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Recently, Oman ranked second in the environmental performance Index 2024 among GCC nations and in the Middle East, according to the 2024 EPI.

Key Highlights On Environmental Performance Index 2024

With a commendable score of 51.9 out of 100, Oman now occupies the 50th position globally, significantly improving from its 149th rank in 2022 among 180 countries. 

• Increasing Biodiversity sites: The establishment of new natural reserves through Royal decrees has significantly bolstered Oman’s environmental rating, increasing the number of reserves to about 30 and biodiversity-focused sites to over 25.

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What is the Environmental Performance Index (EPI)?

• About: The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) is a global ranking system that assesses countries’ environmental health. 
  • The World Economic Forum introduced the Environment Sustainability Index in 2002, and it is updated every two years.
• Published by: The Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy, in collaboration with the Columbia University Center for International Earth Science Information Network, prepares the EPI.

Significance of  Environmental Performance Index (EPI)

• Identifying Top Performance Drivers: The EPI helps decision-makers identify the factors behind high environmental performance. 
• Key Factors for Sustainability: Analysing EPI data shows that financial resources, good governance, human development, and regulatory quality are crucial for enhancing a country’s sustainability. 
• Promoting Sustainable Development: By highlighting these connections, the EPI promotes sustainable development for a more secure and equitable environmental future.

Framework

• The framework organizes 58 indicators into 11 issue categories and three policy objectives, with weights shown at each level as a percentage of the total score.
• New Metrics: The EPI 2024 introduces new metrics in response to emerging goals and recent environmental reports. 
• Emissions Assessment: One notable addition is assessing individual countries’ progress in reducing their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. 
• Increased Emission Reductions: The report reveals that more countries are reducing their emissions than previously thought. 
  • However, only five nations – Estonia, Finland, Greece, Timor-Leste, and the UK – have reduced their emissions enough to reach net zero or be on track to do so by 2050 if they continue at their current rate.
• Metrics for Habitat Protection: The 2024 EPI has introduced new metrics to measure how well countries protect essential habitats and regulate protected areas. This is in response to the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework’s goal of protecting 30% of land and sea by 2030.
  • The report shows that many countries have met conservation goals, but the loss of natural ecosystems remains a major challenge. In 23 countries, over 10% of protected lands are occupied by buildings and agriculture. 

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India’s Performance

• Rank of India: The 2024 Environmental Performance Index ranks India 176th out of 180 countries, highlighting serious environmental challenges.
  • Despite slight progress in climate change mitigation, India scores poorly in air quality and sanitation.
  • India’s overall ranking is grim but fares slightly better in the Climate Change Index, ranking 133rd with 35 points. 
  • However, India ranks fifth in air quality in South Asia with 6.8 points.

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Saudi Energy Minister Prince Abdulaziz bin Salman recently countered a bearish view on the OPEC+ agreement, asserting that OPEC+ can pause or reverse oil production increases if market conditions deteriorate.

• OPEC+ Control: The agreement extends for a year and a half which allows OPEC+ to monitor market conditions and adjust production as needed.

What is OPEC+?

OPEC Plus refers to non-OPEC countries (10) that export crude oil in addition to the 12 OPEC member nations.

Key Players in the OPEC Plus Alliance

• Saudi Arabia and Russia: For the past three years, Saudi Arabia and Russia have played central roles in the OPEC Plus alliance.
• Alliance Objective: The alliance initially included 11 OPEC members and 10 non-OPEC nations, and it aimed to stabilize oil prices through coordinated production cuts.

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New OPEC+ Agreement Details

• Production Cuts: OPEC+ agreed on a complex deal to extend significant production cuts until 2025.
  • Current Cuts: The group is cutting output by 5.86 million barrels per day (bpd), approximately 5.7% of global demand.
• Voluntary Cut Phase-out: Several OPEC+ members, including Russia, decided to gradually eliminate voluntary cuts of 2.2 million barrels per day (bpd) over the course of a year, starting in October.
  • OPEC+ also agreed to maintain other cuts of 3.66 million bpd until the end of 2025.

Why Some View the OPEC+ Agreement as Bearish for Oil Prices?

• Gradual Production Increase Seen as Bearish: The agreement to phase out additional production cuts of 2.2 million barrels per day (bpd) over a year is considered bearish because 
  • It can increase supply, which could weaken oil prices.
• Goldman Sachs Disagrees with OPEC+ Figures: Goldman Sachs used figures from OPEC+ to conclude. 
  • It was confirmed when the Saudi energy minister claimed Goldman Sachs based their bearish outlook on inaccurate figures but didn’t specify the discrepancies.

