Jan 07 2025

Recently, the Union Minister of Jal Shakti released the Dynamic Ground Water Resource Assessment Report for the entire country for the year 2024. The assessment was carried out jointly by the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) and States/UTs.

About Central Groundwater Board (CGWB)

  • Formation: Established in 1970 by renaming the Exploratory Tube wells Organization (ETO) to develop groundwater policies and programs.
  • Structure: A multi-disciplinary scientific organization comprising hydrogeologists, geophysicists, chemists, hydrologists, hydrometeorologists, and engineers.
  • Headquarters: Located in Faridabad, Haryana.
  • Central Groundwater Authority (CGWA)
    • Constituted under Section 3(3) of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
    • Responsible for the regulation and control of groundwater development and management in India.

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Groundwater 

Groundwater is water that seeps through the soil and rocks and is stored underground. 

  • The rocks where groundwater is stored are called aquifers, which are typically made of sandstone, gravel, limestone, or sand. 
  • India is the largest consumer of groundwater globally, using about 25% of the world’s groundwater resources.
  • Groundwater is the backbone of India’s agriculture and drinking water security, contributing  nearly 62% to irrigation, 85% to rural water supply, and 50% to urban water supply.

Groundwater Regulations in India

  • Legal Framework: Legal framework in India does not explicitly define groundwater ownership and rights. 
    • Groundwater rights are based on the Indian Easement Act, 1882, which ties groundwater ownership to land rights.
    • Groundwater Resource Assessment ReportThe public trust doctrine (Supreme Court, 2004) emphasizes government responsibility to protect groundwater as a common resource.
  • Regulatory Mechanisms: The Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA) enforces regulations, declares “notified areas,” and issues No Objection Certificates (NOCs) for groundwater extraction.
  • Constitutional Framework: Groundwater falls under the state list, giving individual states the primary responsibility for its management. The Central Government provides guidance through policies and programs.
  • Policy and Regulation Efforts: The Model Bill for the Conservation, Protection, Regulation, and Management of Groundwater (2017) proposes treating groundwater as a common resource rather than private property.
    • Some states, like Maharashtra, have enacted laws to regulate groundwater extraction and protect shared resources.

Dynamic Groundwater Resource Assessment Report 2024 Key Highlights

  • Groundwater Recharge and Extraction:
    • Total Annual Groundwater Recharge: 446.90 Billion Cubic Meters (BCM).
    • Extractable Groundwater Resource: 406.19 BCM (after accounting for natural discharge).
    • Annual Groundwater Extraction: 245.64 BCM.
    • Stage of Groundwater Extraction: 60.47% (National Average).

Stage of Groundwater Extraction (SOE) is the percentage of annual groundwater extraction for all uses in comparison to the annual extractable groundwater resource. 

Groundwater Resource Assessment Report

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  • Categorization of Assessment Units:
    • Total Units Assessed: 6,746 (Blocks/Mandals/Talukas).
      • Safe Units: 4,951 (73.4%) – increased from 62.6% in 2017.
      • Over-Exploited Units: 751 (11.1%) – reduced from 17.24% in 2017.
      • Critical Units: 206 (3.05%).
      • Semi-Critical Units: 711 (10.5%).
      • Saline Units: 127 (1.8%) – due to brackish or saline groundwater in aquifers.
  • Regional Variations:
    • Groundwater Resource Assessment ReportStage of Groundwater Extraction > 100%: Punjab, Rajasthan, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, Haryana, and Delhi. 
    • Stage of Groundwater Extraction > 90% to 100%: Nil 
    • Stage of Groundwater Extraction > 70% to 90%: Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Puducherry and Chandigarh. 
    • Stage of Groundwater Extraction < 70%: Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Odisha, Sikkim, Telangana, Tripura, Uttarakhand, West Bengal, Andaman and Nicobar, Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Lakshadweep.
  • Groundwater Trends (2017-2024):
    • Groundwater recharge increased by 15 BCM since 2017.
    • Groundwater extraction reduced by 3 BCM compared to 2017.
    • Recharge from tanks, ponds, and conservation structures increased by 11.36 BCM (from 13.98 BCM in 2017 to 25.34 BCM in 2024).
  • Contributions to Recharge:
    • Rainfall: Accounts for 61% of the total groundwater recharge, making it the primary contributor.
    • Water Bodies, Tanks, and Ponds: Significant contributors to recharge, with recharge from these sources increasing by 11.36 BCM from 2017 to 2024 (from 13.98 BCM to 25.34 BCM).
  • Water Quality Concerns:
    • Contaminants in Groundwater: Presence of pollutants such as Arsenic, Fluoride, Nitrate, and Uranium affecting groundwater quality in various regions.
    • Saline Groundwater: 127 assessment units (1.8%) categorized as saline, primarily due to brackish or saline groundwater in phreatic aquifers.
    • Irrigation Suitability: 81% of groundwater samples are deemed suitable for irrigation.
      • North-East states have 100% of groundwater categorized as “excellent” for irrigation.
    • Regional Contamination: Areas with high Electrical Conductivity (EC) and specific contaminants are identified as hotspots for pollution, stemming from agricultural runoff and industrial discharges.
  • Groundwater Conditions in 2024:
    • Improvement in 128 assessment units compared to 2023.
    • Increased focus on rainwater harvesting and conservation efforts under government schemes.

Factors Behind Improvements in Groundwater Conditions (as per the Assessment Report, 2024)

  • Increased Recharge from Water Conservation Structures: Recharge from tanks, ponds, and water conservation structures (WCS) increased by 11.36 BCM since 2017, contributing significantly to groundwater improvement.
  • Rainwater Harvesting: Implementation of rainwater harvesting structures in rural and urban areas under government schemes like Jal Shakti Abhiyan and Atal Bhujal Yojana.
  • Artificial Recharge Measures: Construction of check dams, percolation tanks, and recharge wells to enhance artificial recharge to aquifers.
  • Government Initiatives: Key programs such as Jal Shakti Abhiyan – Catch the Rain Campaign (2024), National Aquifer Mapping and Management (NAQUIM), and the Master Plan for Artificial Recharge to Groundwater (2020)
  • Reduced Extraction: Reduction in groundwater extraction by 3 BCM since 2017 due to improved water management practices and use of alternative water sources.
  • Community Participation: Awareness campaigns and active involvement of local communities in water conservation and efficient usage practices.
  • Improved Agricultural Practices: Adoption of water-efficient irrigation techniques like drip and sprinkler irrigation, reducing dependency on groundwater and aiding recharge.
  • Natural Discharge Management: Allocating areas for natural discharge and replenishment of aquifers.

