May 14 2024

Context

Recently, India made a historic trade deal with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA).

India-EFTA Trade Agreement

  • Historical Background: Negotiations on a broad-based Trade and Investment Agreement between India and the EFTA States were officially launched in January 2008. 
  • Significance of EFTA: Environment and Labor Integration: India has agreed to include issues such as environment and labor, which it has traditionally opposed incorporating in trade agreements.
    • Emphasis on Investment Facilitation: India-EFTA FTA includes a detailed investment chapter, which is missing in the other recent Indian FTAs.
      • It focuses on investment facilitation issues, not investment protection.
    • Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Commitment from EFTA Nations: India has managed to extract a promise from the EFTA countries that they shall “aim to” increase FDI to India to $50 billion within 10 years of the FTA coming into force.
      • Followed by another $50 billion in the succeeding five years.
    • Commitment to Job Creation in India: Article 7.1(3)(b) of the investment chapter provides that the EFTA states shall “aim to” facilitate the generation of one million jobs in India.

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  • These articles codify obligation of conduct — an obligation to make an honest endeavor towards achieving a goal, notwithstanding the outcome or the result.
      • EFTA countries are legally obligated to make an honest effort to invest $100 billion and generate one million jobs in India.
  • Challenges faced in this FTA:
    • Intellectual Property Rights (IPR): It has been a persisted issue since 2008.
      • The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) states especially Switzerland and Norway are specialised in pharmaceutical products. 
      • The EFTA states are apprehensive that the free trade agreements with India could affect their competitive advantage and the profitability of the  pharmaceutical companies located in the EFTA states.
    • Data Exclusivity: It could impact India’s drug industry, a major exporter of affordable drugs as it makes the clinical trial data about a drug exclusive for at least six years. 
  • India, as the largest supplier of generic medicines, has opposed including data exclusivity in Free Trade Agreement (FTA) negotiations, despite recent leaked drafts indicating its presence in discussions.
Free Trade Agreements (FTAs): 

  • FTAs are arrangements between two or more countries or trading blocs that primarily agree to reduce or eliminate customs tariff and non tariff barriers on substantial trade between them.
  • Classification: FTAs can be categorized as:
    • Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA)
    • Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA)
    • Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA)

About India’s Free Trade Agreement

  • Binding Trade and Investment Rules: FTAs routinely contain binding rules on both trade and investment. 
  • India’s FTAs signed in the first decade of this century with countries such as Japan, Korea, Malaysia and Singapore are based on this economic logic. 
  • Investment Protection: In addition to binding trade rules, they all contain an investment chapter with provisions for protecting investment. 
  • FTA 2.0: India decoupled international trade law from international investment law.
  • FTAs with Australia, Mauritius, and the UAE which contain binding trade but not investment rules.
  • Separate Deals for Trade and Investment: India’s approach seems to be to have separate agreements on trade and investment with the same country.  
    • This is most markedly seen in the case of the UAE. After signing the FTA with the UAE in 2022, India and the UAE entered into a bilateral investment treaty earlier this year. 
  • India-UK Decoupling: Decoupling approach to the U.K. where trade and investment agreements are seemingly negotiated as two disparate treaties.

Way Forward

  • Need for a Clear FTA Policy- FTA 3.0: India needs a clear FTA policy, especially in dealing with international trade and foreign investment laws.
    • Given the decline in foreign direct investment levels in India, a well-defined and inclusive FTA policy is crucial to propel the country towards a path of heightened economic growth.
  • Integration of Trade & Investment: India expects not just trade but also higher investment flows from a particular country, few critical elements must be incorporated into its FTA policy:
    • India should negotiate trade and investment as part of one comprehensive economic treaty, decoupling trade from investment is not a good idea. Combining the two would give India a clear negotiating leverage to strike a beneficial deal.
    • For example, India can argue that it needs more concessions in trade in return for offering something on investment or vice-versa.
  • Strengthening of Investment Protection: India should consider expanding the scope of investment issues from mere facilitation to effective protection, with an efficacious dispute settlement mechanism under international law.
  • Boosting Investor Confidence: Providing enforceable legal protection to foreign investors under international law will boost confidence.

About European Free Trade Association (EFTA)

  • Establishment: On May 3, 1960
  • India-EFTA Trade AgreementAim: To set up for the promotion of free trade and economic integration to the benefit of its member states and the benefit of their trading partners around the globe. 
  • Members: It consists of four European countries – Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland. 
  • Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Features: The EFTA countries are all part of the Schengen area and all its member states are members of the WTO.
  • Mandates: The main tasks of the Association are threefold:
    • Regulation of Economic Relations: Maintaining and developing the EFTA Convention, which regulates economic relations between the four EFTA States.
    • Managing the Agreement on the European Economic Area (EEA Agreement): This EEA Agreement brings together the EU and 3 of the EFTA States – Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway – in a single or also referred to as Internal Market.
    • For Free Trade Agreements: Developing EFTA’s worldwide network of free trade agreements (FTAs).

 

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Context

Scientists of CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB) have found out that the invasive Armoured Sailfin Catfish has spread to 60% in the water bodies of Eastern Ghats.

Invasive Armoured Sailfin Catfish

  • Tool: The population growth has been measured through a unique ‘eDNA-based quantitative PCR assay’ developed by the institute to map the presence and spread of  invasive specie
  • Published In: The findings of the research  has been published in the journal ‘Environmental DNA

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Environmental DNA (eDNA): 

  • It is a nuclear or mitochondrial DNA that is released from an organism into the environment. 
  • Sources: It originates from cellular material shed like  secreted feces, mucous, and gametes; shed skin and hair; and carcasses in aquatic or terrestrial environments. 
    • eDNA can be detected in cellular or extracellular (dissolved DNA) form.
  • In aquatic environments: It lasts for about 7–21 days only, as eDNA gets  diluted and distributed by currents and other hydrological processes. Exposure to UVB radiation, acidity, heat, and endo- and exonucleases can degrade eDNA too.
  • Detection: eDNA can be sampled and monitored using new molecular methods. Such methodology is important for the early detection of invasive species as well as the detection of rare and cryptic species.

