Recently, the Sri Lankan President Anura Kumara Dissanayake held bilateral talks with India’s Prime Minister  on his three day visit to India.

• Political Significance of Visit: This shows the strength of India Sri Lanka relations as it is Mr. Dissanayake’s first foreign trip after assuming charge as the President.
• Joint Statement: The Ministry of External Affairs has released the “ India – Sri Lanka Joint Statement: Fostering Partnerships for a Shared Future.”

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Key Outcomes of the Visit

• This meeting strengthened Prime Minister Modi’s vision of ‘SAGAR’ (Security and Growth for All in the Region) and India’s ‘Neighbourhood First’ policy.
• It would help in containing  China’s attempts to increase its military presence in the Indian Ocean.
  • Example: The docking of the Chinese missile and satellite tracking ship ‘Yuan Wang’ at Hambantota port.
• Development Cooperation
  • Example: Projects such as Phase III & IV of Indian Housing Project, 3 Islands Hybrid Renewable Energy Project and High Impact Community Development Projects across Sri Lanka
• Political Exchanges
  • Underscored the importance of regular parliamentary level exchanges to promote democratic values
• Training and Capacity Building
  • Agreed to organise focused training of 1500 Sri Lankan civil servants across ministries and departments over a period of five years through the 
• Debt Restructuring
  • Emergency financing and forex support worth USD 4 billion by India to stabilise Srilankan economy. 
• Cultural and Tourism Development
  • Successful resumption of flights between Chennai and Jaffna.
• Strategic & Defence Cooperation
  • Provision of a Dornier Aircraft for maritime surveillance to Sri Lanka
• Discussion over issue of Tamil minorities
  • India expects to implement the Constitution of Sri Lanka to hold provincial council elections.
• Concerns of fishermen were discussed
  • Acknowledging the issues faced by fishermen on both sides and factoring the livelihood concerns, the leaders agreed on the need to continue to address these in a humanitarian manner.
• Progress in Digital Infrastructure
  • Expediting implementation of Sri Lanka Unique Digital Identity (SLUDI) project, promotes digital financial transactions by extending the use of UPI digital payments for the benefit of both countries.
• Energy Cooperation
  • India and Sri Lanka will establish electricity grid connectivity and a multi-product petroleum pipeline that will further boost investment and commercial links between the nations.
  • Implementation of the solar power project in Sampur and further augment its capacity as per the requirements of Sri Lanka.
• Strengthening Cultural Ties via Tourism
  • Discussed the Ramayana circuit and the Buddhist circuit for tourism in each other’s countries.
  • Announced a ferry service between Rameshwaram (Tamil Nadu) and Talaimannar (Sri Lanka) to boost connectivity between the two nations.

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India-Srilanka: Various Facets of Bilateral Cooperation

• Historical Background Cultural and Ethnic Ties: India and Sri Lanka share deep-rooted historical connections.
  • • Example: via Buddhism, Hinduism, and ancient trade relations.
  • Colonial and Post-Colonial Period: During the colonial era, the two countries saw economic exchanges.
  • Shared values of democracy and regional cooperation.
• Economic: 
  • Bilateral Trade: India-Sri Lanka trade stood at $5.45 billion in FY 2022-23, with India exporting goods worth $4.9 billion, including petroleum, pharmaceuticals, and food items.
  • Key Investments: India is among Sri Lanka’s top investors, with companies like IOC, Tata, and Airtel contributing to infrastructure, retail, and energy sectors.
  • Crisis Support: During Sri Lanka’s 2022 economic crisis, India extended over $4 billion in credit lines and aid for essential imports, showcasing strong economic ties.
• Cooperation in Multilateral Groupings: SAARC, BIMSTEC
  • India and Sri Lanka cooperate in regional forums like SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) and BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation) to promote regional stability, trade, and development.
  • Example: Sri Lanka actively participated in India-led initiatives for pandemic response and disaster management through these platforms.
• Strategic Importance of Sri Lanka for India
  • Indian Ocean Security: Sri Lanka’s location in the Indian Ocean makes it strategically vital for India, especially concerning maritime security and countering China’s growing presence in the region.
  • Example: The Hambantota Port lease to China raised concerns in India.
• Defence Cooperation
  • Both nations agreed to explore the possibility of concluding a framework agreement on defence cooperation  through joint exercises, maritime surveillance, and defence dialogue and exchanges.