Groundwater Usage Pattern in India 

  • Agriculture: Primary Use: Groundwater is predominantly used for irrigation, accounting for over 60% of total extraction.
    • Essential for water-intensive crops like paddy, sugarcane, and wheat, especially in states like Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh.
  • Domestic Use: About 11% of extracted groundwater is used for domestic purposes.
    • This includes drinking water supply for 85% of rural households and a significant portion of urban domestic demand.
  • Industrial Use: Approximately 5-10% of groundwater is used in industries, particularly in areas where surface water availability is limited.
    • Common in industries like textiles, paper, steel, and food processing.
  • Regional Variations: North-Western States (Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan): High dependency on groundwater for irrigation due to less surface water availability.
    • Southern States (Tamil Nadu, Karnataka): Reliance on groundwater for domestic and agricultural purposes due to uneven rainfall and over-extraction of surface water.
  • Urban Demand: Urban centers rely significantly on groundwater to supplement municipal water supply, especially in water-scarce cities.
  • Groundwater as Drinking Water Source: Provides over 60% of India’s total drinking water needs, highlighting its critical role in public water supply.

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Reasons for Groundwater Depletion in India

  • Excessive Irrigation Demand: Groundwater is over-extracted for agriculture, accounting for over 60% of total extraction.
    • Cultivation of water-intensive crops like rice and sugarcane, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, worsens depletion.
  • Inefficient Irrigation Practices: Predominant use of flood irrigation, which has high water wastage.
    • Lack of widespread adoption of water-saving techniques like drip and sprinkler irrigation.
  • Unregulated Groundwater Extraction: Lack of stringent laws and monitoring allows indiscriminate pumping of groundwater, especially for agricultural and industrial uses.
  • Urbanization and Population Growth: Rapid urban expansion increases groundwater demand for drinking and industrial purposes.
    • Encroachment on water bodies and loss of recharge zones due to construction activities.
  • Climate Change: Erratic rainfall patterns reduce groundwater recharge.
    • Frequent droughts and reduced monsoon intensity further stress aquifer replenishment.
  • Decline in Recharge Areas: Deforestation, loss of wetlands, and reduction of green cover decrease natural groundwater recharge.
  • Pollution: Contamination of aquifers due to industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and improper sewage disposal makes water unsuitable, forcing over-reliance on limited clean sources.
  • Government Subsidies on Electricity: Subsidized electricity for agriculture leads to over-pumping of water using electric pumps.
  • Low Adoption of Rainwater Harvesting: Despite awareness and policies, rainwater harvesting practices are underutilized in urban and rural areas.
  • Geological Constraints: In regions with hard rock aquifers (e.g., Peninsular India), groundwater recharge is naturally limited due to low permeability.

Government Initiatives for Groundwater Management

  • Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS): Includes water conservation and water harvesting structures, enhancing rural water security.
  • Jal Shakti Abhiyan (JSA): Launched in 2019, now in its 5th phase (“Catch the Rain” 2024), focusing on rainwater harvesting and water conservation across rural and urban districts through convergence of various schemes.
  • Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) 2.0: Supports rainwater harvesting via stormwater drains and promotes groundwater recharge through ‘Aquifer Management Plans’.
  • Atal Bhujal Yojana (2020): Targets water-stressed Gram Panchayats in 80 districts across 7 states, focusing on groundwater management.
  • Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY): Aims to expand irrigation coverage and improve water use efficiency through components like Har Khet Ko Pani, Repair & Renovation of water bodies, and Surface Minor Irrigation schemes.
  • Bureau of Water Use Efficiency (BWUE): The Ministry of Jal Shakti has set up the Bureau of Water Use Efficiency (BWUE) under the National Water Mission on 20.10.2022, to act as a facilitator for promotion of improving water use efficiency across various sectors namely irrigation, drinking water supply, power generation, industries, etc. in the country.
  • Mission Amrit Sarovar (2022): Aims to create or rejuvenate 75 Amrit Sarovars in every district for water harvesting and conservation.
  • National Aquifer Mapping (NAQUIM): Completed by the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) for over 25 lakh sq. km, supporting groundwater recharge and conservation plans.
  • Master Plan for Artificial Recharge to Groundwater (2020): Developed by CGWB, plans for 1.42 crore rainwater harvesting and recharge structures to harness 185 BCM of rainfall.
  • National Water Policy (2012) has been formulated by the Department of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, which advocates rainwater harvesting and conservation of water and also highlights the need for augmenting the availability of water through direct use of rainfall.
  • Watershed Development Component of PMKSY (WDC-PMKSY): Focuses on rainfed and degraded lands, incorporating activities like soil conservation, rainwater harvesting, and livelihoods development.