Armoured sailfin catfish

  • Scientific Name: Pterygoplichthys multiradiatus.
    • The species belong to the family of  Loricariidae 
  • Common Name: Orinoco sailfin catfish, Rakashi or Devil Fish in India
  • Native Habitat: The Orinoco River basin in Venezuela.
  • Food habits: They feed on mainly substrate, on benthic algae and aquatic weeds, but will also take worms, insect larvae and other bottom-dwelling invertebrates as food.
  • Nature: It is a tropical, nocturnal bottom-dweller borrowing species and  likes warm water at the temperature range of 23–27 °C.
  • As a Invasive Species: 
    • Among the 14 species classified as invasive by the National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) of India, four species belong to the Pterygoplichthys genus, highlighting it as one of the most invasive fish genera.
    • It was introduced primarily as part of  the ornamental fish trade
    • Armoured sailfin catfishThreatening local biodiversity: Negative impacts like competition, food web alteration, increased turbidity due to burrowing behaviour and related bank erosion, and disturbing of foraging behaviour of big aquatic mammals such as manatees.
    • Threat to fishing nets: It has lack of commercial value, formidable sharp spines, and robust body, which pose a threat to fishing nets and have even caused injuries to fishermen in some instances.
    • Resilience: This invasive species can subsist on a diverse diet and can endure oxygen-deprived conditions thus increasing its survival chances. 
    • Range: it can even navigate on land using its powerful fins.

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Context

Malaysia has taken the decision to gift orangutans to trade partners buying its palm oil.

  • Objective: To counter sustainability accusations against palm oil plantations.

Panda Diplomacy:

  • It is the practice of the Chinese government. 
    • They gift or loan pandas to other countries as a symbol of friendship or goodwill.
  • Through this practice, China strengthens its diplomatic ties with other nations. 
  • Significance of Panda: Panda is a well known  emblem of China.
    • It is also a source of soft power. 
  • Historical significance:  The practice of gifting or loaning pandas has historical roots in China dating back to Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE). 

Animal Diplomacy

Animal diplomacy refers to the use of living animals by  governments in their international relations.

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  • Nations use animals for diplomatic gestures to signal commitment to certain values or goals.
  • Throughout history, animals have been used symbolically to convey qualities or values of leaders or nations.
    • Ancient Practice:
      • Since ancient times, nations have exchanged exotic animals like lions, elephants, and giraffes, as well as domestic animals such as horses, dogs, and birds of prey, as diplomatic gifts.
    • Tang Dynasty Example: The Chinese Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD) notably practiced animal diplomacy by gifting pandas to foreign rulers.
    • Emergence of Soft Power: In the 20th century, animal diplomacy gained significance as a form of soft power.
      • China’s panda diplomacy exemplifies this, where pandas are loaned to other countries to foster goodwill.
    • An Example of Soliman the elephant: In 1551, King John III of Portugal gifted Archduke Maximilian of Austria an elephant named Soliman for his wedding.
      • Soliman’s arrival in Vienna reportedly caused strain in the Archduke’s marriage as the elephant stole the spotlight during the honeymoon.

How do countries decide which animals to use for diplomatic purposes?

Countries decide which animals to use for diplomatic purposes based on several factors:

  • Symbolism and Representation: Animals are chosen to symbolize national characteristics or values.
  • Cultural Significance: Animals with cultural importance or historical significance are often selected. 
  • Public Appeal: Animals that are universally beloved or iconic can capture public attention and foster goodwill. 
  • Conservation Status: Endangered species may be chosen to highlight conservation efforts and raise awareness about environmental issues. 
  • Diplomatic Objectives: Ultimately, the selection of animals serves diplomatic objectives.
    • It  aims to strengthen relations, promote cultural exchange, and enhance a country’s image on the global stage.
Benefit Explanation Challenge Explanation
Funding Boost Collaboration attracts more money for conservation efforts. Long-Term Commitment Maintaining consistent funding from participating nations.
Shared Knowledge Countries exchange best practices in orangutan conservation. Conflicting Agendas Balancing the different priorities of collaborating countries.
Global Pressure International efforts put pressure on orangutan range countries to act. Enforcing Agreements Difficulty in enforcing international agreements
Public Awareness Orangutans’ plight gains global attention and public support. Cultural Respect Orangutan diplomacy must be sensitive to local customs.

About the Orangutan 

Orangutans live among the trees of tropical rainforests.

    • It is found only in the tropical forests of Borneo (Malaysia and Indonesia) and Sumatra (Indonesia).
  • OrangutanConservation status IUCN: Critically Endangered
  • Species and Habitat: According to WWF, There are three species: Bornean, Sumatran, and Tapanuli.
  • Dietary Preferences: Feast on wild fruits like lychees and figs.
  • Appearance and Behavior:
    • Both Bornean and Sumatran orangutans possess shaggy reddish fur.
    • Sumatran orangutans feature longer facial hair, setting them apart.
    • Sumatran orangutans are known for forming closer social bonds compared to Bornean orangutans.

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Context

A 30-year U.S. observational study, The Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2018) finds consumption of ultra-processed food leads to higher risk of early death.

High Consumption of Ultra-Processed Food

Higher consumption of most ultra-processed foods like (ready-to-eat meat, poultry, and seafood based products, sugary drinks, dairy based desserts, and highly processed breakfast food) is linked to a slightly higher risk of early death.

  • The results were published in the journal The BMJ.

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Key Findings of the Study On Ultra-Processed Food

  • Sample size: Long-term health of 74,563 female registered nurses from 11 States in the Nurses’ Health Study (1984-2018) and 39,501 male health professionals from all 50 U.S. states were tracked with no history of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, or diabetes.
  • Assessment process: Participants provided information on their health and lifestyle habits every 2 years, and completed a detailed food questionnaire every four years. The  Overall dietary quality was also assessed using the Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010 (AHEI) score. 
  • Findings: 
    • Deaths: A total of 48,193 deaths, which includes 13,557 deaths due to cancer, 11,416 deaths due to cardiovascular diseases, 3,926 deaths due to respiratory diseases, and 6,343 deaths due to neurodegenerative diseases.
    • The participants in the highest quarter (average seven servings of ultra processed foods per day) had a 4% higher risk of total deaths and a 9% higher risk of other deaths, including an 8% higher risk of neurodegenerative deaths.
      • In absolute numbers: The rate of death from any cause among participants in the lowest and highest quarter of ultra-processed food intake was 1,472 and 1,536 per 100,000 person years, respectively.
    • No associations were found for deaths due to cardiovascular diseases, cancer, or respiratory diseases. 
    • Food group specific: Meat, poultry, and seafood based ready-to-eat products shows the strongest and most consistent association to early mortality.
      • It is  followed by sugar sweetened and artificially sweetened beverages, dairy based desserts, and ultra-processed breakfast food. 
    • Overall Dietary quality: The association was less pronounced after overall dietary quality was taken into account, suggesting that dietary quality has a stronger influence on long term health than ultra-processed food consumption.