Challenges in India-Sri Lanka Relations

• Katchatheevu Island Dispute:
  • Indian fishermen often face arrests or attacks by the Sri Lankan Navy for alleged poaching in the region.
  • Tamil Nadu demands retrieval of Katchatheevu, claiming it historically belonged to India.
• Tamil Issue– India’s Support:
  • Advocates for the full implementation of the 13th Amendment to ensure Tamil autonomy through Provincial Councils.
• Docking of Chinese Vessels:
  • Chinese military and research vessels, like Yuan Wang 5, docking in Colombo or Hambantota ports raise security concerns for India.
• Debt Diplomacy: 
  • Sri Lanka’s reliance on Chinese loans for infrastructure projects like Hambantota Port has led to Chinese control of strategic assets, challenging India’s regional interests.

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Path Ahead for the India-Sri Lanka relations

• Deepen Economic Integration
  • Finalize the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) to boost bilateral trade and investment.
• Resolve Fishermen Disputes
  • Develop a robust monitoring mechanism and encourage alternative livelihoods.
• Tackle Strategic Challenges
  • Strengthen maritime partnerships to counterbalance Chinese influence.
• Promote Tamil Reconciliation
  • Collaborate with Sri Lanka to expedite the devolution process and improve living standards for Tamils in the Northern Province.
• Sustainable Energy Cooperation
  • Expand renewable energy projects, especially in solar and wind, to ensure mutual benefits.
• Neighbourhood First Policy of India
  • Being one of the closest neighbours of India, Srilanka plays a pivotal role in strengthening our geostrategic stance.

Conclusion

India-Sri Lanka relations, shaped by history and geography, offer immense potential for cooperation across economic, cultural, and strategic dimensions. Addressing challenges through a balanced and inclusive approach will ensure a strong partnership in the Indian Ocean Region.

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The growing reliance on space technologies for climate monitoring and other critical functions has heightened concerns about the environmental impact of space activities, particularly satellite interference and orbital debris.

Background

• According to the European Space Agency, as of September 2024, there had been around 6,740 rocket launches since 1957 that placed 19,590 satellites in orbit. 
  • Around 13,230 are still in space and of them 10,200 are still functional.

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About Climate Footprint

• A climate footprint refers to the total amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitted into the atmosphere as a result of human activities.
• It is a measure of how much a particular activity, product, or organisation contributes to global warming and climate change.

Environmental Impact of Space Activities

• Emissions of Greenhouse Gases: Every rocket launch emits carbon dioxide, black carbon, and water vapor, contributing to global warming.
  • Black Carbon’s Role: Black carbon absorbs sunlight 500 times more effectively than carbon dioxide, significantly amplifying the warming effect.
  • Growing Commercial Launches: Increased frequency of rocket launches intensifies these emissions, exacerbating their cumulative impact on the climate.
• Ozone Layer Depletion: Rocket propellants, especially those using chlorine-based chemicals, deplete the ozone layer at high altitudes, leading to increased ultraviolet radiation exposure on Earth.
  • Ozone depletion affects atmospheric circulation, contributing to global climate changes.
• Harmful Satellite Debris: When satellites burn up in the atmosphere at the end of their missions, they release “satellite ash” in the middle atmospheric layers.
  • This metallic ash could disrupt atmospheric composition and alter climate patterns.
• Carbon Footprint of Satellite Production and Operations
  • Energy-Intensive Manufacturing: Satellite production involves energy-heavy processes requiring metals and composite materials, resulting in significant carbon emissions.
  • In-Orbit Emissions: Satellite propulsion systems emit gases while adjusting location and orientation, adding to atmospheric pollution.
• Future Concerns with Space Mining: Space mining, such as extracting minerals from asteroids, could lead to intensified industrial activities both in space and on Earth.
  • Though not yet operational, space mining could have profound ecological consequences in the future.