Challenges with Groundwater in India

  • Over-Extraction for Agriculture: Agriculture accounts for nearly 89% of groundwater extraction in India.
    • States like Punjab and Haryana rely heavily on groundwater for water-intensive crops like paddy and wheat, causing water tables to decline by 0.5-1 meter annually.
  • Declining Water Tables: More than 750 blocks (11.1%) in India are classified as “over-exploited” (2024 report).
    • In North India, particularly Punjab and Rajasthan, groundwater tables have dropped to critical levels, with some regions requiring deeper borewells.
  • Pollution and Contamination: Pollutants like Arsenic, Fluoride, Nitrate, and Uranium affect groundwater in regions like West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan.
    • Over 20 million people in West Bengal are exposed to arsenic contamination in drinking water.
  • Saline Intrusion: Coastal regions like Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, and Odisha face saline water intrusion due to over-pumping of fresh groundwater.
    • In Chennai, saline intrusion affects water quality, making it unsuitable for consumption.
  • Inefficient Use in Agriculture: Predominant use of flood irrigation leads to wastage and inefficient groundwater usage.
    • Farmers in Gujarat and Maharashtra still rely on traditional methods instead of drip irrigation, despite government subsidies.
  • Urbanization and Industrialization: Increasing urban and industrial demand stresses aquifers.
    • Cities like Bengaluru and Chennai face water shortages as over-extraction has caused wells to run dry, with water tables dropping by over 20 meters in some areas.
  • Climate Change and Rainfall Variability: Erratic rainfall and reduced monsoon intensity impact natural recharge.
    • In regions like Marathwada (Maharashtra), recurring droughts severely limit groundwater replenishment, further exacerbating shortages.

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Recommendations from the Dynamic Ground Water Resource Assessment Report, 2024

  • Water Balance Studies: Conduct detailed studies to better understand the interactions between groundwater, rainfall, surface water, and evapotranspiration. 
    • Such studies should be tailored to different hydrogeological setups (e.g., hard rock terrains, alluvial plains) to improve assessment accuracy​.
  • Aquifer Characterization: Undertake more experimental studies to refine norms for parameters like Rainfall Infiltration Factor (RIF), return flow from irrigation, and recharge contributions from conservation structures. 
    • These insights will aid in precise groundwater resource assessments​.
  • Linking Assessment with Management: Initiate case studies to evaluate how management interventions, such as water conservation structures, influence groundwater conditions in specific assessment units. 
    • This would help validate and optimize intervention strategies​.
  • Temporal Availability Studies: Move beyond seasonal assessments to account for temporal variations in groundwater availability, especially in areas with significant hydrogeological challenges like hard rock terrains. 
    • Frequent monitoring using Digital Water Level Recorders (DWLRs) is recommended​.
  • Database Creation and Updates: Develop and regularly update a comprehensive database of groundwater resources, including data on recharge, extraction, and quality. 
    • This will require enhanced coordination between state and central agencies and dedicated manpower for accurate data collection and analysis​.
  • Policy and Regulatory Actions: Enforce stricter regulations on groundwater extraction, encourage efficient irrigation techniques, and promote rainwater harvesting and artificial recharge to improve groundwater sustainability​.

Way Forward for Groundwater Management in India

  • Promote Rainwater Harvesting: Implement large-scale rainwater harvesting systems in urban and rural areas to recharge groundwater.
  • Adopt Water-Efficient Irrigation Techniques: Promote drip and sprinkler irrigation to minimize water wastage in agriculture, which consumes over 85% of extracted groundwater.
  • Strengthen Groundwater Regulation: Enforce laws to regulate groundwater extraction, especially in over-exploited regions.
  • Artificial Recharge Structures: Build check dams, percolation tanks, and recharge wells to enhance artificial recharge to aquifers.
  • Aquifer Mapping and Management: Complete mapping of aquifers under the National Aquifer Mapping and Management (NAQUIM) program to identify critical zones and develop localized management plans.
  • Community Participation: Empower local communities to participate in groundwater conservation through awareness campaigns and incentivized programs.
  • Integrated Water Management: Integrate surface water and groundwater management to ensure holistic resource sustainability.
    • Link river rejuvenation programs with groundwater recharge efforts.
  • Improve Data Collection and Monitoring: Use Digital Water Level Recorders (DWLRs) to improve the accuracy of groundwater assessments and monitor recharge and extraction levels.
  • Address Water Quality Issues: Implement measures to tackle contamination from Arsenic, Fluoride, Nitrate, and industrial pollutants.

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Conclusion

The Dynamic Ground Water Resource Assessment Report, 2024 highlights significant improvements in groundwater recharge and reduced extraction, reflecting the success of conservation efforts. However, challenges like over-extraction, regional disparities, and pollution persist, necessitating sustained management, regulatory measures, and community participation to ensure sustainable groundwater use for future generations.

Additional Reading: Ground Water Contamination

The Union government has released the draft Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Rules, 2025 for public consultation until February 18.

  • The rules are notified by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology and will enforce the provisions of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023.

Features of the Digital Personal Data Protection Draft Rules

  • Informed Consent: The rules specify the nature of the personal data collection of the users by the data fiduciaries ie. the kind of data they’re collecting, the reason for collecting it and how the data will be processed.
  • Digital by Design: Data Protection Board for consent mechanisms and grievance redressal, for faster resolution of complaints and grievances online.
  • Exemption: The government and its agencies are exempted from certain compliances related to  data for the purpose of providing subsidies and benefits. Data collected for “statistical” purposes is also exempt.
  • Data Protection: A data fiduciary shall protect personal data in its possession by providing for technical and operational safeguards like, within 72 hours of a data breach, the data fiduciary should inform the the Data Protection Board of India (DPBI)
  • Deletion: The user data of an inactive account should be deleted by an e-commerce provider, social media platform, or online gaming service after providing 48 hours of advance notice and time to stop deletion. 

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  • Assessment and Audit: Significant data fiduciaries must periodically conduct a “Data Protection Impact Assessment” and an audit to ensure effective observance of the provisions of this Act
  • Verifiable Parental Consent: Appropriate technical and organisational measures shall be adopted to ensure that verifiable consent of the parent is obtained before the processing of any personal data of a child
    • Data Fiduciaries needs to rely on voluntarily provided details of identity and age or a virtual token mapped to the same, which is issued by an entity entrusted by law 
  • Consent Managers: Entities responsible for managing user consent must ensure accurate verification and provide users with a mechanism to withdraw consent.  They must also maintain detailed records of all users who have given or withdrawn consent.
  • Data Localization: As per this provision, certain personal data must be stored within India and cannot be transferred abroad. A government committee will determine which categories of data (e.g., health or financial data) cannot be transferred outside the country.
  • Penalties and Enforcement: Non-compliance with the data protection rules can lead to penalties of up to ₹250 crore with repeat offenders facing suspension or cancellation of their licenses.

