The Supreme Court underscored that it is unconstitutional to demolish a person’s property without adhering to the due process of law, simply on the grounds of their alleged involvement in a crime.

Background of the Case

• The case involved a series of petitions challenging the “extra-legal” practice of demolishing houses of individuals accused of criminal activities  in states such as Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttarakhand.
• The recent ruling was prompted by incidents in Udaipur, Rajasthan, and Ratlam, Madhya Pradesh, earlier this year.

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Key Guidelines Issued By The Supreme Court

• Guidelines for Demolition Procedures: The Supreme Court, invoking Article 142, issued nationwide guidelines to  prevent illegal and retributive bulldozing of homes and private properties of accused persons by States

• Demolition cannot be carried out without Show Cause notice: 
  • Authorities must issue a show cause notice via registered post to the property owner and post it outside the building. 
  • This notice must provide a 15-day period or the timeframe specified in local laws whichever is later, to respond.
• Digital Recordkeeping and Accountability:
  • Digital Notification to Prevent Backdating: The Court directed that once a show cause notice is served, a digital notification must be sent to the district collector or magistrate’s office via email.
  • Designation of Nodal Officer: The Court instructed that within one month, the district collector or magistrate must appoint a nodal officer responsible for managing demolition-related notices.
    • The apex court also called for setting up a designated digital portal to provide details of such notices and orders. 
• Mandatory Videography of Demolition:  Demolition proceedings have to be videographed and the report has to be submitted to the concerned municipal commissioner.
• Justification for Demolition in the Final Order: The final order should mention why the “extreme step” of demolition is the only option and other options like compounding and demolishing a part of the property are not possible.
• Accountability and Contempt of Court: Officials who violate these guidelines face contempt of court charges.
  • They will be liable for restitution of the demolished property at their own cost and also pay compensation.
• Exceptions to the Guidelines: The guidelines do not apply to unauthorised structures on public land such as roads, footpaths, or near bodies of water, or where a court order mandates demolition.
• Past Demolitions Not Covered: The new directives do not provide relief for individuals whose properties were already demolished without due process either in terms of providing compensation to the victims of the demolitions or fixing accountability on errant officers.
• Nationwide implementation: The bench said the Registrar (judicial) of the apex court shall circulate a copy of its judgement to the Chief Secretaries of all the states and Union Territories
  • to ensure compliance with the directions issued with regard to the procedure to be followed for the purpose of road widening in general.

Supreme Court’s Reasoning For The Guidelines

• Violation of the Right to Shelter: The Supreme Court emphasised that demolishing properties based on accusations alone violates the constitutional right to shelter under Article 21. 

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• Collective Punishment Concerns: The Court highlighted that demolishing a house belonging to an accused unfairly punishes all family members, which amounts to “collective punishment.” 
• Principles of Criminal Jurisprudence: The Court reiterated that an accused person is ‘presumed innocent until proven guilty’. 
  • Collective punishment through demolition contradicts this principle and cannot be justified under the Constitution.
• Selective Demolitions and Presumption of Mala Fide: The Court condemned selective demolitions, noting that when one structure is singled out while others remain, it suggests mala fide intent. 
  • This creates the perception that the action was punitive rather than a lawful response to illegal structures.
• Separation of Powers: The Supreme Court stated that the executive cannot demolish the property of an accused without following due process.The Court described the “chilling sight” of a bulldozer demolishing a building without due process as a reminder of a “lawless state”.
  • It highlighted that when the executive acts as both judge and enforcer, it breaches the principle of separation of powers.
• Recognition of Accused’s Rights: The Court concluded by affirming that even accused or convicted individuals retain constitutional and legal safeguards, and any action against them must respect these rights.

About Bulldozer Justice

• “Bulldozer justice” refers to a form of extralegal action where authorities demolish properties as a means of punishment, often targeting individuals accused of crimes or dissenting against the government.

Reasons For the Rise of Bulldozer Justice in Recent Times

• Political Motivations: The ‘tough on crime’ or ‘eye for an eye’ approach has become political symbolism for several state governments.
  • Bulldozer Justice  serves as symbolic acts that help gain votes of voters who favour a hardline approach to governance and law enforcement.
• Weak Legal Framework: The absence of clear laws against demolitions as punitive measures and loopholes in urban regulations allow authorities to act arbitrarily without legal justification.
• Quick Solution to Encroachments: Rapid urban growth has led to increased unauthorised constructions, and bulldozer demolitions are used as a quick solution to clear encroachments in high-demand areas.
• Populist Appeal: Bulldozers appeal to public sentiment by offering a quick, visible form of “justice,” especially in cases of crime or perceived wrongdoings.
  • Bulldozer Action is projected as a form of decisive action.
• Social Media Amplification: The dramatic visuals of demolitions spread quickly on social media, further popularising the practice and reinforcing its association with “justice“.

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Issues Due to the Rise of Bulldozer Justice

• Violation of Due Process: Extra Judicial demolitions bypass legal procedures, undermining the rule of law and citizens’ right to a fair trial.
• Collective Punishment: Innocent family members are affected, violating their fundamental rights.
  • Leads to homelessness and loss of livelihoods, especially for vulnerable and marginalised groups.
• Erosion of Trust in Judiciary: Undermines public confidence in the judiciary when executive actions bypass legal safeguards.
• Human Rights Violations: Results in unlawful evictions, property destruction, and loss of shelter.
• Inconsistent Application: Selective demolitions create perceptions of bias and lawlessness.
• Impact on Urban Planning: Poorly executed demolitions disrupt communities and hinder fair urban development.