Ultra-Processed Foods 

Ultra-processed foods typically include many additives and ingredients that are not typically used in home cooking, such as preservatives, emulsifiers, sweeteners, and artificial colours and flavours. These foods generally have a long shelf life

  • Hazards of consuming ultra-processed foods: 

    • Nutrient-deficient & calorie dense: Lacking essential nutrients but high in calories, they contribute to malnutrition, weight gain, and chronic diseases.
    • Unhealthy additives: Loaded with added sugars, unhealthy fats, and sodium, they increase risks of heart disease, diabetes, and digestive issues.
    • Addiction & environmental impact: Engineered for overconsumption and with a high environmental footprint, they worsen health disparities and contribute to pollution.
    • Convenience over health: Prioritising ease over nutrition, they lead to sacrificing health for short-term convenience.
  • Status in India:

    • A World Health Organisation report, co-authored by the Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, revealed massive growth in India’s processed food sector.
    • The Ultra processed Food sector’s compound annual growth rate (CAGR) between 2011 and 2021 reached to 13.37%, amongst the fastest-growing globally.
    • Silver Lining: Market share for ultra-processed foods is decreasing since the Pandemic which can be attributed to increased public health awareness during the pandemic and a growing government focus on promoting healthy diets.

 

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Context

From Kashmir to Myanmar, a few closely related blue magpie species are a common sight.

About Himalayan Magpies 

Himalayan Magpies

  • Himalayan Magpies Taxonomy: Belonging to the Corvidae family, which includes crows, jays, and ravens. 

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  • Characteristics of Himalayan Magpies:  
    • Size and Appearance: Blue magpies are pigeon-sized birds with a 45 cm-long tail, making their overall size approximately 66 cm. 
    • Tail Behavior: When searching for worms on the ground, their tails point upward; when harvesting berries in trees, their tails swoop downward. 
    • Flight Pattern: Their flight consists of a few rapid wing beats followed by extended gliding movements. 
    • Social Behavior: 
      • Blue magpies can be observed solitary, in pairs, or in noisy flocks of 8-10 individuals. 
      • Both parents are involved in the upbringing of their offspring.
  • Types In the Himalayas, 
    • Gold-billed magpie also called Yellow-billed blue magpie, 
    • Red-billed magpie, and 
    • the Blue magpie, which resembles the red-billed magpie. 
  • Himalayan Magpie Conservation Status: 
    • IUCNl Red List: Least Concern 
    • Wild Life Protection Act: Schedule-II
  • Habitat: The species ranges across the northern parts of the Indian Subcontinent including the lower Himalayas, with a disjunct population in Vietnam.
    • At higher altitudes (2000-3000m above sea level): Gold-billed magpie and Yellow-billed blue magpie
      • At slightly lower altitudes: Red-billed magpie. 
    • At lower altitudes where human settlements are more common: Blue magpie. 
  • Nesting : 
    • The Yellow-billed blue magpie constructs its nests at the forks of branches in rhododendron trees. 
    • The nest itself appears to be a hurried job of twigs, with a soft lining of grass in which three-six eggs are laid in the months of May or June
  • Behaviour & Significance:  
    • Birds of this family are often perceived as noisy and inquisitive in folklore worldwide
    • They are frequently associated with omens, whether good or bad. 
    • In certain European cultures, they are linked with witches, and an English rhyme suggests that spotting a lone magpie brings bad news.

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Context

Recently, A Division Bench of the Himachal Pradesh High Court delivered a split decision on whether it can direct the Speaker of the Himachal Pradesh Assembly to accept resignation letters from MLAs within a specified time frame.

Himachal Pradesh High Court Split verdict On Speaker Power 

Earlier, The three independent MLAs of Himachal Legislative Assembly joined the BJP after submitting their resignation to the Speaker. 

    • However, instead of immediately accepting their resignations, the Speaker issued show-cause notices and directed the three MLAs to appear for an inquiry to prove that their resignations were “voluntary”.
    • These MLAs filed a petition at the Himachal Pradesh HC, seeking for the show-cause notice to be quashed and for the Speaker to accept their resignation without any further delay.
  • Split Judgment : 
    • Chief Justice M S Ramachandra Rao refused to fetter or interfere with the powers of a Speaker as she is a constitutional authority. 
      • For instance, in Pratap Gouda Patil v. State of Karnataka (2019), the apex court explicitly refused to give a time frame for the Speaker to deal with the resignations of 15 members of the Karnataka Assembly.
    • On the Other Hand, Justice Jyotsna Rewal Dua gave the Speaker two weeks to decide on the resignation.
      • That court could direct the Speaker to arrive at a “prompt decision” if she takes an unreasonable amount of time to exercise her powers and duties.
      • Based on the five-judge Bench decision of the Supreme Court in Rajendra Singh Rana v. Swami Prasad Maurya (2007), where the court disqualified 13 Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) MLAs after holding that the Speaker of the Uttar Pradesh Assembly had failed to decide disqualification petitions against the MLAs in a reasonable time frame (for more than three years).

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Constitutional & Legal Provisions

  • Article 190(3)(b) of the Constitution: It states that a seat will become vacant if an MLA submits their resignation to the Speaker and it is accepted
    • However, it also allows the Speaker to conduct an inquiry and refuse to accept a resignation unless they are satisfied that it is “voluntary or genuine”.
  • Rule 287 of the ‘Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly’ : 
    • It  provides guardrails for the Speaker’s powers. 
    • If the letter of resignation is personally handed over to the Speaker (as it was in this case), and the members inform the Speaker that the resignation was voluntary and genuine, 
      • Rule 287 states that the Speaker “may accept the resignation immediately”.
      • But if the Speaker is not satisfied that the resignation is voluntary or genuine, she is allowed to not accept the resignation.

About Speaker of Legislative Assembly

Under Article 178 of the Indian Constitution every Legislative Assembly of a State shall choose one of its Members as Speaker.

  • Role and Authority of the Speaker: 
    • The Speaker is the conventional and ceremonial head of the Legislative Assembly. 
    • His authority is supreme in the House due to his absolute and varying impartiality.
    • Acts as the conscience and guardian of the House. 
  • Communications and Representations: 
    • Represents the House to the outside world. 
    • Facilitates communications between the House and the Governor.
    • Issues warrants to execute orders of the House. 
  • Regulation of Debates and Proceedings
    • Regulates debates and proceedings of the House. 
    • Decides on the admissibility of questions, resolutions, motions, and petitions. 
    • Maintains order and enforces observance of Rules. 
    • Determines speaking order and time limits. 
    • Recognizes parties and groups in the House. 
  •  Role in Money Matters and Voting
    • Determines ‘money’ matters exclusive to the Legislative Assembly. 
    • Certifies Bills as Money Bills, with final decision authority. 
    • Exercises a casting vote in case of tied votes, as per the Constitution
  • Protection of Privileges and Disciplinary Powers: 
    • Determines prima facie cases for breach of privilege or contempt. 
    • Interprets Constitution and Rules concerning the House. 
    • Derives disciplinary powers from the Rules. 
  • Tenure and Office: 
    • Holds office from election until immediately before the first meeting of the next Legislative Assembly. 
    • Continues unless ceasing to be a member as per Article 179 of the Indian Constitution.