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• Price Drop Attributed to Misinterpretation: Russia attributes the recent oil price decline to a misreading of the agreement and speculative trading, not to actual supply changes.

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Seven people were injured by a Russian missile attack on the Ukrainian central city of Dnipro 

Key Highlights On Russia Missile Attack on Ukraine

• The attacks injured seven people, including two children, and damaged civilian infrastructure
• Russian forces also attacked the city of Nikopol with kamikaze drones.
• Ukrainian air force allegedly shot down two Iskander-K cruise missiles over the northern region of Chernihiv.

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The 18th Lok Sabha will support 74 women MPs, making 13.63% of the elected strength of the Lower House, down from 78 in the 17th Lok Sabha.

• Composition of Lower House: With the newly elected 18th Lok Sabha members declared. The PRS Legislative Research has compiled data showing the change in the composition of the Lower House with respect to women.

Women in The 18th Lok Sabha

• Candidate Profile: 
  • Women constituted 10% (797) of the 8,360 candidates contesting elections in 2024.
  • This is the first time that women candidates’ proportion touched 10%
• Representation over the years: 
• • First Lok Sabha in 1952: Women made up just 4.41% of the strength of the Lower House. 
  • Lowest representation: In the 1971 Lok Sabha, women constituted only 3.51% of the total membership.
  • Peak representation:  Women constituted 14.36% of the House in the 17th Lok Sabha of 2019.
• International Comparison: Women constitute 46% of MPs in South Africa, 35% in the UK, and 29% in the US. 

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• Share along Political Parties:
  • Women Lok Sabha MPs come from a total of 14 parties. 
  • Absolute no. terms: The BJP contributes the most with 31 women MPs, followed by the Congress (13), TMC (11), SP (5), and DMK (3).
  • Highest proportion: However, among the 3 parties with double-digit women MPs in the Lok Sabha, the TMC boasts the highest proportion (37.93%), followed by Congress (13.13%) and BJP (12.92%).
• First-timers:  43 of the 74 elected MPs (59%) are elected for the first time, higher than the overall percentage of newcomers in the House, which is 52%.
• Experience: Women MPs have only 0.76 Lok Sabha terms of experience (one term is generally 5 years long).
• Average Age: The overall age of the House is 56 years and the average age of women MPs is 50 years, making them a younger lot.
• Education Profile: 78%  of the MPs have completed graduation.

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Recently, SEBI introduced a framework on “financial disincentives” that targets market infrastructure institutions. 

New Provision: Under this framework, there is a provision for imposing penalties ranging from ₹1 lakh to ₹1 crore for each surveillance lapse during the financial year.

• The new framework will be applicable from July 1. 

What Is Market Surveillance? 

• Market surveillance involves preventing and investigating abusive, manipulative, or illegal trading practices in securities markets.
• Purpose: It ensures orderly markets by fostering confidence among buyers and sellers in the fairness and accuracy of transactions.
• Significance: Effective market surveillance is crucial for maintaining market order, encouraging investment, and supporting economic growth.
• Providers: Both the private sector and the public sector can perform market surveillance activities.

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Market Surveillance by MIIs

Surveillance by Market Infrastructure Institutions (MIIs) is to continuously monitor the security market. It provides crucial information that aids the regulator in enforcing market rules and regulations.

Their responsibilities include:

• Day-to-day monitoring of market activities.
• Reporting abnormal or suspicious activities.
• Monitoring the conduct of market intermediaries.
• Generating and processing alerts.
• Seeking trading rationale.
• Carrying out snap analysis

About Surveillance lapse 

• A surveillance lapse includes any failure observed in carrying out surveillance activities.
• The activities include inadequate or non-reporting of these activities according to agreed timelines.
  • It also includes the partial or delayed execution of any surveillance-related SEBI decision or communication.

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Penalty Structure for Surveillance Lapses Under new framework

• First Instance:
  • MIIs with annual revenue < ₹300 crore: Penalty of ₹1 lakh.
  • MIIs with annual revenue > ₹1,000 crore: Penalty of ₹25 lakh.
• Second Instance:
  • Penalty ranges from ₹2 lakh to ₹50 lakh, based on the annual revenue.
• Third Instance and Beyond:
  • Penalty ranges from ₹4 lakh to ₹1 crore, based on the annual revenue.