Ethical Implications of the Supreme Court Judgment on Bulldozer Justice

• Reinforcement of Legal Justice: The judgement upholds procedural justice, ensuring that demolitions are carried out only through fair and transparent processes. 
• Upholds Accountability of Officers: By holding authorities personally accountable for unlawful demolitions, the accountability and administrative integrity of the Officers are promoted.
• Prevention of Arbitrary Executive Actions: By asserting the principle of separation of powers, the judgement curtails executive overreach.
• Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups: The judgement protects marginalised communities from demolitions particularly those based on communal or political motivations, contributing to social justice.
• Enhances Transparency: The guidelines laid down by the SC place emphasis on transparency. Example: By ensuring demolitions are documented and monitored
• Ethical Governance: The judgement encourages a shift toward ethical governance, where public authorities are expected to act in the public’s best interest, grounded in principles of fairness and respect for the rule of law.

Way Forward

• Independent Monitoring: Establish independent bodies to oversee demolitions, ensuring compliance with the Supreme Court’s guidelines and addressing instances of abuse of power.
• Community Outreach: Educate citizens on their legal rights, including protections against arbitrary demolitions, empowering vulnerable communities to seek justice.
• Changing Attitudes: Local authorities, from councillors to police, must internalise the Court’s message and uphold principles of natural justice.
• Long-term Solutions: Invest in inclusive comprehensive urban planning.
  • Offer alternative solutions for encroachments wherever possible.
    • Example: Regularisation of properties in specific zones, Rehabilitation programs for affected families.

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Conclusion

• The Supreme Court ruling on bulldozer justice is a positive step towards upholding constitutional rights.
• However, continued vigilance and strict ground level implementation of the guidelines are needed to prevent arbitrary demolitions and protect citizens’ dignity.

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Researchers at the Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Mohali have developed a novel biodegradable nanocoating for fertilizers that can increase nutrient use efficiency by enabling slow release. 

• This technology could reduce the amount of fertilizer required while sustaining high crop yields, offering environmental and economic benefits.

Key Features and Composition

• Nanocoating Material: The coating is made from nanoclay-reinforced binary carbohydrates, specifically chitosan and lignin, combined with an anionic clay that creates stable bonds.
• It has hydrophobic properties which allow fertilisers to be released slowly, minimising rapid dissolution and nutrient loss to soil and water.

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Material Sustainability and Biocompatibility

• The nanomaterials used are low-cost, nature-derived materials such as nano-clay, chitosan, and starch.
• Designed to be biodegradable and mechanically stable, the coating supports sustainable agricultural practices by reducing waste and enhancing soil health.

Application Process

• A rotary drum system is employed to uniformly coat fertilizers like muriate of potash (KCl), which provides around 80% of potassium needed in fertilizers.
• This system, equipped with a sand air gun, achieves consistent coating that withstands transportation and handling.

Advantages and Benefits

• Improved Nutrient Use Efficiency: The slow-release mechanism aligns nutrient availability with crop needs, enhancing efficiency and reducing the total amount of fertilizer required.
  • This technology reduces the recommended fertilizer dose for crops such as rice and wheat, maintaining or potentially increasing yields.
• Environmental and Economic Impact: By limiting fertilizer run-off and interaction with surrounding soil and water, this innovation mitigates environmental risks associated with conventional fertilizers.
  • It also holds the potential to improve farmers’ socio-economic conditions by decreasing fertilizer costs and increasing agricultural output, which could contribute positively to the national economy.

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Potential for Broader Applications

• The 3D nanostructure of these polymers has applications beyond agriculture due to its biodegradability, biocompatibility, and thermos-responsive properties.
• Future applications might involve other fields where controlled release and environmental sustainability are desired.

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The Supreme Court noted that no religion endorses activities causing pollution, referencing the use of firecrackers during Diwali.

Key Highlights of the Case

• Failure in Implementation: The Court criticized the Delhi Police for failing to implement the October 14 firecracker ban by the Delhi government effectively.
• Call for Year Round Ban: The Delhi government will consult stakeholders to decide on a year-round firecracker ban, with a decision expected by November 25.
• Order for Special Enforcement Measures: The Delhi Police Commissioner was instructed to form a special cell for enforcing the firecracker ban.
• NCR States Accountability: All NCR states were asked to report on steps taken to minimize pollution, particularly during Diwali.

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• Stubble Burning Issues: The Court noted a lack of action against farmers in Punjab and Haryana involved in stubble burning, exacerbating pollution in the NCR.
  • Directed states to explain non-prosecution of farmers and enforce existing rules against stubble burning.
• Centre’s Position on Funding: The Centre reported rejecting Punjab’s request for funds to provide farmers with tractors and equipment to help manage stubble burning.
• Clean Air as Fundamental Right: The Supreme Court affirmed that every citizen’s right to live in a pollution-free environment is protected under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution.