 

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Context

Recently, The Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister (EAC-PM) published a study that analyzed the shifts in religious demographics in India, Hindu population share dipped 7.82%, while that of Christians, Muslims, Sikhs has seen a rise in the 65-year period between 1950 and 2015.

Key highlights of the report ‘Share of Religious Minorities: A Cross Country Analysis

The Study focused on only those countries (around 167) that had a majority religion (more than 50 percent share of the total population) for 1950.

  • The Share of Religious Minorities report analysis relied on the Religious Characteristics of States Dataset 2017 to track religious composition across countries.

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Economic Advisory Council (EAC-PM): 

  • PM-EAC is just like PC and NITI, this is also neither constitutional nor statutory body. 
  • It is an independent body constituted to give advice on economic and related issues to the Government of India, specifically to the Prime Minister.
  • Started in the 2000s to give advice on economic issues to the Prime Minister within the context of Economic Planning. 
    • In 2017-Sep it was reconstituted this Economic Advisory Council 
  • Composition: Economist Bibek Debroy (as Chairman) & other notable full time and part time members, Total 7 persons. 
  • Terms of reference of the EAC:
    • To analyze any issue, economic or otherwise, referred to it by the Prime Minister and advising him thereon; 
    • To address issues of macroeconomic importance and presenting views thereon to the Prime Minister. This could be either suo-motu or on reference from the Prime Minister or anyone else; 
    • To attend to any other task as may be desired by the Prime Minister from time to time.
  • NITI aayog provides administrative and secretarial support to PM- EAC


Global Finding:
Between 1950 and 2015, 

Share of Religious Minorities

  • Indication of Greater religious heterogeneity: The global average for the share of the majority religious denomination in 1950 was 75%. 
    • By 2015, this figure had decreased by approximately 22%.
    • Countries like India and several OECD nations have also seen declines in their majority religious shares.
      • Decline of Roman Catholics in OECD Countries: Data from Of 35 OECD countries studied, 25 were from Europe, and the share of majority religious denominations( Roman Catholics) has decreased by 29 per cent in these countries.
    • In contrast, many Muslim-majority countries have seen an increase in the share of their dominant religious groups.
  • Share of Religious MinoritiesChanges in Africa: In 1950, animism or native religion was the dominant faith in 24 African countries
    • However, by 2015, none of these 24 countries retained a majority adherent to these indigenous religions. 
  • Changes in South Asia:  In the South Asian region, there’s a contrasting trend where the majority religious group is increasing in dominance. 
    • However, minority populations have experienced significant declines in countries like Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, and Afghanistan.

Finding About India, Between 1950 and 2015, 

    • Hindu Population: the Hindu population in India decreased by 7.82%. 
  • Muslim Population: the Muslim population in India increased by 43.15%, indicating an environment conducive to religious diversity. 
  • Christian Population : The Christian population in India saw a modest rise from 2.24% to 2.36%, reflecting a 5.38% increase. 
  • Sikh Population: the Sikh community experienced a rise in its share, increasing from 1.24% to 1.85% , reflecting  a 6.58% increase. 
  • Parsi Population : Contrary to the overall trend, the Parsi population in India witnessed a significant decline of 85%, decreasing from 0.03% in 1950 to 0.004% in 2015.
  • Jain Population: The share of Jains declined from 0.45 per cent to 0.36 per cent.
  • It said the total fertility rate (TFR) among all religious groups was declining and the 
  • The highest decrease in TFR from 2005-06 to 2019-21 was observed among Muslims, a 1 percentage point drop in their TFR. 
  • Hindus saw a 0.7 percentage point drop.

Implications of Report:

  • The report implies that demographic shifts in India signal a favorable environment for diversity. 
    • India’s inclusive policies have fostered diversity, evident in the growing number of minority populations without pinpointing specific causes. 
  • It underscores the significance of defining and safeguarding minority rights, citing India’s relative success compared to neighboring countries.

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Context

The US and Australia alleged India of giving subsidies to sugarcane farmers far exceeding limits set in global trade norms.

World Trade Organization Limits

  • India’s Sugarcane Subsidies Exceeding WTO Limits: They told World Trade Organization (WTO) that over the period 2018-19 to 2021-22, India provided sugarcane subsidies between 91-100%.
    • This exceeds the limits set out” at 10% of the value of food production in the case of India and other developing countries. 
  • Background: This follows Brazil, Australia, and Guatemala’s action of taking India to the WTO’s dispute settlement mechanism in 2019, claiming that India’s sugar subsidies are inconsistent with global trade rules.  
    • They also raised concerns about India’s export subsidies, subsidies under production assistance and buffer stock schemes, and those under marketing and transportation schemes.

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World Trade Organization (WTO)

World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international organization established to regulate and facilitate international trade among its member countries. 

  • Genesis: The WTO commenced operation on 1st January 1995, under the Marrakesh Agreement, signed on 15 April 1994 by 124 nations.
    • It replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) which commenced in 1948.
    • Most of the issues focused by WTO are derived from previous trade negotiations, especially from the Uruguay Round (1986-1994).
  • Dispute Settlement Body (DSU): It is part of the General Council.
    • It resolves Disputes between WTO members.
    • Deals with matters subject to the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU).
    • It has authority to establish panels, refer matters to arbitration, adopt reports, and authorize concessions suspension in case of non-compliance.
  • Appellate Body: Established in 1995 under Article 17 of the DSU.
    • Consists of Seven members appointed by the DSB for a Four-year term.
    • Hears appeals from panel reports in disputes brought by WTO members.
    • Can uphold, modify, or reverse legal findings and conclusions.
    • Appellate Body Reports, once adopted by the DSB, must be accepted by the disputing parties.
  • Bali Package (2013): It includes provisions for reducing import tariffs and agricultural subsidies to facilitate easier trade between developed and developing countries in global markets.
  • De Minimis Clause: Those who do not adhere to these obligations must limit their amber box support to 5-10% of their production value, with a 10% cap for developing nations and a 5% cap for developed nations.
  • Peace Clause: It was established in December 2013 as a temporary measure. It permits developing nations to exceed the 10 percent ceiling without facing legal action by other members temporarily. 
    • This clause remains in effect until a lasting resolution to the food stockpiling issue is negotiated, as pledged by the members.
  • Conditions for Government: Governments seeking the shelter of the peace clause have to:
    • avoid distorting trade or impacting other countries’ food security
    • provide information to show they are meeting those conditions.

Sugarcane Subsidy

The Department of Food and Public Distribution is responsible for the formulation of policies and regulations for the sugar sector. This includes fixing the Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP) of sugarcane which is payable to farmers by sugar factories, training in sugar technology, and regulation of supply of free sale sugar.  