Impact of Market Surveillance Lapse

• Trust and Confidence: Lapses in market surveillance of the Securities Market can erode investor trust and confidence in the securities market. 
• Manipulative practices:  Market surveillance lapses can cause rise in manipulative practices, leaving the market vulnerable.
• Unfair playing: lapses of market surveillance can create an unfair playing field for investors.

Exceptions of new Framework

• New framework of SEBI is not Applicable When:
  • The lapse has a broad market impact.
  • The lapse results in significant investor losses.
  • The lapse compromises market integrity on a large scale

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Recently, the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) issued notices to the Union Ministry of Women and Child Development and the States of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and Gujarat over a practice known as ‘Nata Pratha’.

• The ‘Nata Pratha’ is comparable to modern forms of prostitution. Given the immoral consequences of ‘Nata Pratha’ on women and minor girls, the NHRC has called for its eradication and abolition.

What is Nata Pratha?

The word “Nata” means relationship.  It involves selling “on a stamp paper” or marrying off underage girls from some communities.  These “sales and marriages” are usually conducted by their own families.

Traditionally, both the man and the woman who enter into a relationship are supposed to be married or have been widowed, but the custom has evolved to include single people as well. 

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• Prevalent: This custom is prevalent in parts of Rajasthan, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh. It is mainly practised by the Bhil tribe, one of the largest tribes in South Asia. 
• Provision: It allows a man to have a live-in relationship with a married woman. However, it is allowed only if both the man and the woman are already married to other people.
• No Need for Formal Ceremony: Under this system, no formal marriage ceremony is required to live together. Couple can perform all obligations of husband and wife without entering into marriage. 
  • Pay Money: Under the guidelines of the custom, the man has to pay some money to the married woman so that he can move in with her. 
    • This money, the “bride price,” is fixed by members of the community, or middlemen, who may receive a cut for doing so. 
    • The sum may range from a few thousand bucks to even a few lakhs depending upon the paying capacity of the person concerned. 

About Bhils

The Bhil are one of the largest tribal groups, living in Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan. The name is derived from the word ‘billu’, which means bow. They are known as excellent archers.

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Recently, the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) has returned to power for a historic third straight term at the Centre, but the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) itself has fallen short of the majority mark of 272, which implies there will be a coalition government.

• Looking back at India’s economic history since 1991, it becomes clear that coalition governments have undertaken some of the boldest and most visionary reforms that laid the foundation for India’s resurgence.

Coalition Government

A coalition government is one in which multiple political parties come together and often reduce the dominance of the party that has won the most seats. 

The country saw coalition politics for 32 years of India’s 71-year electoral journey. After a 10-year break, coalition politics has returned, and so will ‘coalition dharma’, a term coined by BJP leader Atal Bihari Vajpayee.

Coalition dharma means giving due respect to coalition partners.

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Features of Coalition Government

A coalition government implies the existence of at least two partners. 

• Coalition politics is not static but dynamic, as coalition players and groups dissolve and form new ones.
• Coalitions are formed for the sake of some reward, material or psychic.
• Pragmatism and not ideology is the hallmark of coalition politics.

Classification of Coalition Government

• Pre-poll Coalition: It is considerably advantageous because it provides a common platform for the parties to woo the electorate based on a joint manifesto.
• Post-poll Coalition: It enables constituents to share political power and run the government.
• First Coalition Government at Center: The first time that Independent India saw parties stitching up a coalition government at the Centre was in 1977, right after the Emergency.
  • Eleven parties, including the Bharatiya Jana Sangh (predecessor of the BJP) came together to form the Janata government. The rainbow coalition lasted till 1979.
  • In India, where people have been delivering fragmented mandates for three decades, coalition politics has been the norm. For most of the 80s, 90s and the first decade of this century, no one party received a majority in the Lok Sabha
• First in India: In India, the first coalition government to complete its full term was the Atal Bihari Vajpayee-led National Democratic Alliance from 1999 to 2004. 

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• Implications: While some say that coalition governments generate more inclusive policies, others believe that coalitions impose constraints on policy making.
  • In the words of Montek Singh Ahluwalia (former Deputy Chairman of the erstwhile Planning Commission), a coalition government is a strong consensus for weak reforms.