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Right to Pollution Free Environment

• Expanded Definition of Right to Life: Article 21 encompasses not only mere existence but also all rights essential for a meaningful and dignified life.
  • In the 1980s, the Supreme Court recognized the right to a clean environment as part of Article 21.
• Landmark Cases:
  • M.C. Mehta vs. Union of India (1987): The Supreme Court held that the right to live in a pollution-free environment is a fundamental right under Article 21.
  • M K Ranjitsinh & Ors. v. Union of India & Ors. (2024): The Court expanded Article 21 to recognize the right to be free from adverse effects of climate change, affirming that Article 14 (Right to Equality) is also relevant, as climate change disproportionately impacts different groups.
• 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976: India’s Constitution became the first globally to give constitutional status to environmental protection through two articles:
  • Article 48-A (Directive Principle of State Policy): Mandates the State to protect and improve the environment and safeguard forests and wildlife.
  • Article 51A(g) (Fundamental Duties): Places a duty on every citizen to protect and preserve the environment.
• International Commitment: India, as a signatory to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 recognizes  the right to a standard of living adequate for health and well-being, which includes access to food, clothing, housing, medical care, and essential social services.

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A multimedia digital archive featuring Jawaharlal Nehru’s less-known published and unpublished works, will be launched by the Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund (JNMF) on November 14, 2025, his birth anniversary.

• India is also celebrating Children’s Day on November 14, 2024, to commemorate the 135th birth anniversary of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.

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About Nehru Archive

• Aim: To make Nehru’s contributions accessible to future generations, showcasing his role in shaping modern India and the world.
• Highlights of the Archive:
  • All 100 volumes of the Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru.
  • Letters to Chief Ministers (1947-1964).
  • Published books like Letters from a Father to His Daughter, Glimpses of World History, An Autobiography, and The Discovery of India.
  • Original speeches from 1917 to 1964.
  • Writings on Nehru by contemporaries and materials from global archives.
  • The archive will be comprehensive, dynamic, and open-ended, constantly updated with new sources.
• Inspiration: Inspired by the U.S. based Wilson Center, the archive seeks to be the primary source for research on Nehru.
• Foundation: The JNMF was established in 1964.

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About Jawaharlal Nehru

• Birth: November 14, 1889, in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh.
• 1912: Returned to India and became an advocate but was not interested in practicing law.
• 1916: Joined Annie Besant’s Home Rule League.
• 1920: Met Mahatma Gandhi and entered the freedom struggle during the Non-Cooperation Movement.
• 1929-31: 
  • Advocated for complete independence for India in the 1929 Lahore session; 
  • Drafted a resolution on Fundamental Rights and Economic Policy, ratified in the 1931 Karachi Session presided by Sardar Patel.
• 1936: Presided over the Lucknow session of the Indian National Congress.
• 1940: Participated in the limited civil disobedience campaign ( Individual Satyagrah) led by Gandhi, sentenced to four years in prison.
• 1942: Designated by Gandhi as his political heir.
• 1947: Became the first Prime Minister of Independent India and was re-elected for consecutive terms. He remained PM for more than 16 years till his death in 1964.
• 1955: Awarded the Bharat Ratna.

Contributions of Jawaharlal Nehru

• Literary Work: Authored The Discovery of India, Glimpses of World History, and his autobiography Toward Freedom, as well as Letters from a Father to His Daughter.
• Education: Established institutions like IITs, AIIMS, and IIMs; included free and compulsory primary education for all children in his five-year plan.
• Industrial Development: Set up heavy industries, including iron and steel plants in Durgapur and Rourkela.
• Institutions: Laid the foundation for the National Defence Academy and the Atomic Energy Commission.
• Foreign Policy: Initiated the Non-Aligned Movement; signed the Panchsheel with China in 1954, marking the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence; known as the architect of India’s foreign policy.
• Governance: Appointed the States Reorganisation Commission in 1953 to create states based on linguistic lines.

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Lancet study says that India accounts for over a quarter of global diabetes cases, with approximately 21.2 crore people affected.

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Key Findings of the Study

• Global Diabetes Prevalence: An estimated 82.8 crore people globally had diabetes in 2022, marking a more than fourfold increase since 1990.
  • Other countries with high diabetes rates include China (14.8 crore), the U.S. (4.2 crore), Pakistan (3.6 crore), and Brazil (2.2 crore).
  • The highest increases have occurred in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).
• Untreated Diabetes Burden: Stagnation in diabetes treatment rates in Low and Middle Income Countries (LMIC) has left 44.5 crore adults with diabetes untreated globally.
• India’s Specific:
  • Nearly one-third of untreated diabetes cases worldwide (13.3 crore adults) reside in India.
• Challenges with Untreated Diabetes: Undiagnosed diabetes can lead to severe complications like diabetic retinopathy, a condition causing vision loss due to retinal damage.

Study on Diabetes in India

• The SMART India study is a statistical and economic modeling study on a cross-sectional and prospectively recruited participants from community-based screening in order to accurately identify people at risk of diabetes, pre-diabetes and complications of diabetes in India.
• Sample: Conducted across 10 Indian states and one union territory by researchers, including those from Chennai’s Sankara Nethralaya.
  • Involved 6,000+ diabetic patients aged 40 and above.
• Key Finding: Revealed that 12.5% of diabetes patients in India (around 30 lakh people) had diabetic retinopathy, with 4% at immediate risk of vision-threatening conditions.
• Better screening: The study emphasizes the need for regular diabetic retinopathy screenings.

Factors contributing to the high prevalence of diabetes in India

• Genetic Predisposition : Certain ethnic groups, including Indians, have a higher genetic predisposition to develop type 2 diabetes.
• Insulin Resistance: Indians tend to have higher levels of insulin resistance, making them more susceptible to the disease.
• Urbanization and Sedentary Lifestyle: The rapid urbanization and adoption of sedentary lifestyles have led to decreased physical activity and increased risk of obesity, both major risk factors for diabetes.
• Dietary Changes: The shift towards a more Westernized diet, high in processed foods, sugary drinks, and unhealthy fats, has contributed to the rise in diabetes.
• Lack of Awareness: Many people in India are unaware of their risk factors for diabetes and the importance of early detection and prevention.
• Limited Access to Healthcare: In rural areas, access to quality healthcare, including diabetes screening and management, can be limited.
• Socioeconomic Disparities: Poverty and socioeconomic inequalities can exacerbate the risk of diabetes by limiting access to healthy food, healthcare, and education.