Inactive Social Media Accounts: 

  • Rule 8(1) of DPDP 2025: A Data Fiduciary shall erase inactive accounts if the Data Principal neither approaches such Data Fiduciary nor exercises her rights in relation to such processing or unless its retention is necessary for compliance with any law.
    • Profiles of deceased persons may be deleted after prolonged inactivity under the Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025.
  • Nomination: A Data Principal shall have the right to nominate any other individual, who shall, in the event of their death or incapacity exercise the rights of the Data Principal on the account. 

Existing Practices of Social Media Platforms:

  • Meta’s Account Memorialisation Policy: Meta has a policy to memorialize an account of a deceased if a valid request is received in accordance with the wishes of relatives. 
    • The Policy is clearly mentioned in the help page for Facebook.
  • Legacy Contact: Meta also allows a Legacy Contract to be added by a user when they are alive in order to pass on control in the event of their demise. 
  • Google’s Policy on Inactive Account: 
    • It allows users to designate who should have access to their information and whether their account should be deleted through, 
      • Setting up a timeout period for their account to become inactive 
      • Choosing up to 10 trusted contacts to notify if their account becomes inactive 
      • Deciding to share data with trusted contacts, including Google photos, Google Drive files, and Gmail

Concerns Regarding the DPDP Rules 2025 

  • Discretionary Powers: The Union Government and Data Fiduciaries are granted certain discretionary powers such as for determining exemptions, processing standards, data retention, data localisation etc,  giving the Government excessive power without clear criteria. 
  • Oversight and Accountability: The DPDP Rules do not establish strong enforcement or oversight mechanisms as there is no explicit provision for independent audits or compliance monitoring.
    • Also there is a failure to create a regulatory framework through an independent Data Protection Authority.
  • Exemptions for State Processing: State and its agencies are allowed to process personal data for broad purposes, such as issuing subsidies, benefits, or services, under laws, policies, or public funds. However the scope and limits of such processing has not been specified creating  room for potential misuse
  • Universal Mandatory Registration: The Government asks for age verification to check the minor status of a person and may in future require every online user to verify their age through Government credentials resulting in potential mass surveillance with Government IDs linked to every user’s online credentials.

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About The Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023

  • Background: The Supreme Court recognized the right to privacy as a fundamental right under the Indian Constitution in the landmark case of Justice K.S. Puttaswamy vs. Union of India 2017 
  • Digital Personal Data Protection Act: In 2023, India enacted the Digital Personal Data Protection Act to safeguard personal data. 

Features of Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023

  • Applicability: The processing of digital personal data within India applies to data collected in both digital and non-digital forms, or data that is digitized subsequently.
    • Processing personal data outside India is applicable if it involves offering goods or services within India.
  • Informed Consent: Personal data may only be processed for lawful purposes with the consent of the Data Principal, who can withdraw consent at any time.
  • Data Protection Board of India (DPBI): The Central government establishes the DPBI with key functions including monitoring compliance, imposing penalties, directing data fiduciaries in case of data breaches, and hearing grievances.
  • Rights and Duties of Data Principal: Data principals have the right to obtain information about processing, seek correction and erasure of personal data, grievance redressal, and the right to nominate a person to exercise rights in case of death or incapacity.
  • Obligations of Data Fiduciaries: Data fiduciaries must ensure accuracy and completeness of data, implement reasonable security safeguards, inform DPBI and affected persons in case of a breach, and erase personal data when the purpose is met and retention is not necessary for legal purposes.
  • Significant Data Fiduciaries (SDF): The Central Government may notify any data fiduciary as SDF based on factors like volume and sensitivity of data processed, risk to the rights of the data principal, potential impact on India’s sovereignty and integrity, security of the State, risk to electoral democracy, and public order.
    • SDFs have additional obligations, including appointing a data protection officer and an independent data auditor, and undertaking impact assessments.

US National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan announced that Indian scientific and nuclear entities will soon be removed from U.S. “restricted lists” in order to “fully realise” the potential of the India-US nuclear deal of 2008.

About US Entity List

The US Entity List includes foreign individuals, businesses, and organizations subject to export restrictions and licensing requirements for specific goods and technologies.

  • This list is compiled by the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
  • The primary purpose of the list is to prevent unauthorized trade in items that could be diverted to terrorism, weapons of mass destruction (WMD) programs, or other activities deemed contrary to US foreign policy or national security interests.

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About India-US Nuclear Deal (123 Agreement)

The India-US Nuclear Deal, also known as the US-India Civil Nuclear Agreement, was signed in 2008.

  • The agreement originated from a 2005 joint statement by then Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and US President George W. Bush.
  • Its aim is to facilitate civil nuclear cooperation between the two countries, overcoming previous restrictions on nuclear trade with India due to its non-signatory status to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).
  • The agreement allows US companies to supply nuclear fuel and technology for India’s civilian nuclear energy program.
  • India committed to permitting inspections from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) for its civilian nuclear program.
  • Benefits of deal for India: The agreement ended the technology denial regimes against India that had been in place for over three decades, effectively ending India’s nuclear isolation.
    • It made India eligible to purchase US dual-use nuclear technology, including materials and equipment for uranium enrichment and plutonium reprocessing.

Significance of Removal from Restricted list

  • It highlights the progress in India-U.S. strategic ties and shared commitments to peaceful nuclear cooperation.
  • It aims to strengthen clean energy supply chains and advance resilient civil nuclear partnerships.

The Panchayat Se Parliament 2.0 programme was inaugurated by the Lok Sabha Speaker on January 6, 2025, to commemorate the 150th birth anniversary of tribal leader Bhagwan Birsa Munda.

About Panchayat Se Parliament 2.0 

The Panchayat Se Parliament 2.0 programme is organized by the National Commission for Women (NCW) in collaboration with the Lok Sabha Secretariat and the Ministry of Tribal Affairs.

About Birsa Munda

Birsa Munda belonged to the Munda tribe from the Chhotanagpur Plateau region.