Formation of Coalition Governments in India

• Morarji Desai (March 1977-July 1979): Emergence of the first major coalition government in India. In 1977, the Janata Party, a coalition of opposition parties, came to power with Morarji Desai as Prime Minister.
• Charan Singh (July 1979-January 1980): He assumed office as Prime Minister on July 28, 1979.
  • He was the founder of the Bharatiya Kranti Dal and former Home Minister.
  • However, his tenure was short-lived as within 23 days. 
  • He remains the only Indian Prime Minister to date who has not faced Parliament during his tenure.
• VP Singh (December 1989 – November 1990): In 1989, the National Front coalition, led by Vishwanath Pratap Singh of the Janata Dal, came into power, succeeded in 1990 by a Janata Dal (Socialist) administration under Chandra Shekhar.
• Chandra Shekhar (November 1990 – June 1991): Forming an alliance with the Congress, Chandra Shekhar assumed office as Prime Minister on November 10, 1990.
• HD Deve Gowda (June 1996 – April 1997): He took oath as Prime Minister on June 2, 1996. Congress extended external support to this coalition government known as the ‘United Front’.
• Inder Kumar Gujral (April 1997 – March 1998): Congress withdrew its support for the United Front government on March 30, 1997. 
  • Amidst the political turmoil, Inder Kumar Gujral, the former external affairs minister in the Gowda administration, emerged as the successor.
  • On November 28, 1997, Congress withdrew its backing for the Gujral administration, marking the end of Gujral’s seven-month tenure as Prime Minister.
• Atal Bihari Vajpayee (March 1998 – May 2004): The BJP-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA) to came to power, with Atal Bihari Vajpayee as Prime Minister from 1998 to 2004. 
• Manmohan Singh (May 2004 – May 2014): Congress-led United Progressive Alliance (UPA), with Manmohan Singh as Prime Minister from 2004 to 2014.

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Notable Reforms Brought by the Previous Coalition Governments in India

• P V Narasimha Rao-led Government: 
  • Economic Liberalisation: Opened the Indian economy to global completion by removing the license-permit raj. 
  • WTO Membership: India joined the World Trade Organisation.
• Deve Gowda Led Government: 
  • Dream Budget: It came out with what is still referred to as the “dream budget”. It placed faith in the Indian taxpayers and cut tax rates — both personal income tax, corporate taxes, and customs duties.
• Atal Bihari Vajpayee-led Government: 
  • Fiscal Responsibility & Budget Management (FRBM) Law: It framed the FRBM law for fiscal rectitude, and limited the government’s ability to borrow within prudential limits. 
  • Disinvestment of loss-making Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs): It further advanced the push towards disinvestment of loss-making PSUs.
  • Rural Infrastructure & Connectivity: It focused on boosting rural infrastructure and connectivity through the PM Gram Sadak Yojana. 
  • Information Technology Act, 2000: It also brought in the Information Technology Act, in 2000, that laid the foundation for the bustling e-commerce giant that India is today.
• Manmohan Singh-led Government: 
  • Rights-based approach: It brought several reforms under the rights-based approach — far more robust than the personal guarantees of an individual leader. 
    • The Right to Information Act, which boosted transparency in India’s democracy.
    • The Right to Food, which ensured that no Indian should go hungry. 
  • MG-NREGA: It brought in the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MG-NREGA), which provided minimum employment to the rural poor. 
  • Deregulation of Fuel Prices & Others: It also deregulated fuel prices before it left office and started work on direct benefit transfers as well as Aadhaar and GST.

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Merits of Coalition Governments