Preventive and Policy Recommendations

• Healthy Lifestyle: Prevention through diet and exercise is critical to managing diabetes.
• Policy Initiatives: Restrict unhealthy foods, make healthier options more affordable, provide subsidies for nutritious foods, and introduce free healthy school meals.
• Enhanced Exercise Access: Promote safe public spaces for physical activity, like parks and fitness centers with free access.
• Innovative Approaches to Diabetes Diagnosis
  • Workplace and community-based screening programs.
  • Flexible healthcare hours to increase accessibility.
  • Integrating diabetes screening with other healthcare programs (e.g., HIV/AIDS, TB).
  • Utilize trusted community healthcare providers to improve diagnosis rates in underserved areas.

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Initiatives Taken In India To Reduce Diabetes Burden

• National Diabetes Policy: Launched in 2017, the policy aims to decrease the prevalence of diabetes in India by 20% by 2025.
• National Programme for Prevention & Control of Non-Communicable Diseases (NP-NCD): Under NP-NCD, glucometer and drugs for diabetes are provided as per the proposals received from the states.
• Population based screening under National Health Mission: Aims to prevent, control, and screen for common Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs), including diabetes, hypertension, and cancers.
  • The initiative specifically targets individuals over 30 years of age for screening.
• Eat Right India: The ‘Eat Right India’ movement was initiated by FSSAI under the aegis of the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare to curb consumption of sugar, salt and fat.
• Fitness Initiatives: Fit India and Khleo India movements are implemented by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, and various Yoga related activities are carried out by the Ministry of AYUSH.
• Medicine Availability: Quality generic medicines including insulin are made available at affordable prices to all, under ‘Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana’ (PMBJP), in collaboration with the State Governments.

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Deepening the ongoing cooperation over the Indian Ocean Region, India and the U.S. are set to hold the inaugural India-US Indian Ocean Dialogue.

About the India-US Indian Ocean Dialogue

• Historical Context: The roots of India-U.S. collaboration in the Indo-Pacific can be traced back to 2015, when President Barack Obama and Prime Minister Narendra Modi released the Joint Strategic Vision for the Asia-Pacific and Indian Ocean Region, laying a foundation for regional security and economic initiatives.
• Objective: The primary goal of the dialogue is to discuss and promote measures that enhance security and economic prosperity across the Indo-Pacific.
  • This collaborative approach addresses regional concerns such as maritime security, regional stability, and economic development.
• Key Participants: U.S. Deputy Secretary of State and Principal Deputy National Security Adviser will take part virtually.
• Technological Cooperation: Parallel to the dialogue, the iCET Intersessional meeting on Critical and Emerging Technologies is scheduled. 
• Recent Political Context: The dialogue takes place in the wake of the U.S. presidential election, with former President Donald Trump winning the election. As the transition progresses, both nations remain committed to enhancing their partnership, particularly in the Indo-Pacific.

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About Indian Ocean Dialogue

• The Indian Ocean Dialogue, organised by the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA), serves as a key platform for discussing regional security, economic growth, and cooperation across various sectors in the Indian Ocean Region.
• Origin: The Indian Ocean Dialogue was established following the 13th Council of Ministers Meeting in 2013 in Perth, Australia, underscoring the importance of regional collaboration for shared growth.
• Inaugural session: The first of the Indian Ocean Dialogue took place in Kerala, India, in 2014, focusing on various areas of cooperation, including maritime safety, disaster relief, and economic partnership.
• Areas of Discussion: Key areas discussed in the Indian Ocean Dialogue include economic cooperation, maritime safety, blue economy, and disaster response, which aim to address regional challenges and promote sustainable growth.

About Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA)

• Origin: The Indian Ocean Rim Association is an intergovernmental organisation established in 1997. 
• Members: It includes 23 member states and 11 dialogue partners, working collaboratively to foster regional cooperation and development.
  • Asia: India, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Maldives, Oman, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.
  • Africa: Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, Comoros, Mauritius, Seychelles.
  • Oceania: Australia.
  • Europe: France.
• Dialogue Partners: China, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Germany, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Russia, Türkiye, United Kingdom, and United States of America.
• Secretariat: IORA’s secretariat is based in Ebène, Mauritius, serving as the administrative hub for the organisation’s activities and regional engagements.
  Administration: The Council of Foreign Ministers, IORA’s highest decision-making body, convenes annually to review progress and set future goals for regional cooperation.

India-US Cooperations

• Defence Cooperation
  • Key Agreements: Foundational agreements like LEMOA, COMCASA, and BECA enhance military interoperability and secure communication channels between India and the U.S.
• Defense Trade: Key defence acquisitions include MQ-9B SeaGuardian drones and the co-production of GE F414 jet engines.