About Orbital Debris

• Definition: Orbital debris, or space junk, includes defunct satellites, spent rocket stages, and fragments from satellite break-ups in low Earth orbit (LEO).
• Scale of the Problem
  • Fragmentation Events: Over 650 fragmentation events (break-ups, explosions, and collisions) have been recorded.
  • Mass of Space Objects: The total mass of all objects in orbit exceeds 13,000 tonnes.
  • High-Speed Movement: Debris can travel at speeds of up to 29,000 km/hr, making even tiny fragments highly destructive.
• Orbital Space as a Limited Resource
  • Pollution in Space: Non-functional objects in orbit occupy valuable space, constituting a form of pollution similar to that on Earth.
  • Risk Amplification: The growing number of non-functional objects increases the likelihood of collisions, creating more debris in a cascading effect.
• Risks to Satellites and Space Missions
  • Satellite Damage: High-speed collisions can destroy satellite components critical for communication, navigation, and climate monitoring.
  • Increased Costs: Operators must invest in shielding technologies.
    • Costly manoeuvres are required to avoid collisions, raising mission expenses.
  • Threat to the International Space Station (ISS): The ISS frequently adjusts its orbit to avoid collisions with debris, highlighting the risks to human missions.
• Interference with Scientific Data Collection
  • Impact on Earth Observation: Orbital debris interferes with data collection for disaster tracking, weather monitoring, and other Earth-related observations.
  • Radio Signal Disruption: Debris can interfere with radio waves, hampering the efficiency of scientific studies.

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Barriers to Space-Sector Sustainability

• Absence of Clear Guidelines: The space sector lacks comprehensive international regulations to control emissions and manage debris.
  • Without standards, emissions from rockets and satellites risk becoming overlooked contributors to global warming.
• Outside Global Agreements: Space activities currently fall outside international sustainability instruments like the Paris Agreement

• Overcrowding of Low Earth Orbit (LEO): The rising number of satellites and debris in LEO increases collision risks, making missions more expensive and complex.
  • Overcrowding diminishes space’s potential as a shared global resource, restricting equitable access.
• Insufficient International Cooperation: Collaboration through organizations like the Committee on the Peaceful Use of Outer Space (COPUOS) is essential to establish binding and enforceable sustainability standards.
  • Without unified action, sustainability challenges in space remain unresolved.
    • The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) is a United Nations body established in 1959 to promote international cooperation in the peaceful use of outer space.
• Non Binding provisions of the Outer Space Treaty (1967): The Outer Space Treaty promotes responsible use of space but lacks binding clauses to address environmental concerns.
  • The Outer Space Treaty serves as the foundation of international space law, promoting peaceful uses of outer space and banning the placement of weapons in space.

Measures To Make Space Exploration More Sustainable

• Adoption of Reusable Rockets: Reusable rockets like those by SpaceX and Blue Origin lower manufacturing waste and reduce costs by enabling multiple uses of rocket components.
  • However, associated challenges include:
    • Heavier reusable components increase fuel consumption.
    • Limited applicability for high-orbit missions.
    • Wear-and-tear necessitates costly refurbishments, making scalability a challenge.
• Transition to Cleaner Fuels like liquid hydrogen and/or biofuels: Cleaner alternatives like liquid hydrogen and biofuels can reduce harmful emissions during launches.
  • However, Hydrogen production relies heavily on non-renewable energy, negating its environmental benefits.
  • Cryogenic fuels, though efficient, are expensive and complex to handle, limiting their accessibility to smaller operators.
  • Electric propulsion offers a low-emission alternative, ideal for in-orbit manoeuvres.
    • However, its low thrust restricts its use to specific missions like in-orbit manoeuvres.
• Use of Biodegradable Satellite Materials: Designing satellites with biodegradable materials could prevent long-term debris accumulation by allowing natural disintegration during re-entry.
  • However, current materials lack the durability needed for extreme space conditions.
    • High development costs and limited adoption slow progress.
• Deployment of Autonomous Debris Removal (ADR) Technologies: Robotic arms and laser systems can help clean up orbital debris.
  • Challenges: High operational costs and Legal and regulatory uncertainty hinders safe and widespread deployment.
• Establishment of a Global Traffic System: A global system for real-time monitoring of satellites and debris can optimise orbit use and reduce collisions.
  • However, resistance to data-sharing, including due to security and commercial concerns, and the lack of a unified international authority hinders its establishment.
• Global Cooperation: International cooperation through bodies like the Committee on the Peaceful Use of Outer Space (COPUOS) is necessary to create enforceable standards in this context.