  • FRP Calculation: The FRP is fixed based on the recommendations of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP).  It is recommended to take into consideration: 
    • the cost of production, 
    • rate of recovery of sugar
    • availability of sugar to consumers at a fair price
    • returns to farmers from alternative crops and the general trend of prices of agricultural commodities
    • realization from the sale of by-products
    • reasonable margins for farmers on account of risks and profits

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Context

The government has planned  to complete GIS mapping of all national highways to improve planning, execution, and monitoring.

GIS mapping of all National Highways

The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MORTH) has instructed project implementing units of various agencies to mark their jurisdiction on a dashboard. Agencies include the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI), Border Roads Organisation (BRO), and National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Ltd (NHIDCL).

  • Objective: To simplify GIS-based data collection for all Indian National Highways under MORTH.
    • As per a memorandum from MORTH, the SOP aims to define responsibility areas for each highway clearly.
    • It aims to utilize a GIS-based mapping system via the media portal for network definition and data visualization purposes.

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About Geographic Information System

GIS stands for Geographic Information System.

  • It’s software that combines mapping and database capabilities.
  • It  is a computer system used to capture, store, check, and display data related to Earth’s surface positions.
  • GIS mapping of all National HighwaysIt helps individuals and organizations understand spatial patterns and relationships by connecting seemingly unrelated data.
  • It allows users to create, manage, and analyze location-based information.
  • It can utilize various forms of location information, such as latitude and longitude, addresses, or ZIP codes.
  • GIS allows comparison and contrast of different types of information, including population, income, landscape features, and infrastructure.
  • Through GIS, users can analyze the relationships between different geographic features, such as pollution sources and sensitive environmental areas, aiding in decision-making processes.

Elements of GIS 

It has following elements

  • Map: Shareable maps integrate geographical data layers. 
  • Data: Data is linked to the Particular location,
    • It includes all  Spreadsheets, tables and imagery and other geographic components
  • Analysis: Spatial analysis provides insights and increases the decision making process.
  • App: GIS data can be used via mobile apps. 
Benefit of GIS mapping  Explanation Challenges of GIS mapping Explanation
Accurate Data Representation GIS maps provide precise details about the road network, including its alignment, intersections, and features (lanes, bridges, signage). This accuracy is crucial for effective planning, design, and maintenance activities. Data Accuracy Ensuring the data used in GIS maps is accurate and up-to-date is vital. Errors in data collection or validation can lead to incorrect road layouts and navigation problems.
Efficient Planning & Decision-Making By visualizing highway data on GIS maps, authorities can make informed decisions about road expansion, repairs, and upgrades. This facilitates streamlined project planning and optimal resource allocation. Scale & Resolution Balancing the level of detail needed with manageable file sizes can be tricky. High-resolution maps containing extensive data can be resource-intensive.
Asset Management GIS helps manage highway assets (bridges, culverts, signage) by tracking their location, condition, and maintenance history. This enables timely repairs and minimizes disruptions due to breakdowns. Dynamic Changes Since roads, bridges, and intersections undergo changes over time, keeping maps updated requires continuous monitoring and data refreshes.
Emergency Response During accidents or natural disasters, GIS maps empower emergency services to locate affected areas, divert traffic flow, and coordinate rescue efforts effectively. Terrain & Elevation Accurately representing elevation changes is crucial for safety and navigation. Representing steep slopes, tunnels, and bridges accurately can be challenging.
Environmental Impact Assessment GIS tools help analyze the environmental impact of highway projects by considering factors like land use, vegetation, and water bodies. This allows for informed decision-making that minimizes environmental damage. Privacy & Security Striking a balance between sharing useful details and protecting sensitive information (private properties) is necessary.
Public Access & Transparency Sharing GIS maps with the public enhances transparency. Citizens can access information about road conditions, tolls, and amenities (rest stops, gas stations). Interoperability Integrating data from various sources (satellites, drones, ground surveys) into a cohesive map can be complex due to format differences.
Cost Savings The benefits of efficient planning, reduced maintenance costs, and optimized resource allocation lead to significant financial savings in the long run. Legal & Regulatory Compliance Adhering to local laws regarding data collection, permissions, and privacy regulations is critical for project success.

 

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Context

Caenorhabditis elegans, also called “the worm,” is used a lot in science to study how brains and cells work.

  • It was the first animal to have all its genes and brain connections figured out.
  • These worms grow fast and become adults in just 3-5 days after being born from eggs.

About Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans is a small, transparent nematode. It lives freely in temperate soil environments.

  • The name C. elegans comes from a blend of Greek and Latin words meaning “recent,” “rod-like,” and “elegant.”
  • Key Traits of Caenorhabditis elegans:
    • C. elegans is an unsegmented pseudocoelomate organism, meaning it lacks segmented body divisions and has a fluid-filled body cavity.
    • It does not have respiratory or circulatory systems, distinguishing it from more complex organisms.

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Nemotode

  • It is also known as roundworms or eelworms.
  • Habitat: They reside in soil, freshwater, marine environments, and within other organisms. 
  • Eating habit: feeding on microorganism
    • The majority of Caenorhabditis elegans individuals are hermaphrodites, capable of producing both eggs and sperm.
      • However, there are also a few males among the population.
    • Male Caenorhabditis elegans possess unique tails specialized for mating, which include spicules, structures used during copulation.

About Pseudomonas vranovensis

  • Pseudomonas vranovensis is a harmful bacteria found where Caenorhabditis elegans naturally lives.
    • This bacterium produces a tiny molecule called sRNA.
  • When the worms eat this bacterium, they also take in the sRNA.
    • The sRNA changes the worms’ eating habits so they avoid the harmful bacteria in the future.
  • P. mendocina:
    • P. mendocina, another bacterium in C. elegans’ habitat, is not harmful but a food source.
    • Worms trained to avoid pathogenic P. vranovensis also avoided feeding on non-pathogenic P. mendocina.
    • Researchers suggest that the “loss of memory” around the fifth generation might occur to re-learn the advantage of consuming P. mendocina.

About DNA and RNA

  • DNA is like a ladder made of phosphate and sugar molecules.
    • Each sugar unit is attached with four types of chemical bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T).
  • P. vranovensis bacteria have about 6-7 million rungs in their DNA.
    • It contains around 5,500 genes. 
    • Each gene provides instructions for making a protein.
  • RNA is similar to a half-ladder or a comb, with a spine made of phosphate and sugar molecules, and four types of bases: A, C, G, and uridine (U).
  • During a process called transcription, a cell copies the sequence of bases in a gene from DNA to RNA. 
    • This RNA, known as messenger RNA (mRNA), carries the genetic information to ribosomes.
  • sRNA and Gene Expression:
    • Some genes produce sRNA instead of mRNA and proteins.
    • sRNA can interact with proteins and other RNAs.
      • It influences gene expression positively or negatively.
  • Experiment with C. elegans:
    • Researchers at Princeton University discovered that C. elegans worms ingested a 124-tine sRNA from P. vranovensis bacteria.
      • This sRNA reduced the expression of a gene called maco-1 in the worms.
        • It is also found in humans and plays a crucial neurological role.