• Economic Engagement
  • Trade: The United States is India’s second-largest trading partner, with bilateral trade exceeding $191 billion in 2022.
    FDI: The U.S. invested $6.04 billion in India in the fiscal year 2022-23, strengthening economic ties.
• Strategic Partnerships
  • Multilateral Ties: India and the U.S. collaborate within frameworks like the Quad and I2U2. The U.S. also supports India’s bid for permanent membership in the United Nations Security Council (UNSC).
  • Clean Energy: Initiatives such as the Strategic Clean Energy Partnership (SCEP) and Climate Agenda 2030 encourage cooperation in renewable energy and critical mineral resources.
• Education Exchanges: Programs like the Fulbright-Nehru Program and GIAN foster educational exchanges and research partnerships.
• Cultural Property Agreement (2024): The 2024 agreement on cultural property safeguards Indian antiquities against illicit trafficking.
• Diaspora Ties: The Indian-American community, with a population of over 4.4 million, contributes to deepening cultural and academic ties between the two countries, strengthening the people-to-people link.

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About  Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technologies (iCET) 

• Purpose : The iCET serves as a cornerstone for India-U.S. cooperation in high-tech and emerging fields. 
  • The primary aim of iCET is to build strategic collaboration in critical technologies, focusing on co-development, supply chain resilience, and fostering robust technological partnerships between the two nations.

Key Focus Areas Under iCET

• Establishing Common AI Standards: iCET seeks to develop and align artificial intelligence (AI) standards, enabling interoperability and ethical AI practices.
  • This alignment aims to ensure that AI systems are developed in line with shared democratic values and reliable safety standards.
• Enhancing Defense Tech and Linking Startups: In defence, iCET focuses on advancing joint development and enhancing defence technology partnerships.
  • It also seeks to bridge Indian and U.S. defence startups, enabling innovation and cooperation across defence sectors.
• Building a Semiconductor Ecosystem: Recognizing the strategic importance of semiconductor technology, iCET supports initiatives to establish a resilient semiconductor ecosystem.
  • This collaboration includes fostering chip manufacturing capabilities, supply chain diversification, and securing critical semiconductor components.
• Strengthening Human Spaceflight Cooperation: iCET emphasises expanding human spaceflight cooperation.
  • This includes collaboration in satellite technology, planetary exploration, and supporting India’s space program as it advances human spaceflight initiatives.
• Advancing 5G/6G Development and OpenRAN Technology: iCET focuses on advancing telecom infrastructure with special attention to the next generation of telecommunications, including 5G and 6G technology. 
  • Collaborative work on Open Radio Access Network (OpenRAN) technology aims to create secure, flexible, and cost-effective network solutions.
• Expansion Of iCET: While iCET began as a bilateral initiative within the QUAD framework, there are strategic plans to extend this technological partnership to NATO and European allies, as well as to other global partners, thereby creating a wider network of tech cooperation based on shared principles and standards.

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British author Samantha Harvey has been awarded the prestigious 2024 Booker Prize for her novel, Orbital. 

Overview on Orbital

• Orbital is a thought-provoking exploration of humanity’s connection to Earth and the cosmos.
• Set aboard the International Space Station, the novel follows a group of astronauts as they orbit our planet, offering a unique perspective on its beauty and fragility.
• Harvey’s lyrical prose and insightful commentary on the human condition have earned her widespread acclaim.

About Booker Prize

• The Booker Prize, one of the most prestigious literary awards globally, was established in the United Kingdom in 1969. 
• Originally known as the Booker-McConnell Prize, it was created to celebrate and promote the highest quality of fiction written in English.
• Global Reach: Initially limited to Commonwealth writers, it now welcomes entries from writers of any nationality.
• Eligibility:  
  • The novel must be an original work written in English (not a translation).
  • It must be published in the UK or Ireland during the award year by a registered imprint; self-published works are excluded.
• Financial Reward: The prize money associated with the Booker Prize is  £50,000.
• International Booker Prize: Since 2016, the award has been given annually to a single work of fiction or collection of short stories, translated into English and published in the United Kingdom or Ireland.
  • The £50,000 prize for the winning title is shared equally between author and translator.

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Indian Booker Prize Laureate

Also Read: International Awards List

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As per the latest data released from the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), the total renewable energy installed capacity has increased by an impressive 24.2 GW (13.5%) in a year.

About Renewable Energy

• It is the source of energy which is derived from natural sources which are renewable in nature as it  gets constantly replenished at a higher rate than they are consumed and will never exhaust.
• Sources: 
  • Solar Energy: Solar technologies convert sunlight into electrical energy either through photovoltaic panels or through mirrors that concentrate solar radiation.
    • India’s solar energy potential is estimated to be 748 GWp as estimated by National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE).
  • Wind Energy: It harnesses the kinetic energy of moving air by using large wind turbines located on land (onshore) or in sea- or freshwater (offshore). 
  • Hydropower Energy: It harnesses the energy of water moving from higher to lower elevations. It can be generated from reservoirs and rivers.
  • Bioenergy: It is produced from a variety of organic materials, called biomass, such as wood, charcoal, dung and other manures for heat and power production, and agricultural crops for liquid biofuels.

