertial Navigation System (INS) for precise targeting and faster deployment.
• Global Presence: Armenia became the first export customer for Pinaka.

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Significance

• Both systems highlight India’s growing self-reliance in defence technology.
• Their presence at the Republic Day parade underscores the importance of indigenously developed tactical and strategic weaponry.

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The Department of Commerce, Government of India introduced the Diamond Imprest Authorization (DIA) Scheme under Chapter 4 of Foreign Trade Policy 2023.

• This scheme is a timely intervention to address challenges faced by the diamond industry, providing a foundation for sustainable growth and employment in the sector.

Objective: The scheme facilitates the duty-free import of Natural Cut and Polished Diamonds, aiming to boost exports and value addition while addressing industry challenges.

Initiation: Effective from April 1, 2025.

Goal: Enhancing the global competitiveness of India’s diamond sector. 

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Key Features of the DIA Scheme

1. Duty-Free Import:
   • Applies to Natural Cut and Polished Diamonds under ¼ Carat (25 Cents).
2. Export Obligation:
   • Mandatory 10% value addition on exported goods.
3. Eligibility:
   • Exporters must have a Two Star Export House status or higher.
   • Annual export turnover of USD 15 million or more.
4. Objective:
   • Counter foreign beneficiation policies (e.g., in Botswana, Namibia, Angola).
   • Ensure value addition and retain India’s global leadership in diamond manufacturing.
5. Support for MSMEs:
   • Focus on small and medium enterprises to compete with larger peers.
   • Prevent investment flight to diamond-mining countries.

Expected Benefits

• Revitalize the Diamond Industry:
  • Combat the decline in exports and associated job losses.
• Employment Generation:
  • Create more jobs for diamond assorters and workers in semi-finished diamond processing.
  • Offer new opportunities for skilled craftsmen.
• Protect Domestic Industry:
  • Preserve the domestic diamond processing ecosystem.
• Boost Exports:
  • Increase exports of Cut and Polished Diamonds.
• Ease of Doing Business:
  • Improve compliance with international standards.

Strategic Importance

• Helps Indian exporters compete on a global scale, particularly in the face of value-addition requirements in diamond-mining countries.
  • This decline is attributed to economic uncertainty, with buyers turning to gold as a safer investment option instead of spending on lifestyle products.
• Reinforces India’s position as a global hub for diamond trade and processing.

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In a recent move to further support India’s transition to cleaner energy, Honda Motor Co Ltd. has urged the Indian government to introduce policies that would make bioethanol fuels more affordable. 

What are Bioethanol fuels?

• Bioethanol  is a form of renewable energy.
  • It  is an alcohol-based fuel 
• Raw Materials for Bioethanol Production:
  • Plants Rich in Cellulose: Bioethanol is obtained from plants like sugar cane, sugar beet, and grains such as corn.
  • Alternative Sources: It can also be produced from forestry residues and agricultural waste.
• Leading Producers of Bioethanol:
  • Brazil and the U.S. are the largest producers and consumers of bioethanol.
  • France leads in Europe in both consumption and export.

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Uses of Bioethanol

• Electricity Generation: Bioethanol is burned in a boiler to produce steam that turns a turbine to generate electricity.
• Transport: It is used in combination with gasoline or diesel to reduce greenhouse gas emissions or in flex-fuel vehicles designed for ethanol use.
• Heating: Bioethanol is also used in fireplaces and heaters for room heating.

Advantages of Bioethanol

• Reduces CO2 Emissions:
  • Bioethanol absorbs CO2 as plants grow, and the emissions during burning are much lower than those from fossil fuels. 
  • The reduction varies from 19% to 86% depending on the raw material used.
• No Waste Generation:
  • Bioethanol combustion doesn’t produce waste or strong odors. 
  • The generated CO2 can be captured for use in industries like beverage carbonation or freezing.
• Boosts Local Economy:
  • The demand for bioethanol fuels creates jobs in the agricultural sector and bioethanol production plants, benefiting the economy.

Key Challenges with Bioethanol

• High Production Costs: The cost of raw materials (like sugarcane and corn) and the technology to convert them into bioethanol is high, making bioethanol expensive compared to traditional fuels.
• Limited Fuel Efficiency: Bioethanol has lower energy content than gasoline, which reduces fuel economy and requires more fuel to travel the same distance.
• Land Use and Food Security: Using food crops like corn for bioethanol production can decrease food availability, raising concerns about food security.
• Environmental Impact: The production of bioethanol can lead to deforestation, soil degradation, and high water usage, putting pressure on natural resources.
• Infrastructure and Compatibility: Bioethanol requires specific storage and handling, and not all vehicles are compatible with higher ethanol blends, limiting its widespread use.

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Related Government initiatives

• Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) Programme:
  • Objective: Reduce pollution, save foreign exchange, and add value to the sugar industry by blending ethanol with petrol.
• GOBAR (Galvanizing Organic Bio-Agro Resources) DHAN Scheme:
  • Objective: Manage and convert farm waste like cattle dung into useful products such as compost, biogas, and bio-CNG.
• Pradhan Mantri JI-VAN Yojana (2019):
  • Objective: Create an ecosystem for setting up commercial 2G ethanol projects and boost research and development in this sector.

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Edelman Trust Barometer

Context: The 25th edition of the annual Edelman Trust Barometer has been released recently.

• The report is a result of a survey conducted on over 33,000 respondents across 28 countries by the Global communications firm Edelman 
• Objective: To study the influence of trust across society — government, media, business, and NGOs 

Key Highlights of the Report

• Overall Trust: India ranks 3rd and is replaced by Indonesia when it comes to people’s overall trust in the government, businesses, media and NGOs.
  • Low-Income population: They are far less trusting than the high income group and ranked 3rd.
  • High Income Population: India was ranked fourth after Indonesia, Saudi Arabia and China
  • Percentage: Less than 65% of the low income population reposed faith in Indian institutions while the number was 80% in case of high income people.
• India is ranked at the 13th place when it comes to trust of people in other countries, in companies with Indian headquarters.
• Sense  of Grievance: Sixty-one percent globally have a moderate or high sense of grievance defined by a belief that government and business serve narrow interests, and wealthy people benefit unfairly from the system.

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• Fear of Discrimination: 63% of the respondents across all genders, ages, and income fear experienced discrimination with the largest jump seen among whites in the US.
• Faith in Institutional Leaders: An average of 69% of respondents worry that government officials, business leaders and journalists deliberately mislead them.
• Credible Information:  63% of the respondents says it is harder to find out if an information is from credible source.
• Trust in Top Economies: Five of the largest 10 global economies were among the least trusting nations on the Trust Index
  • Japan (the least trusting at 37%), Germany (41%), the UK (43%), the US (47%) and France (48%).
• Developing nations: They turned out to be more trusting with,
  • China (77%), Indonesia (76%), India (75%) and the UAE (72)% once again were on top of the Trust Index.
• Hostile Activism: It is seen as a legitimate tool to drive change with 4 in 10 approving of one or more of the following forms of hostile activism,
  • Attacking people online, intentionally spreading disinformation, threatening or committing violence, damaging public or private property.

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