• Economic Growth: A coalition government helps in achieving high economic growth.
  • The average growth rate for the 10-year period for the BJP-led majority government was 6%, including the 5.8% contraction the economy witnessed in FY21 amid Covid-related disruptions. 
  • The Congress-led United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government that preceded the BJP government in 2014 secured 6.7% growth in its five years, and 6.9% in the previous five years of its first term. 
    • The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) during the 10-year rule of the UPA at 6.8% was the fastest in India’s history. 
  • Growth averaged 5.6% between 1991, when the Congress led by PV Narasimha Rao formed a minority coalition with Janata Dal, and 1999 when Atal Bihari Vajpayee-led NDA returned to power for its full five-year term. 
• Accommodation of Diverse Interests: In coalition governments, multiple political parties with varying agendas and priorities come together to form a government. This diversity allows for the representation of different social, regional, and ideological groups within the government. 
  • As a result, coalition governments may be better equipped to address the needs and aspirations of a diverse population and promote inclusivity in governance.
    • Example: The United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government (2004-2014) included parties like the DMK, NCP, and RJD, representing different regions and interests.
• Checks and Balances: It require consensus-building and cooperation among coalition partners to pass legislation and implement policies. 
  • Promote transparency, accountability, and dialogue among political parties, contributing to more accountable and responsive governance.
  • Example: The National Front government (1989- 1990), led by V.P. Singh, was a coalition that represented the anti-Congress sentiment prevalent at that time.
• Consensus-Based Politics: The government policy requires the concurrence of all the coalition partners. Therefore, a coalition government leads to consensus-based politics.
  • Coalition governments made very difficult reforms, from the 73rd and 74th Amendments which brought in Panchayati Raj and municipal systems through state governments, and this continued on to the early years of Vajpayee as well.
  • Example: The NDA government (1999-2004) under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee built consensus on key issues like foreign policy and economic reforms.
• Strengthening of Federal Fabric: Coalition politics strengthens the federal fabric of the Indian political system because a coalition government is more sensitive and responsive to regional demands.
  • Example: The V.P. Singh’s government set up the Interstate Council to improve cantre-state dialogue. 
    • It was found that the interstate council worked whenever regional political parties had a major role at the national level. 
• Reduced Chances of Despotic Rule: A coalition government diminishes the dominance of any single political party in government operations. Decision-making involves participation from all coalition members.
  • Example: The Janata Party government (1977-1979) ended the Congress’s single-party dominance.
  • The UPA government’s decision to create the Telangana state in 2014 was a result of pressure from its coalition partner, the Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS).

Demerits of Coalition Governments

• Instability: Coalition governments are mostly unstable or prone to instability. Differences of opinion among coalition members can lead to the collapse of the government.
  • Example: Since 1998, whenever the Lok Sabha mandate is split and a coalition comes to power, political negotiations have been complex and fraught. 
    • Six times, a non-Congress, non-BJP leader has been chosen as PM but has not lasted a complete five-year term.
    • The Charan Singh government (1979) lasted only for a few months due to the withdrawal of support by the Congress party.
• Curtailed leadership of the Prime Minister: The Prime Minister’s leadership is constrained within a coalition government, as the Prime Minister must consult with coalition partners before making significant decisions.
  • Example: Prime Minister Manmohan Singh (2004-2014) often had to consult and accommodate the views of coalition partners like the DMK and the Trinamool Congress on key policy matters.
• The undermining of Cabinet’s Role: The Coordination Committee of coalition partners functions as a ‘Super-Cabinet,’ potentially diminishing the cabinet’s role and stature in governing machinery operations.
  • Example: During the UPA government, the National Advisory Council (NAC), headed by Sonia Gandhi, was seen as a parallel power centre, undermining the role of the cabinet.
• Smaller Parties playing ‘King-Maker’: Smaller coalition partners can exert disproportionate influence by making extensive demands.
  • Example: In the 1996 Haryana Vikas Party, with just one MP, the party played a key role in forming the government by extending support to the BJP-led coalition.
• Regional Parties Bringing in Regional Factors: Leaders of regional parties contribute regional perspectives to national decision-making, exerting pressure on the central executive to align with their priorities. 
  • Example: The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK in the UPA government often pressured the central government to take a favorable stand on issues related to Sri Lankan Tamils.
• Lack of Responsibility for Failures: Coalition governments often evade accountability for administrative failures and lapses by engaging in blame games, thus avoiding both collective and individual responsibilities.
  • Example: During the 2G spectrum scam 2011, coalition partners of the UPA government, like the DMK, tried to distance themselves from the scandal, blaming the Congress party for the lapses.
• Faltered on Inflation: Data from the last three decades show that coalition governments have struggled to keep inflation in check.
  • Example: Inflation for industrial workers was 5.4% during the last decade, when the BJP had an absolute majority, but it was 10.3% for UPA’s second stint and 6% in the first one. 
  • While it was low for Vajpayee’s years between 1999 and 2004, industrial worker inflation was 9.6% between 1991 and 1999.

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Conclusion

India’s unique diversity makes it a social and political coalition like no other. Coalition governments need to take everyone along and have tended to be more liberal, more consensual and more respectful of federalism. Coalition governments in India, despite their challenges, have historically driven significant reforms and balanced diverse interests, contributing to robust economic and social progress.

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