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About India’s Renewable Energy Sector

• As per the REN21 Renewables 2024 Global Status Report, India ranks 4th globally in Renewable Energy Installed Capacity (4th in Wind Power capacity & 5th in Solar Power capacity). 
  • Total Installed Renewable Energy Capacity: As of October 2024, India’s total renewable energy installed capacity stands at 203.18 GW from 178.98 GW in October 2023
  • Total Non-Fossil Fuel Capacity: It stands at 211.36 GW in 2024, compared to 186.46 GW in 2023 also including Nuclear Energy.
• Contribution: Renewable Energy accounts for 46.3 percent of the country’s total installed capacity which has reached 452.69 GW
• Target: India plans to enhance its renewable energy capacity target to 500 GW by 2030 at the COP26 as part of a key pledge under the Panchamrit targets.
• Status of Renewable Energy Projects: As of October 2024, projects of 143.94 GW is under implementation and 89.69 GW are already tendered. 
  • The projects saw an increase from 99.08 GW under implementation and 55.13 GW tendered as of October 2023.
• Policies and Schemes: 
• • Governmental Pledges: India has committed to reduce the carbon intensity of the nation’s economy by less than 45% by 2030, and achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2070.
  • Foreign Direct Investment permitted up to 100 percent under the automatic route to attract investments.
  • National Green Hydrogen Mission: India aims to produce 5 Mn Tonnes of green hydrogen by 2030 revolutionising the green transport sector. The National Green Hydrogen Mission was approved with a budget of  INR 19,744 Cr.
  • Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan (PM-KUSUM): It aimed to increase the income of farmers by installing  solar irrigation pumps and provide sources of irrigation and de-dieselization the agricultural sector.
  • PM-Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana:  It aims to increase the share of solar rooftop capacity and empower residential households to generate their own electricity by providing subsidy of 60% of the solar unit cost for systems up to 2kW capacity.
• Significance:
  • Limit Climate Change: Renewables are the cleanest, most viable solution to prevent environmental degradation as they do not emit greenhouse gases in energy generation processes.
  • Inexhaustible Source: Clean energies being inexhaustible are essential for sustainable energy system allowing  development today without risking that of future generations
  • Reducing Energy Dependence:  Dependence on fossil fuel imports results in subordination to the economic and political short-term goals of the supplier country, which can compromise the security of energy supply
    • Example: The oil wars of the middle east.
  • Increasing Competitiveness:  Economies of scale and innovation are already resulting in renewable energies becoming at lightning speed the most sustainable solution, not only environmentally but also economically, for powering the world. 
  • Maintenance: Renewable energy systems, like solar panels, require less maintenance than traditional energy systems. 
  • Local resilience: Renewable energy can provide electricity close to where it’s used, which can help with local energy resilience

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The Centre has  released new guidelines on November 12, 2024.

Overview of the CCPA guidelines

• Issued by: Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA)
• Purpose: To prevent misleading claims by coaching centres, following complaints on the National Consumer Helpline
• Penalties so far: CCPA has issued 54 notices and imposed fines totaling Rs 54.60 lakh

Key Highlights of the CCPA Guidelines

• Prohibition of False Claims:
  • False Selection and Job Guarantees: Institutes are barred from making false claims about:
    • Course offerings and durations
    • Faculty credentials
    • Fee structure and refund policies
    • Selection rates and exam rankings
    • Guaranteed job security or salary increases
  • Course Information: Misleading claims on course duration, faculty qualifications, fee structures, and refund policies are prohibited.
• Definition of Coaching:
  • ‘Coaching’ includes academic support, education, guidance, study programs, and tuition.
  • Advertising Standards:
    • Covers all forms of advertising for academic support, guidance, and tuition.
    • Excludes non-academic activities like sports and creative pursuits.
  • Government’s Stance
    • Consumer Rights: Quality of advertisements should not undermine consumer rights.
• Use of Success Testimonials:
  • Consent Required: Institutes must obtain written consent from successful candidates before using their names, photos, or testimonials.
  • Transparency: Must clearly display disclaimers and provide complete information on course offerings.
• Accurate Representation:
  • Coaching centres must accurately present their resources, facilities, and course recognition, ensuring courses meet approval standards (e.g., AICTE, UGC).
  • Compliance Requirements
    • Course Recognition: Courses must be duly recognized and approved by a competent authority like AICTE, UGC, etc.
    • Penalties: Violations will attract penalties under the Consumer Protection Act.

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What Are Misleading Advertisements?

• Misleading advertisements use incorrect or unclear information to deceive consumers. 
• They may lead people to buy products or services based on false or exaggerated claims. 
• These ads are considered unethical and often illegal because they violate consumer trust.
• Key Features of Misleading Ads
  • False Claims: Statements that are simply untrue, like “100% success guaranteed” or “best product in the world.”
  • Exaggerated Benefits: Overstating the positive effects, such as a health product claiming it can cure diseases without evidence.
  • Missing Important Information: Leaving out essential details that could change a buyer’s decision, like hidden costs or limits on “free” offers.
  • Manipulated Testimonials: Using fake or selectively edited reviews that don’t reflect real customer experiences.
  • Fake Certifications: Displaying approval from recognized authorities that is either false or misleading.
  • Hidden Terms: Concealing conditions that might affect a consumer’s understanding, like eligibility criteria or time limits for special offers.

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In a recent effort to bolster marine resources and foster sustainable fishing practices, twenty-thousand pompano (Trachinotus blochii) fingerlings were released off the coast of Vizhinjam, Kerala as part of an artificial reef and sea ranching project.

Sea Ranching and Artificial Reef Project

• Objective: The primary goal is to restore fishery resources and support sustainable fishing through fingerling release. 
  • The project involves releasing one million pompano and cobia fingerlings at ten designated locations along the Thiruvananthapuram coastline as a follow up to the Artificial Reef Project.
• Implementation: The initial batch of 20,000 pompano fingerlings was released approximately 1.5 nautical miles off Vizhinjam. 
• Additionally, artificial reef modules funded under the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) have been deployed across 42 sites in 33 fishing villages within the district.
• Funding and  Support: Supported by the National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB), the ₹3-crore project received approval in March and is managed by the State Fisheries Department with fingerlings cultivated at the Ayiramthengu Fish Farm.