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Way Forward

• International Collaboration: Binding agreements via bodies like COPUOS can standardise emission limits, debris mitigation measures, and data-sharing protocols.
• Prioritising Green Technologies: Governments and private entities can focus funding on:
  • Advanced propulsion systems.
  • ADR technologies.
  • Biodegradable satellite materials.
• Incentives for Sustainable Practices: Financial rewards, subsidies, or penalties can nudge private players toward adopting sustainable technologies and practices.

Conclusion

Space technology plays a crucial role in climate monitoring and disaster management. However, rising environmental costs, both for Earth’s atmosphere and outer space, require immediate attention and coordinated global action.

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The Smuggling in India Report 2023-24, released by the Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI), highlights several alarming trends in smuggling activities across various sectors.

• Recently , the Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI ) celebrated its 67th Foundation Day in New Delhi.

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Key Findings of Smuggling in India Report 2023-24

• Cocaine Smuggling: A significant increase in cocaine smuggling was observed, particularly through air passenger routes.
  • The DRI seized 107.31 kg of cocaine in 2023-24, a substantial rise from the previous year.
• Cannabis and Other Drugs: Smuggling of cannabis, heroin, methamphetamine, and other drugs continues to be a major concern.
  • Seizures of these substances were made across various routes, including land, sea, and air.
• Increased Gold Smuggling: Gold smuggling remains a persistent issue, with India being a major destination for illicit gold imports.
  • The DRI seized 1,319 kg of gold in 2023-24, highlighting the scale of this problem.
• Illegal Wildlife Trade: India is a major transit point for illegal wildlife trade, particularly for endangered species like pangolins, tigers, and rhinos.
• • The DRI seized elephant tusks and other wildlife products, indicating the ongoing threat to India’s biodiversity.
• Counterfeit Goods: The smuggling of counterfeit goods, including luxury items and electronics, continues to be a significant problem.
• Trade Fraud: Misuse of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) and other trade regulations to evade customs duties and import low-quality goods.
• Diverse Smuggling Methods: Smugglers employ various methods, such as concealing gold in luggage, body cavities, or electronic devices.
• Collaborative approach: In the immediate neighbourhood DRI shared 17 actionable intelligences through its network leading to many seizures in these Countries.

About Smuggling

• Smuggling is the illegal transportation of goods, especially across national borders.
•  Primarily driven by economic benefits, tax evasion, and avoidance of import/export restrictions.

Types of Smuggling

• Narcotics Smuggling: Illegal trade of drugs like heroin, cocaine, and cannabis.
• Arms Smuggling: Illegal trade of weapons and ammunition.
• Human Smuggling: Illegal transportation of people across borders.
• Wildlife Smuggling: Illegal trade of endangered species and their products.
• Cultural Artifacts Smuggling: Illegal trade of historical and cultural artifacts.
• Counterfeit Goods Smuggling: Illegal trade of fake products.
• Gold Smuggling: Illegal importation of gold to avoid import duties.

Major Narcotics Hubs

• Golden Crescent: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan.
• Golden Triangle: Myanmar, Laos, and Thailand.
• South America: Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia.
• Mexico and Central America: A significant transit route for drugs to the US.

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Global Initiatives to Combat Smuggling

• United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances: An international treaty to combat drug trafficking.
• World Customs Organization (WCO): Promotes cooperation among customs administrations to combat smuggling.
• INTERPOL: Facilitates international police cooperation to address transnational crime, including smuggling.
• United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540 (2004) requires States to take and enforce effective border controls and law enforcement efforts to combat the illicit trafficking of weapons of mass destruction, their delivery systems and related materials, equipment and technology.
  • India’s national legislation contained in the Weapons of Mass Destruction (Prohibition of Unlawful Activities) Act, 2005, Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) Act, 1992 and Customs Act, 1962 are in consonance with the mandate of Resolution 1540.

Indian Initiatives

• Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI): A specialized agency of the Indian government to combat smuggling and economic offenses.
• Border Security Force (BSF): Guards India’s land borders to prevent smuggling.
• Coast Guard: Protects India’s maritime borders and prevents smuggling by sea.
• Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI): Investigates major smuggling cases and organized crime.