Notable Contributions: He led the Munda Rebellion (Ulgulan) in the late 19th century, which was aimed at resisting British colonial rule and protecting tribal rights.

Religious Leadership

  • Birsa Munda founded the Birsait faith, blending animism and indigenous beliefs, which emphasized the worship of a single god.
  • He urged the Munda people to fight against superstition, stop animal sacrifices, avoid intoxicants, wear the sacred thread, and preserve tribal worship traditions in the sarna or sacred grove.
  • He was fondly referred to as ‘Dharti Aba’ (Father of the Earth).

Commemorations

  • November 15 marks his birth anniversary and the creation of the state of Jharkhand in 2000.
  • In 2021, the Central Government declared his birth anniversary as ‘Janjatiya Gaurav Divas’ to honor tribal pride.

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  • The event brings together 502 elected women representatives from Scheduled Tribes across 22 states and Union Territories.
  • Objectives of the Programme
    • Enhance women’s understanding of constitutional values and democratic principles.
    • Empower elected women representatives in Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and urban local bodies (ULBs).
    • Provide insights into governance frameworks and parliamentary procedures.
    • Recognize the contributions of women leaders in promoting education and driving rural development.
    • Foster leadership skills and encourage active participation in local governance.

Key Features of the Panchayat Se Parliament 2.0

  • The programme includes interactive workshops and sessions led by experts and Members of Parliament (MPs).

National Commission for Women (NCW)

NCW is an autonomous statutory body established in 1992 under the National Commission for Women Act, 1990.

Purpose: To protect and promote women’s rights in India.

Functions:

  • Review constitutional and legal safeguards for women.
  • Address and investigate violations of women’s rights.
  • Recommend policies for improving women’s status.
  • Create awareness of women’s rights and gender equality.

Composition

  • Chairperson: Nominated by the Central Government.
  • Members: Five members with experience in fields like law, trade unions, health, education, and administration.
    • At least one member each from Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
  • Member-Secretary: Appointed by the Central Government.

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  • Delegates will participate in a guided tour of significant locations such as the new Parliament House, Samvidhan Sadan, Pradhanmantri Sangrahalaya, and Rashtrapati Bhavan.
  • During the event, the Lok Sabha Speaker will lead the delegates in reading the Preamble to the Constitution of India.
  • This initiative builds on the success of the Panchayat Se Parliament 2024 programme, which engaged 500 women sarpanch from across India.

Recent studies have shown a noticeable increase in the strength of local winds across various regions.

Reasons behind Local Winds Getting Stronger

  • Climate change: Global warming increases the level of temperature that intensifies the wind pattern as the hot surface causes  more air movement which makes local wind stronger. 
    • The Earth’s atmosphere acts as the first blanket, regulating temperatures.
    • Greenhouse gas emissions are creating a “second blanket,” trapping more heat.
    • This second layer, mostly water vapor (a greenhouse gas), is increasing due to a warmer atmosphere that holds more moisture.
    • The global temperature has risen by 1.2°C over the past 180 years.
  • Wind Formation: Winds are generated by pressure differences in the atmosphere.
    • A higher pressure gradient leads to stronger winds, while a lower gradient weakens them.
      • Excess warming has reduced the pressure difference between the polar regions and the equator, slowing down global wind systems..
  • Deforestation: Removal of trees can change the wind patterns as trees work as a windbreak due to which wind slows down, but lack of trees can alter wind direction and pattern. 

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  • Industrial activities: Factories emit immense heat due to which air becomes hot and causes it to ascend, creating pressure difference. 
    • To fill this gap, cold air from the surrounding region rushes towards it, causing a change in wind pattern. 
  • Local WindsPressure gradient: The combination of heat release from industries and change in structure such as building etc. create local pressure gradients. 
    • Higher pressure gradients cause wind to be stronger as air moves from high pressure to low pressure areas. 

What Are Local Winds?

Local winds are winds that blow over small areas, covering distances from tens to hundreds of kilometers.

  • They are caused by air movement between high-pressure and low-pressure zones, often influenced by nearby oceans, lakes, or mountains.
  • These winds significantly influence the weather, climate, and even the economy of a region.
  • Characteristics of Local Winds
  • They are classified into two types based on their nature.
    • Hot winds
    • Cold winds

Hot winds: some of the major local winds in the world are 

Name Description Key Features
Loo Hot, dry wind blowing over North India & Pakistan High temperatures (45-50°C), West to East direction
Foehn Warm, dry wind on the leeward side of Alps Caused by air rising and cooling on the windward side, melts snow
Chinook Hot, dry wind on eastern slopes of Rocky Mountains “Snow eater” – melts snow quickly
Sirocco Hot, dry, dusty wind from Sahara Desert Crosses Mediterranean Sea, cools slightly
Harmattan Hot, dry, dusty wind from Sahara Desert Blows over Northwest Africa, “The Doctor” – improves air quality

Cold Winds: some of the major cold winds in the world are 

Name Description Key Features
Mistral Cold, dry wind blowing down the Alps in France High velocity, reduces temperature below freezing
Bora Cold, dry, high-speed wind from mountains in Adriatic Sea region Strong and forceful
Blizzard Violent wind with freezing temperatures and blowing snow Severe winter weather condition

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Importance of Local Winds

  • Energy Generation: Winds drive waves, which can power large turbines to produce energy.
  • Ocean Currents: They influence currents like the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, circulating cold, nutrient-rich water.
  • Weather and Climate: Balance temperature and humidity in regions, influencing rainfall and cooling.
  • Air Circulation: Help circulate oxygen and maintain air quality.
  • Material Movement: Carry seeds, pollen, sand, and dust, aiding in ecosystem processes.

Measuring and Monitoring Wind Systems

  • Instruments Used:
    • Ground-based: Anemometers.
    • Air-based: Radiosondes.
    • Space-based: Doppler weather radars and satellites.

Villagers from 52 villages in Damoh, Narsinghpur, and Sagar districts of Madhya Pradesh have raised concerns regarding the non-recognition of forest rights and forceful evictions in and around the Rani Durgavati Tiger Reserve.