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About Sea Ranching

• Sea Ranching/ Ocean Ranching is releasing fingerlings raised in controlled environments to replenish oceanic and lacustrine ecosystems, supporting long-term resource availability for fishing communities.
• Purpose: Sea ranching is a government-led approach, focused on restoring fish populations and promoting marine sustainability. 
• Species Cultivated: Varied species, including oysters, mussels, carp, trout, and tilapia, are grown in hatcheries and released into natural waters, allowing them to mature in their native habitats.
• Technology Used: Modern ocean ranching relies on sophisticated breeding, rearing, and release technologies developed since the 1970s. These innovations help optimize species survival and integration into the wild.
• Benefits:
  • Economic: Replenishes fish stocks, aiding the fishing industry and local economies.
  • Social: Provides sustainable income sources for fishing communities.
  • Ecological: Supports environmental protection and ecosystem regeneration.

About Artificial Reefs

• Definition: Artificial reefs are human-made structures placed in aquatic environments to improve ecological conditions, providing habitats for marine species and enhancing fishery productivity.
• Uses:
  • Restoration: Helps restore ecosystems, including coral reefs.
  • Fish Production: Increases fish stocks for small-scale fishers.
  • Wave Protection: Helps mitigate coastal erosion by absorbing wave energy.
  • Habitat Creation: Provides food, shelter, and breeding grounds for marine species.
  • Recreational Benefits: Supports eco-tourism, snorkeling, and recreational fisheries.
  • Bottom Trawling Restriction: Deters harmful bottom trawling near shorelines.
• Materials: Reefs are constructed using durable materials like concrete, steel, and purpose-built modules in diverse shapes, such as triangular or floral designs.
• Examples:
  • CMFRI Project (India): Aids fish availability while reducing costs for small-scale fishers.
  • Dubai Reefs: Utilizes 3D printing to build an extensive artificial reef network.
  • Pearl of Dubai: Features an artistic, city-themed reef near Dubai’s coast.

Significance of the Initiative

• This combined sea ranching and artificial reef initiative not only supports marine biodiversity but also enhances local fisheries by increasing fish stocks and establishing stable marine habitats.
• The project aligns with the government’s sustainable development goals, safeguarding marine life and empowering coastal communities through sustainable fishing practices.

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About Silver Pompano

• Overview: The silver pompano, a tropical species also known as the snubnose pompano, is valued for mariculture due to its adaptability and market demand.
• Appearance and Habitat: Characterised by its torpedo-shaped body, the silver pompano inhabits the warm waters (25-29°C) of the Indo-Pacific, particularly around coral and rocky reefs.
• Economic Value: This high-value species fetches ₹300–₹400 per kg in India, supporting local fishers and fish markets.
• Harvesting Practices: Typically caught with drag nets, pompano are immediately chilled to maintain freshness, ensuring quality for the seafood market.

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The Union Environment Ministry has notified the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) (Manner of Holding Inquiry and Imposition of Penalty) Rules, 2024, which take effect immediately.

Key Highlights of the New Rules

• Decriminalization of Offences and Focus on Penalties: It decriminalized violations, replacing criminal charges with penalties for contraventions.
• Exemption for non-polluting Industry:“White” category industries, deemed non-polluting, are now exempt from obtaining prior permission under the Act to set up and operate.
• Role of Appointed Adjudication Officers: The amendments authorise the government to appoint officers responsible for adjudicating violations and determining penalties.
  • The adjudicating officer must hold a rank not below that of a joint secretary or secretary to the state government.
• Authority to File Complaints: Authorised officers from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), State Pollution Control Boards (SPCB), Pollution Control Committees, and Integrated Regional Offices of the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change may file complaints regarding violations under the Act.
• Relevant Sections for Violations : Sections 41, 41A, 42, 43, 44, 45A, and 48 which primarily relate to the release of industrial pollutants and effluents.

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About the Water Prevention and Control of Pollution Act, 1974

• Objective: To prevent and control water pollution by regulating pollution sources and ensuring water quality standards.

• Applicability: Initially applied to 15 states and Union Territories.Other states can adopt it through a resolution under Article 252 of the Constitution.
  • Currently it is applicable in 25 States and UTs
• Regulatory Bodies:
  • Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB): Oversees national water pollution control efforts.
  • State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs): Implement pollution control measures at the state level.

Key Provisions of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974

• Prior Approval: Industries must obtain prior permission from the respective State Board before setting up operations.
• Information Collection: Boards collect data on water pollution sources and levels.
• Guidelines and Directives: Boards issue guidelines and directives to control pollution.
• Regulation of Activities: Boards regulate activities that impact water quality.

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Prohibitions and Penalties

• Prohibits the discharge of sewage or industrial effluents into water bodies.
• Imposes penalties for violations of the Act.
• It empowers regulatory bodies to monitor, regulate, and enforce pollution control measures, ensuring the protection of water resources for future generations.

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WIPO Indicators 2024 Report

According to WIPO Indicators 2024 report, India has exhibited a remarkable growth in the patents, designs & trademarks filings .