Link between Caenorhabditis elegans and Human Genome:

  • Genes identified in Caenorhabditis elegans that affect its development are also found in the human genome.
  • Mutations in these genes have been linked to limb deformities in humans.

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Context

A long term agreement was signed between India and Iran allowing India rights to operate and manage the Chabahar Port.

India Signs 10-Year Pact with Iran to Operate its Chabahar Port

India currently operates the Chabahar Port on a short-term agreement, which gets periodically renewed. 

  • The long-term contract (for 10 years) for the operation of the Shahid Beheshti Port in Chabahar is signed between India Ports Global Ltd. & Ports and Maritime organization of Iran.
    • This is the first time India will take over management of a port overseas.
  • Significance of the Agreement:
    • Streamlining supply chains and Investment: The Long term Agreement will facilitate more investment by the industry players into the port operations as the short-term agreement and Iran’s geopolitical tensions had kept shippers and investors at bay until now.

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About Chabahar Port

  • It is Tehran’s first deepwater port being developed with the Indian aid aimed at enhancing connectivity and trade relations.
  • Chabahar PortLocation: It is situated in the Sistan-Balochistan province along Iran’s energy-rich southern coast  in the Gulf of Oman. 
  • Indian Involvement: The project to develop Chabahar began in 2002 with a roadmap for strategic cooperation being signed between both countries  
    • A trilateral agreement 2016: Signed between India, Iran and Afghanistan for the development of an international trade corridor, which would include Chabahar as a central transit point.
    • The Shahid Beheshti port’s first phase was inaugurated in December 2017, with India sending its first consignment of wheat to Afghanistan through Chabahar that same year.  
  • Operating  Agency: State-owned India Ports Global Limited (IPGL) was incorporated in 2015 for the development of ports overseas. 
  • The Chabahar project: It  comprises two distinct ports ie. the Shahid Beheshti and Shahid Kalantari. India’s investment is restricted to the Shahid Beheshti port.  
    • The Shahid Beheshti port is being developed in four phases with a total capacity of  82 million tonnes per year.

Strategic Significance of Chabahar

  • New trade Routes: Chabahar is very crucial for New Delhi in its hunt for new trade routes to Central Asia and Europe to bypass land transit dependence on Pakistan.
    • Part of INSTC: Chabahar port is recognized as a crucial node for the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) project
      • The INSTC is a 7200km multi-mode transport route linking the Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf to the Caspian Sea via Iran, and onward to northern Europe via Saint Petersburg in Russia.  
  • Easy accessibility: Chabahar Port is easily accessible from India’s western coasts and is vital for both India and Iran to reduce their dependence on the Suez Canal for transporting cargo to Europe, especially given the geopolitical tensions in the Red Sea area. 
    • Shipments through the INSTC route will take 15 days less compared to the Suez Canal route, unlocking India’s trade potential with European countries.
  • Significant Indian Investment: According to the Research and Information System for Developing Countries (RIS), as of January 2018, Indian investment in the Chabahar project was expected to be about $85 million, with overall Indian exposure to the project estimated at $500 million.  
  • Strategic Location: Chabahar lies to the west of Iran’s border with Pakistan and close to the competing port of Gwadar, making it an attractive investment for India.  
  • Counterbalance China: China is developing Gwadar port in Pakistan as part of its Belt and Road Initiative. India’s securing Chabahar has crucial economic, security, and strategic significance.
  • For Iran: Chabahar can potentially help Iran in dealing with the effects of Western sanctions and aid land-locked Afghanistan in curbing its dependency on Pakistan for access to the Indian Ocean. 
  • Access to Indian Ocean for Central Asian Nations: Resource-rich but landlocked Central Asian states such as Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan see Chabahar as a gateway to the Indian Ocean Region and the Indian market.
    •  The port will also be handy for Indian traders and investors interested in Central Asia.

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Context

There is a certain misunderstanding of the Supreme Court judgment pronounced recently in Dolly Rani v Manish Kumar Chanchal that if no saptapadi ceremony is performed, a Hindu marriage between two people cannot be considered valid. 

No Saptapadi Ceremony Means No Hindu Marriage, Says Supreme Court’s New Ruling

  • Petition for Marriage Invalidity Declaration: A petition was filed by a Hindu woman seeking a transfer of divorce proceedings from Muzaffarpur in Bihar to Ranchi in Jharkhand. 
    • The couple jointly applied for a declaration that their marriage was not valid since no customs or rites were performed. 
  • Marriage Solemnisation: They claimed to have solemnized their marriage in Uttar Pradesh based on a “marriage certificate” obtained from Vaidik Jankalyan Samiti — a local religious organization.
    • Relying on this certificate, they acquired a “Certificate of Registration of Marriage” under the Uttar Pradesh Marriage Registration Rules, 2017, and completed their marriage registration pursuant to Section 8 of the HMA. 
  • Invocation of Article 142 for Marriage Nullification: The couple approached the Supreme Court with a plea to exercise its plenary powers under Article 142 of the Constitution to declare the marriage void. 
    • Article 142 empowers the apex Court to do “complete justice” between the parties at times when the law or statute may not provide a remedy.

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The Supreme Court Ruling

  • Required Rites under Section 7 of the HMA: For a Hindu marriage to be recognized legally, documentation of the performance of the necessary rites under Section 7 of the HMA, including the saptapadi, was required. 
    • In cases where saptapadi has been followed, the marriage becomes final and legally binding upon the completion of the seventh step.
    • In accordance with Hindu law, a marriage cannot be recognized in the absence of these rites, even if marriage certificates are issued.
  • Lack of Legitimacy in Registering Marriages in Absence of Saptapadi Ceremony: If a certificate claims that the couple underwent marriage but the ceremony wasn’t conducted as per Section 7 of the Act, then registering such a marriage under Section 8 wouldn’t confer legitimacy to it.

Challenge with the Ruling

  • Saptapadi Not Sole method of Solemnizing Marriage: Ritual of Saptapdi cannot be interpreted as the sole method of solemnizing a marriage.  
    • The Court merely restated what is evident from a plain reading of the Section, which states that the ceremonies necessary to formally sanctify a Hindu marriage must follow the relevant usage or customs.
  • Overlooking Other Marriage Validation Ceremonies: The Court did not outline in the judgment that there could be other ceremonies to validate the marriage. 
    • It overlooked certain customary practices where no elaborate ceremonies are performed beyond the exchange of garlands.
    • Ex- In Tamil Nadu, marriages are solemnized through the suya mariyadhai (self-respect) form introduced by an amendment to the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, under Section 7(a).
What is a Solemnized Marriage?