  • The Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA) has directed the Madhya Pradesh government to address these issues in consultation with forest departments and district collectors.
    • Villagers claim they are being forcefully relocated outside the reserve, which violates the Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006 and the Wildlife Protection Act (WLPA), 2006.

Key Provisions of the Forest Rights Act 2006

The Forest Rights Act 2006, formally known as the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act.

  • It aims to address the historical injustice faced by forest-dwelling communities by recognizing their rights over forest land and resources.
  • Types of Rights Recognized
    • Individual Forest Rights (IFR): Ownership and cultivation rights over forest land for subsistence and livelihood.
    • Community Forest Rights (CFR): Rights to use, protect, regenerate, and conserve forest resources collectively.
    • Right to Minor Forest Produce: Access to and collection of non-timber forest products like bamboo, honey, and medicinal plants.
    • Right to Habitat: Recognition of the rights of particularly vulnerable tribal groups (PVTGs) to their traditional habitats.
    • Right to Rehabilitation: In case of displacement due to development projects, forest dwellers must be rehabilitated and compensated.

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Can persons belonging to Scheduled Tribes who have moved to non-Scheduled Areas in the State claim forest rights as forest dwelling Scheduled Tribes?

  • FRA Requirement: To claim forest right as a Forest Dwelling Scheduled Tribes, individuals must be ST in the area. 
  • Variation in other states: In some states, ST person status is limited to a particular area.
    • In other states, ST persons retain their ST status throughout the state as per the constitutional order (scheduled tribe) 1950. 

  • Eligibility
    • Scheduled Tribes: Tribals residing in the forest for at least 75 years or before December 13, 2005.
    • Other Traditional Forest Dwellers: Non-tribal communities residing in forest areas for three generations (approximately 75 years).
  •  Protection from Eviction
    • Forest-dwelling communities cannot be evicted until their claims under the FRA are verified and settled.

Also Read: List of Tiger Reserves in India

Key provision of Wildlife Protection Act (WLPA), 1972 (Amended in 2006) for Forest Dwellers and Tribal Communities

  • Conservation and Livelihood Co-Existence

    • The Act recognizes that forest-dwelling and tribal communities depend on forests for their livelihoods.
    • Wildlife conservation efforts are designed to ensure they do not harm the rights or well-being of these communities.
  • Rules for Activities in Protected Areas

    • National Parks and Sanctuaries: Activities like hunting and logging are restricted to protect wildlife.
      • However, tribal communities are allowed to collect minor forest produce under specific rules.
    • Community Reserves: Local communities can actively participate in conservation through community reserves while continuing their traditional practices.
  • Relocation from Critical Wildlife Habitats

    • Forest dwellers living in critical wildlife habitats can only be relocated if:
      • It is scientifically proven that their presence harms wildlife conservation.
      • Their free and informed consent is taken before relocation.
      • Proper rehabilitation and compensation are provided to them.
  • Community Involvement in Anti-Poaching Efforts

    • Forest-dwelling and tribal communities are encouraged to help prevent poaching.
    • Their indigenous knowledge is valued and used for tracking and protecting wildlife.

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Constitutional provisions for the welfare of tribal communities

The Indian Constitution provides several protections and rights for tribal people, especially concerning their forest rights. 

  • Scheduled Tribes: Tribes are recognized as Scheduled Tribes under Article 342 of the Constitution. This grants them special status and protections.
  • Scheduled Areas: Article 244 and the Fifth and Sixth Schedules of the Constitution provide for the administration of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes. 
    • These areas are meant to protect tribal autonomy and culture.
  • Article 46: Emphasizes the state’s responsibility to protect the educational and economic interests of marginalized sections, including Scheduled Tribes.
  • Article 335: Ensures that the claims of Scheduled Tribes are considered in government appointments, balancing efficiency with social justice. 

Durgavati Tiger Reserve 

  • Located in the Sagar, Damoh, and Narsinghpur districts of Madhya Pradesh.
    • It is the 7th tiger reserve in Madhya Pradesh.
  • Area Composition: Includes parts of the Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary and Durgavati Wildlife Sanctuary.
  • Corridor Development: A green corridor will be developed to connect the Panna Tiger Reserve (PTR) to Durgavati for tigers to move naturally.
  • Rivers: The reserve lies in the basins of the Narmada and Yamuna rivers.
  • Historical Site: The Singorgarh Fort is situated within the reserve.
  • Vegetation: The reserve has dry deciduous forest type.
  • Flora: Key plant species include Teak, Saja, Dhaora, Ber, Amla, among others.
  • Fauna: Wildlife includes Tigers, Leopards, Wolves, Jackals, Indian Fox, Striped Hyena, Nilgai, Chinkara, Chital, Sambhar, Black Buck, Barking Deer, Common Langur, Rhesus Macaque, and more.

The UGC’s 2025 regulations, unveiled by Education Minister Dharmendra Pradhan , simplify and revise the Vice-Chancellor selection process for universities across India.

Key Guidelines on Appointment of Vice-Chancellors

Mandatory Composition of the Search-cum-Selection Committee

  • The composition of the Search-cum-Selection Committee is now mandatory for the selection of Vice-Chancellors in all universities established under a Central Act, Provincial Act, or State Act.
  • The Chancellor or Visitor shall constitute the Search-cum-Selection Committee, which will include three experts for appointing Vice-Chancellors.

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Need of Revised Process

  • Previously, the regulations stated that the selection for the post of Vice-Chancellor should be conducted by a panel of 3–5 persons formed by a Search-cum-Selection Committee.
    •  However, they did not specify who would constitute the committee.
  • The new regulations clarify that the Chancellor will appoint the selection committee, and this process applies to state universities as well.

Governor’s Role as Vice Chancellor

  • Governors, in their capacity as Chancellors of state universities, now have greater control over the selection process and retain the final say in Vice-Chancellor appointments.
  • The regulation does not explicitly mention the Governor, stating only that the Chancellor shall appoint the selection committee.