Key Highlights

• Patent: India now ranks 6th globally in patent filings, with a total of 64,480 filings. 
  • This marks a 15.7% increase from previous levels, showcasing the country’s strengthening role in global innovation.
  • The country’s Patent-to-GDP ratio surged to 381 from 144 over the past decade.
• Trademarks: India’s IP (intellectual property) office is the second highest globally in trademarks, with 3.2 million registrations in 2023.
  • India ranks 4th globally in trademark filings, up by 6.1% in 2023 with nearly 90% from residents.
  • Health, agriculture and clothing being the top sectors.
• Industrial Design: Similarly, India moved up to 10th globally for industrial design filings with a 36.4% increase in 2023, showing significant growth in creative design 
  • Textiles & accessories, tools & machines, and health & pharma, together accounting for nearly half of all designs.

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About World Intellectual Property Report

Published: Annually

Published By: WIPO

Objective: 

• It offers fresh insights into the role of innovation in market economies and, in doing so, fosters evidence-based policy-making.  
• Each edition focuses on specific trends in an area of intellectual property (IP).

Further Reading: WIPO

Symposium on ‘Green Transition in States’ and ASSET platform

Context: Recently, A symposium was held on the “Green Transition in States” at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi and the ASSET platform was launched by NITI Aayog. 

More on the news

• Organized by: NITI Aayog, Govt of India, in collaboration with ISEG Foundation (knowledge partner)

About ASSET Platform

• ASSET platform refers to Accelerating Sustainable Solutions for Energy Transition.
• Objective: This platform is designed to help states fast-track their green transition efforts.
• Launch By: It was launched by NITI Aayog in collaboration with the Ministry of Power and the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.  
• Functions:
• • Assists in creating and implementing state-level energy transition plans.
  • Develops bankable projects for financing.
  • Showcases best practices and innovations in fields like Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS), Green Hydrogen, energy efficiency, e-mobility, and offshore wind.

Importance of State Role

• National Goals: States play a crucial role in achieving India’s goal of becoming a developed nation (Viksit Bharat) by 2047 and reaching Net-zero GHG emissions by 2070.
• Energy Transition Plans: States need to:
  • Prepare comprehensive energy transition blueprints.
  • Develop investible projects and ensure effective implementation.
  • Foster innovation in emerging technologies.

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NFRA Recommendation Revision of the Standard quality control (SCQ1) and Standard quality management

Context: The National Financial Reporting Authority (NFRA) held its 18th Meeting on November 11-12, 2024 and approved its standards on quality control.

More on the news

• Attendees: 11 members of NFRA, including representatives from CAG, RBI, SEBI, independent experts, and ICAI representatives
• Approval of 33 Global Standards: NFRA approved other 33 Auditing Standards to align with global practices.

Major Recommendations

• Quality Control Standards:
  • NFRA recommends revising existing quality control standards (SQC1) to align with global standards (ISQM1 and ISQM2).
    • This revision aims to improve the quality of audits conducted by Chartered Accountants in India.
• Auditing Standard SA 600 (Revised):
  • NFRA recommends adopting a revised version of SA 600, which will be applicable to Public Interest Entities (PIEs) only, excluding certain public sector entities.
    • This revised standard focuses on the auditor’s responsibility to consider fraud in an audit of financial statements.
• Naming of Indian Auditing Standards:
  • NFRA has recommended naming Indian Auditing Standards as “IndAS,” similar to the practice in countries like the UK, Australia, and Singapore.
    • This will help in better understanding and implementation of these standards.

Chalo India Campaign

Context: The Ministry of Tourism to launch its Chalo India campaign on the sidelines of the ongoing World Travel Mart in London.

• Theme: The focus of this year`s India pavilion is MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, and Exhibitions tourism), Mahakhumbh and wedding tourism.

About the Chalo India Campaign

• As per the campaign, an Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) cardholder can nominate five foreign nationals on a special portal who will be eligible for a gratis e-visa (visa granted without fees).
  • The government through this move will allow “friends” of diaspora members to get free visas.
• The total number of free e-visas to be granted under the said initiative is one lakh.
• The OCI cardholders will register on the special portal with key details of their nominated friends
  • They will be assigned a unique code after due verification which the designated friends can then use the special code to avail of a free visa.
• Aim: To  bring more foreign tourists to India.

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About Overseas Citizen of India (OCI)

• It is a status allowing people of Indian origin (PIO) to live and work in India indefinitely
  • The foreigner has to be ordinarily resident of India to be eligible to apply for OCI registration in India.
• Introduced: The Scheme was introduced by amending the Citizenship Act, 1955 in August 2005. 
  • The Government of India also merged the Person of Indian Origin (PIO) card scheme with the Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) card scheme in 2015
• Eligibility: 
  • A foreign national who was a citizen of India at the time of or at any time after 26th January, 1950
  • A foreign national who is a minor child and whose both parents are citizens of India or one of the parents is a citizen of India.
  • A foreign national who belonged to a territory that became part of India after 15th August, 1947
  • A foreign national who is a child or a grandchild or a great grandchild of such a citizen
  • Foreign nationals cannot apply for OCI in India while on Tourist Visa, Missionary Visa and Mountaineering Visa. 
• Privileges:
  • Permanent Residency: OCI cardholders can live and work in India indefinitely.
  • Lifetime Visa: OCI cardholders are eligible for multiple-entry, multi-purpose visa to visit India for life. 
  • No Reporting: OCI cardholders are exempt from reporting to the police for any length of stay in India. 
  • Parity with NRIs: OCI cardholders are treated equally to Non-Resident Indians in areas including, Financial, economic, and educational fields; Inter-country adoption of Indian children; Entry fees to national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, national monuments, historical sites, and museums.
  • Land Ownership: OCI cardholders can own land and make other investments in India.

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