  • About: Solemnizing a marriage refers to the performance of an official marriage ceremony, with appropriate rituals.
  • Marriage in India is largely governed through personal laws, and the Special Marriage Act, 1954 (SMA)

Related Previous Judgements

S. Nagalingam v. Sivagami (2001): Tamil Nadu passed an amendment to HMA in 1967 simplifying marriage ceremonies. 

  • Hindu Marriage (Tamil Nadu Amendment) Act, 1967: This amendment modified the Hindu Marriage Act of 1955, by inserting Section 7-A into it. However, it extended only to the state of Tamil Nadu.
    • Section 7-A/ Self-Respect Marriages: It deals with the special provision on “self-respect and secular marriages”. It legally recognises “any marriage between any two Hindus”, which can be referred to as “suyamariyathai” or “seerthiruththa marriage” or by any other name.
  • Ilavarasan v The Superintendent of Police and Others (2023): The Court stated that a subsequent ruling of the High Court in Balakrishnan v The Inspector of Police (2014), which deemed a suya mariyadhai marriage conducted in secrecy invalid, was incorrect. 
    • Imposing the requirement of a public declaration narrows the broad scope of the statute but also violates rights protected under Article 21 of the Constitution.”

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Marriage laws in India

  • Religious Diversity in Personal Laws Governing Marriage in India: 

    • In India, personal laws depend on the religion a person follows.  
      • For instance, the marriage of Hindus, Christians and Parsis is governed by the Hindu Marriage Act(HMA) 1955, the Indian Christian Marriage Act, and the Parsi Marriage Act, respectively. 
      • Muslims follow the Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937.
      • The HMA also covers religions such as the Lingayats, Brahmos, Aryasamajists, Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs.
  • Hindu Marriage Act, 1955:

    • Section 7(1):  Requires that a Hindu marriage be conducted per the customary rites and ceremonies of either party. 
      • The ritual of Saptapadi, while prevalent among specific Hindu communities, is not universally observed across all denominations.
      • Saptapad involves the bride and groom jointly taking seven steps before the sacred fire.
    • Section 7(2):  If these rites and ceremonies incorporate the Saptapadi, the marriage is deemed complete and legally binding upon the completion of the seventh step.
  • Special Marriage Act (SMA), 1954:

    • It has the provision for civil marriage for people of India and all Indian nationals in foreign countries, irrespective of religion or faith followed by either party.
    • When a person solemnised marriage under this law, then the marriage is not governed by personal laws but by the SMA.

Conclusion

The understanding and application of marriage laws in India require careful consideration of religious diversity and societal expectations. 

  • While recent judgments and legal provisions shed light on the significance of adherence to rituals and registration processes, further clarification regarding the recognition of alternative marriage customs and the evidentiary value of marriage certificates is needed.

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Context

The recent identification, by several cybersecurity conglomerates, of complex hacker groups using generative AI solutions has raised concerns with AI models being leveraged for translating and identifying coding errors to maximize the impact of cyberattacks.

SlashNext’s 2023 State of Phishing Report

As per SlashNext’s 2023 State of Phishing Report, there has been a 1,265% increase in phishing incidents/emails, along with a 967% increase in credential phishing since the fourth quarter of 2022 arising from the exacerbated utilization/manipulation of generative AI.

Generative AI

  • SlashNext is the leader in SaaS-based Integrated Cloud Messaging Security across email, web, and mobile. 
  • As per a study conducted by Deep Instinct, around 75% of professionals witnessed an upsurge in cyberattacks in the past year alone, while 85% of the surveyed respondents have attributed the increased risk to generative AI.

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About Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Generative Artificial Intelligence is a type of AI technology that can produce various types of content, including text, imagery, audio and synthetic data.

  • Deals With: It utilizes deep learning, neural networks, and machine learning techniques to enable computers to produce content that closely resembles human-created output autonomously. 
    • Examples: ChatGPT, DALL-E and Bard.
    • In recent years, a high investment is observed in GANs (Generative Adversarial Networks), LLMs (Large Language Models), GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformers), and Image Generation to experiment.

About Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think like humans and mimic their actions.

    • Example: ChatGPT 
  • Types of Artificial Intelligence:
    • Weak Artificial Intelligence: It embodies a system designed to carry out one particular job. 
      • Example: Amazon’s Alexa and Apple’s Siri. 
    • Strong Artificial Intelligence: These systems carry on the tasks considered to be human-like. They are programmed to handle situations in which they may be required to problem solve without having a person intervene.
      • Example: These kinds of systems can be found in applications like self-driving cars or in hospital operating rooms.
  • AI Innovations:
    • GANs (Generative Adversarial Networks)
    • LLMs (Large Language Models)
    • GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformers)
    • Image Generation to experiment
    • Create commercial offerings like DALL-E for Image Generation
    • ChatGPT for Text Generation
  • Outcomes: Generative AI, while, has exceptionally transformed various sectors such as education, banking, health care, and manufacturing, it has also transformed the paradigm of cyber-risks and safety. 
    • With the generative AI industry projected to increase global GDP by as much as $7 to $10 trillion, the development of generative AI solutions (such as ChatGPT in November 2022) has spurred a vicious cycle of advantages and disadvantages. 

Significance of Generative AI

It enables the creation of new and unique content, whether it’s images, music, or text. Example: Automated Journalism: 

  • Generative AI such as ChatGPT can produce written content for news outlets, summarizing events, financial reports, and sports matches quickly and accurately, freeing human journalists to focus on in-depth stories and analysis. 
    • Claude, a chatbot made by Anthropic, can be made to repeat lyrics from well-known songs. 
    • Stable Diffusion, made by Stability AI, reproduces features of others’ images, including the watermark of Getty, on whose archive it was trained.
  • Automation and Efficiency: It automates the process of content creation, saving time and resources.
    • Example: Graphic Design: AI can create logos, marketing materials, and other graphics, enabling designers to rapidly prototype ideas and iterate on concepts.
    • Architecture and Engineering: AI can generate building designs and urban plans, considering optimal use of space, environmental impact, and aesthetic appeal.
  • Personalization and Customization: Generative models can be trained on specific data or preferences, allowing for personalized recommendations, tailored content, and customized user experiences.
    • Example: Generative AI can create customized educational content, adapting to the learning pace and style of individual students, making education more accessible and effective.
  • Exploration and Inspiration: Generative AI can provide inspiration to artists, designers, and writers by generating diverse variations, exploring creative possibilities, and serving as a starting point for further creative exploration.
    • Example: OpenAI, which makes perhaps the most advanced generative AI models, is valued at nearly $90bn; Microsoft, its partner, has become the world’s most valuable company, with a market capitalization of $3.2trn.