Vice Chancellor Eligibility Criteria

  • Candidates for the position of Vice-Chancellor no longer need to be professors.
  • Eligible candidates include individuals with at least ten years of senior-level experience in industry, public administration, public policy, or public sector undertakings, provided they have a proven track record of significant academic or scholarly contributions.
  • Previously, candidates were required to be distinguished academicians with at least ten years of experience as a professor or in a prominent academic or research leadership role.

Governor’s Role in University Matters

  • In most states, the Governor serves as the ex-officio Chancellor of state universities.
    • The Governor’s powers and functions as Chancellor are defined by the statutes governing the universities within a particular state.
  • As Governor, they act based on the advice of the Council of Ministers, but as Chancellor, they make independent decisions regarding university matters.

Centre’s Role in Education

  • Education falls under the Concurrent List, allowing both the Centre and states to legislate.
  • However, Entry 66 of the Union List grants the Centre significant authority over the coordination and determination of standards in higher education institutions.
  • The University Grants Commission plays a critical role in setting these standards, including those related to appointments in universities and colleges.

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Powers and Duties of Vice Chancellor

  • The Vice-Chancellor shall be the Principal executive and Academic officer of the University.
  • The Vice Chancellor shall be an ex-officio member and Chairman of the Executive Council, Academic Council and the Finance Committee of the University

Transparency in Selection

  • The selection process will involve advertisements in all-India newspapers and public notifications.
  • Applications can be submitted through nominations or via a search process conducted by the Search-cum-Selection Committee.
  • Earlier, State Cabinets recommended the Chancellor’s nominee for this committee.
    • However, in some states, Governors as Chancellors began nominating their own candidates, leading to conflicts with state governments.

Members of the Search-cum-Selection Committee

  • The committee will comprise the following members:
    • A nominee of the Visitor/Chancellor, who will act as the Chairperson.
    • A nominee of the Chairman of the University Grants Commission.
    • A nominee of the apex body of the university, such as the Syndicate, Senate, Executive Council, Board of Management, or an equivalent body.

Appointment Terms

  • The Chancellor or Visitor of the university will appoint the Vice-Chancellor from the panel of names recommended by the Search-cum-Selection Committee.
  • The Vice-Chancellor’s term will be five years or until they reach the age of 70, whichever is earlier.
  • Vice-Chancellors are eligible for reappointment for one additional term, following the prescribed appointment procedure.
  • Appointments made outside the prescribed regulations will be considered null and void.

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Impact of Non-Compliance

  • Universities that fail to implement these guidelines risk exclusion from UGC schemes.
  • Non-compliance could lead to loss of eligibility to offer degree programs.
  • Such institutions may also be removed from the list of Higher Educational Institutions (HEIs) maintained under Sections 2(f) and 12B of the UGC Act, 1956.

Recently, the Supreme Court proposed setting up Benches of the Armed Forces Tribunal in Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh to address the growing pendency of defence-related cases in these regions.

Need Of More Benches of the Armed Forces Tribunal

Currently, the AFT Chandigarh Bench manages cases from these areas, leading to significant delays.

  • The Court emphasized that setting up circuit Benches in Jammu and Kashmir, Shimla, and Dharamshala could substantially reduce this backlog.

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About Armed Forces Tribunal (AFT)

  • Establishment: The Armed Forces Tribunal is a military tribunal in India, established in 2009 under the Armed Forces Tribunal Act, 2007.
  • Functions: 
    • The tribunal adjudicates disputes and complaints related to:
      • Commission, appointments, enrolment, and service conditions under the Army Act, 1950, Navy Act, 1957, and Air Force Act, 1950.
      • Appeals arising from orders, findings, or sentences of courts-martial under the said Acts.
    • The tribunal also handles matters connected or incidental to these disputes.
  • It has the authority to dismiss appeals if the findings of the court-martial are deemed justified.
  • Principal , Regional and Circuit benches: These different types of benches help the Armed Forces Tribunal efficiently manage cases.

Aspect Principal Bench Regional Bench Circuit Bench
Type Permanent Permanent Temporary
Location New Delhi Chandigarh, Lucknow, Kolkata, Guwahati, Chennai, Kochi, Mumbai, Jabalpur, Srinagar, and Jaipur. Periodic locations
Jurisdiction National Regional Specific localized regions
Purpose Administrative and judicial.

Central authority for the administration and coordination of other benches.

Regional access to justice Address backlog or pendency

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  • Appeals against AFT decisions : It can only be taken up in the Supreme Court of India.
  • Composition: Each Bench comprises
    • A Judicial Member: Retired High Court Judges.
    • An Administrative Member: Retired members of the Armed Forces who have:
      • Held the rank of Major General (or equivalent) or above for at least three years.
      • Served as Judge Advocate General (JAG) for a minimum of one year.
  • Functioning of AFT:
    • Proceedings are conducted as per the Armed Forces Tribunal (Procedure) Rules, 2008.
    • All tribunal proceedings are held in English.
    • The tribunal follows procedures similar to those practiced in the High Courts of India.

India’s first The Organic Fisheries Cluster was notified and launched in Soreng District of Sikkim under the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY), at North Eastern Region State Meet-2025.

  • Special focus will be on amur carp along with other carps offering a range of economic, environmental, and social benefits to Sikkim.
  • National Bank for Agriculture & Rural Development(NABARD) is a key stakeholder in developing the fisheries and aquaculture organic cluster in Sikkim.

Concept of Organic Fisheries

Organic fisheries cluster focuses on ecologically healthy fish farming systems avoiding the use of harmful chemicals, antibiotics and pesticides. 

  • Environmental Benefits: Ensures minimal environmental pollution and protects aquatic ecosystems.

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Economic Benefits of Organic Fisheries

  • Premium Products: Organic fish products attract higher prices in both domestic and international markets.
  • Export Potential: Establishing an organic aquaculture cluster in Sikkim could enable the export of organic fish and fish products, especially targeting the growing demand for sustainable food.

Integration in Sikkim

  • Special Focus on Amur Carp: Cluster would primarily focus on amur carp along with other carps, aligning with local aquaculture practices.
  • Synergy with Organic Farming: Builds upon Sikkim’s established organic farming framework, enhancing its reputation as a leader in sustainable agriculture.
  • Economic Growth: Enhances Sikkim’s agricultural economy by diversifying into organic aquaculture.
  • Global Recognition: Positions Sikkim as a pioneer in organic aquaculture and sustainable practices, strengthening its international image.

Sustainability Goals

  • Eco-Friendly Practices: Contributes to the global shift towards sustainable and eco-friendly food production.
  • Long-Term Benefits: Prevents damage to aquatic ecosystems, ensuring sustainable fish production practices for future generations.

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The Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY)

  • PMMSY is a scheme to bring about Blue Revolution through sustainable and responsible development of fisheries sector in India
  • Ministry: Launched in 2020 by the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and Dairying. 
  • It is aimed at promoting sustainable and responsible fisheries development. 
  • Target: To Increase fish production to 22 million metric tons by 2024-25
  • Components: Umbrella scheme with two separate Components, The Central Sector Scheme (CS) and the Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS)
  • Cluster Based Approach: The approach enhances competitiveness and efficiency by uniting geographically connected enterprises of all sizes like micro, small, medium, and large across the entire fisheries value chain, from production to exports.
    • Areas: Key areas includes, Pearl, Seaweed, Ornamental Fisheries, Reservoir Fisheries, Fishing Harbour, Saline Water Aquaculture, Cold Water Fisheries, Sea Cage Culture, Freshwater Aquaculture, Brackish-water Fisheries, Island Fisheries Clusters, Organic Fisheries, Wetland Fisheries 
    • The Department of Fisheries has already notified four fisheries related clusters,
      • The Pearl Cluster in Hazaribagh District of Jharkhand.
      • Ornamental Fisheries Cluster in Madurai District of Tamil  Nadu.
      • Seaweed Cluster in UT of Lakshadweep and 
      • Tuna Cluster in Andaman & Nicobar.

Net-Zero Banking Alliance

Context: Leading banks like Goldman Sachs, Wells Fargo, Citigroup, Bank of America, Morgan Stanley, and possibly JPMorgan Chase have withdrawn from NZBA within a month.

About Net-Zero Banking Alliance (NZBA)

  • The Net-Zero Banking Alliance (NZBA) is a global initiative supported by the United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative (UNEP FI). 
  • NZBA is a part of the Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero (GFANZ), which brings together various financial coalitions working toward net-zero goals.
  • Objective: It aims to align the financial activities of banks with the goal of achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.
    • Encourages sustainable investments and prioritizes financial activities that align with net-zero targets.
  • Launched in April 2021.
    • Founded by 43 major global financial institutions.
  • Membership of Indian bank:  No Indian bank is a member of the NZBA.

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Twigstats

Context: Twigstats, a new method has been developed to infer genome-wide genealogies 

  • The study was published in the journal Nature
  • Conducted by: The study is a collaboration led by the Francis Crick Institute in the UK and other research groups across the UK, Japan, and Sweden 

About Twigstats

  • Experiment: Twigstats was applied to the task of reconstructing the genetic history of 1,556 aDNA (ancient DNA) samples from northern and central Europe from 500 BC to 1000 AD on the European continent.
  • Method: It uses time-stratified ancestry analysis 
  • Importance: 
    • The new method boosted the statistical power of existing methods by a magnitude and reduced the statistical errors.
    • Twigstats is able to take into account the coalescence of populations in recent times.
    • To reconstruct new high-resolution genetic histories around the world
    • Nuanced Picture of Cultural History: It can enable combining genetic data with archaeological and historical evidence and proving that cultural shifts are often associated with genetic changes
    • Insights into the Genetic Legacy: Reconstruction of fine population movements and admixture events that coincided with key cultural transitions, offering new insights into the genetic legacy of groups 
  • Findings:
    • Twigstats has determined with more precision individual-level ancestry at a very high resolution. 
      • Examples: Twigstats models provided direct evidence and high-resolution maps of the migration of individuals who spoke Germanic languages and had Scandinavian-like ancestry across Europe in the first century AD.
    • Bidirectional Flow of Genes: The researchers reported evidence of ancestry related to continental Europe and the British Isles in pre-Viking Age Scandinavian individuals.

 

Indonesia Free Meal Programme

Context: Indonesia has launched an ambitious $4.3 billion free meal programme to combat stunted growth due to malnutrition.

About the Free Meal Programme

  • It is a nationwide nutrition programme for toddlers, students, pregnant and breastfeeding mothers
  • Budget: The programme has a budget of 71 trillion rupiah ($4.3 billion) for the 2025 fiscal year
    • The government has allocated 10,000 rupiahs per meal, with  at least 5,000 kitchens set up across the country preparing rice, protein, vegetables and fruit for students.
  • Target: The aim to deliver meals to almost 83 million people by 2029.
  • Aim: The free-meal programme is designed to tackle stunting, which affects 21.5 per cent of children younger than 5
    • Indonesia aims to reduce the rate to 5pc by 2045.

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About the Republic of Indonesia

  • Indonesia is a presidential republic with an elected legislature.
  • Location: Indonesia is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania situated between the Indian and Pacific oceans. 
  • Capital City: Jakarta is the present capital city of Indonesia
    • Nusantara is the future capital city of Indonesia, located in East Kalimantan, on the island of Borneo.
  • Archipelago: Indonesia is the world’s largest archipelagic state consisting of over 17,000 islands, including the islands of
    • Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea.
  • Neighbours: Indonesia shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia
    • Maritime Border: Singapore, Peninsular Malaysia, Vietnam, Thailand, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and India
      • Sumatra is closest to Great Nicobar (1,192 kms).
  • Population: Indonesia is the world’s fourth-most-populous country with over 280 million people and the most populous Muslim-majority country.
    • Java Island: It is the world’s most populous island and is home to more than half of the country’s population.

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