Arising Concerns with Generative AI

  • Threat to Privacy & Security: Through cognitive behavioral manipulation, critically dangerous incidents have surfaced, with voice-activation toys and gadgets that encourage dangerous behaviors in children and/or posing a grave threat to one’s privacy and security. 
    • Remote and real-time biometric identification systems (such as facial recognition) have further jeopardized the right to privacy and massively endangered individuals on several occasions in recent times.
  • Generative AIVulnerability of Organisations: Most organizations cite undetectable phishing attacks (37%), an increase in the volume of attacks (33%), and growing privacy concerns (39%) as the biggest challenges.
  • Increase in Criminal Cases: With rise in use of Generative AI, criminal cases are also rising. 
    • Last year, an incident of a frantic mother who had received an ominous call from “kidnappers” who had ‘kidnapped’ her daughter, raised an alarm in the U.S. Senate about the detrimental impact of artificial intelligence. 
  • Loopholes in Regulations: While stringent ethical and legislative frameworks are underway to combat growing cyber crimes due to AI, loopholes and a lack of industrial understanding/comprehension in regulating generative AI persist.
  • Ethical Concerns: Generative AI raises ethical concerns, particularly regarding the misuse of synthetic media, deep fakes, and potential infringement of intellectual property rights.
    • With the advent of advanced machine learning capabilities like large language models, neural translation, information understanding, and reinforcement learning, it is now possible to generate synthetic media that can be very difficult to distinguish from real media, posing serious ethical implications.
    • Example: In November 2023, a deep fake video of actress Rashmika Mandanna was circulated widely on social media platforms. 

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  • Gendered Impact: Effects of automation are “highly gendered”, with more than double the share of women potentially affected by automation, due to their overrepresentation in clerical work, especially in high- and middle-income countries.
  • Digital Divide: Generative AI technology is dependent on access and cost of broadband connectivity, as well as electricity. 
    • In 2022, one-third of the global population (around 2.7 billion people), still did not have access to the internet.
  • Dataset Bias and Generalization: Generative models heavily rely on the training data they are exposed to. If the training data is biased or limited, the generated outputs would also be biased.
  • Quality and Coherence: While generative models have made significant progress, they may still struggle with producing outputs that consistently exhibit high quality, coherence, and contextual relevance.
    • Generative models may also produce low-quality and less accurate information specifically in the context of complex engineering and medical diagnosis. 

Initiatives Taken to Combat Challenges of Artificial Intelligence

Generative AI

  • The Bletchley Declaration:
    • It has been signed at the AI Safety Summit, 2023 and is the first global pact to counter AI risks, and reflects a high-level political consensus and commitment among the major AI players in the world.
    • The countries that signed the agreement include China, the European Union, France, Germany, India, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom and the United States.
  • Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI): In 2020, India joined with 15 other countries to form the GPAI to establish frameworks for the responsible utilization of emerging technologies.
  • Global AI Ethics and Governance Observatory: It is an initiative of UNESCO that aims to provide a global resource for policymakers, regulators, academics, the private sector and civil society to find solutions to the most pressing challenges posed by Artificial Intelligence.
    • It showcases information about the readiness of countries to adopt AI ethically and responsibly.
    • It also hosts the AI Ethics and Governance Lab, which gathers contributions, impactful research, toolkits and good practices.
  • Ethical Principles: UNESCO produced the first-ever global standard on AI ethics – the ‘Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence’ in November 2021. This framework was adopted by all 193 Member States.
    • The protection of human rights and dignity is the cornerstone of the Recommendation, based on the advancement of fundamental principles such as transparency and fairness, always remembering the importance of human oversight of AI systems.
  • Initiatives by Private Players: Amazon, Microsoft, Meta, Google and OpenAI have signed a voluntary agreement to emphasize safety, security and trust when developing AI technologies. 
    • In India, Nasscom has come out with a framework listing out the obligations of all stakeholders in the development of AI.

India’s Initiatives for Developing AI:

  • NITI Aayog Contribution: NITI Aayog has come with the ‘National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence’ Discussion Paper that focuses on establishing the International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence (ICTAI) in the country through private sector collaboration.
    • AIRAWAT: NITI Aayog is to set up India’s first AI-specific cloud computing infrastructure called AIRAWAT. 
  • Artificial Intelligence Research, Analytics and Knowledge Assimilation Platform: It is a Cloud computing platform, aiming to make India a pioneer amongst emerging economies with regards to AI.
  • The National AI Portal of India: It was launched in 2020. It is a one-stop digital platform for artificial intelligence-related developments. 
    • The Responsible AI for Youth programme, launched along with the portal, aims to empower young students with the skills and knowledge to create meaningful social impact solutions using AI.
  • The FutureSkills PRIME Programme: It was launched by MeitY in partnership with NASSCOM, is a business-to-consumer framework for re-skilling/up-skilling IT professionals in emerging technologies including AI.

Way Forward

  • Safe Digital Space: There is a need to build a more robust defense against the evolving threats in this AI-driven digital landscape by adapting ever-evolving technology. 
    • The Cyber Dome Project of Kerala Police aims at combating cyber threats and enhancing cybersecurity. This Public-Private Partnership leverages advanced technology, intelligence, and community engagement to prevent cybercrimes, aid investigations, and raise public awareness about online safety.
  • Foster Digital Awareness: There is a need to accommodate digital awareness to efficiently navigate the digital landscape, identify credibility and verify the sources for authentication.
    • AI For All: It is India’s AI strategy, which focuses on leveraging AI for inclusive development, representing India’s ‘AI for Social Good’ vision.
      • It was formulated by NITI Aayog in 2018 and covers five core areas– agriculture, education, health, smart cities/infrastructure and transport.
  • Robust Global Initiatives: With such multifaceted cyberattacks on the rise, robust initiatives have become necessary. It becomes imperative now to develop solutions through collaborative avenues to safeguard confidential information, identities, and even human rights.
  • Policy-led Efforts: At the institutional level, stern policy-led efforts are pivotal to counter the increasing cyber challenges via solutions such as enhancing the stance for watermarking to identify AI-generated content. 
    • This could reduce cyber threats from AI-generated content, warning consumers to take appropriate actions. 
  • Collaborative Approach: To harbor a sense of security, enabling individuals and organizations to further empower communities to safeguard their personal interests and identities, there is a need to adopt collaborative approach.
    • For a truly holistic approach to cybersecurity in an AI-driven world, the crucial role of non-governmental organizations and other outreach organizations is desired.

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