Challenges in Combating Smuggling

• Sophisticated Smuggling Techniques: Smugglers use advanced methods to evade detection.
• Cross-Border Cooperation: Effective international cooperation is essential to combat transnational smuggling.
• Corruption: Corruption among officials can facilitate smuggling activities.
• Limited Resources: Inadequate resources and training can hinder law enforcement efforts.
• Economic Incentives: High profits from smuggling can motivate individuals to engage in illegal activities.

Way Forward 

• Strengthen Surveillance and Technology: Deploy advanced surveillance tools like drones, AI, and big data analytics at land, air, and sea borders. Enhance the use of X-ray scanners and non-intrusive inspection systems for cargo and passengers.
• Enhance Cross-Border Cooperation: Strengthen intelligence-sharing mechanisms with neighboring and global agencies to target transnational smuggling networks. Collaborate with organizations like INTERPOL and the WCO for coordinated anti-smuggling operations.
• Capacity Building for Enforcement Agencies: Provide specialized training to DRI, BSF, and Coast Guard personnel to tackle sophisticated smuggling techniques. Invest in infrastructure and manpower for efficient monitoring and enforcement.
• Strict Regulation and Policy Measures: Rationalize import duties on high-demand goods like gold to reduce economic incentives for smuggling. Implement stricter checks on misuse of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) and counterfeit goods trade.
• Public Awareness and Community Engagement: Educate border communities on the consequences of smuggling to reduce local participation. Launch campaigns to create awareness about wildlife protection and discourage illegal trade.

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About the Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI)

• The DRI was established in 1957 and functions as the apex intelligence and investigation agency for anti-smuggling operations in India.
• Administrative Structure: It operates under the Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC), which is part of the Ministry of Finance, Government of India.
• Functions:
  • The DRI is responsible for detecting and curbing smuggling activities, including drug trafficking, illegal international trade in wildlife, and environmentally sensitive items.
  • It also combats commercial frauds related to international trade and ensures the prevention of customs duty evasion.
• Enforcement Powers: The agency enforces the provisions of the Customs Act, 1962, as well as over fifty other allied laws. These include significant statutes such as:
  • Arms Act.
  • Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act.
  • The Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act (COFEPOSA).
  • Wildlife Protection Act.
  • Antiquities and Art Treasures Act.

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The Government of India has declined Kerala’s request to draw a parallel between the Tuticorin port and the Vizhinjam port regarding the conditions for providing the Central share of Viability Gap Funding (VGF).

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About Tuticorin Port (Outer Harbour Container Terminal)

• Tuticorin Port (Outer Harbour Container Terminal) is located in Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, India.
• It is a major port on the southern coast of India, strategically located on East-West international shipping routes.
• The port is undergoing significant expansion with the development of the Outer Harbour Container Terminal.
  • This expansion aims to increase the port’s capacity to handle larger vessels and more cargo.
• Authority: Developed and managed by V.O. Chidambaranar (VOC) Port Authority, an autonomous body under the Government of India.
• Funding Model: No repayment condition for VGF since the project is a Central initiative.
  • Revenue and expenditure are directly managed by the VOC Port Authority.
• Operational Model: Not subject to any revenue-sharing agreements.

Vizhinjam Port (International Seaport)

• Location: Vizhinjam, Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala, India
• Authority: Adani Vizhinjam Private Port Limited (AVPPL) under a public-private partnership (PPP) model
• Funding: State government support through a Viability Gap Funding (VGF) scheme
• Significance: Aims to be a major international seaport, enhancing India’s maritime trade, boosting Kerala’s economy, and creating employment opportunities.

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A recent study published  in Science Advances revealed that lower sulphate concentrations in the air combined with low temperatures (around -35°C) reduce the acidity of particulate matter (PM) particles.

• This reduction in acidity increases the production of hydroxymethanesulphonate (HMS), a component of PM2.5, in the atmosphere.

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About the Hydroxymethanesulphonate

• Formation of Hydroxymethanesulphonate (HMS): HMS is a secondary aerosol formed when sulphur dioxide (SO₂) reacts with formaldehyde (CH₂O) in the presence of liquid water. It was previously believed to form only under warm conditions.
• Surprising Results: The study discovered that HMS can form even under extremely cold conditions, challenging earlier assumptions about its chemical pathways.
• HMS as a Secondary Aerosol: Hydroxymethanesulphonate is classified as a secondary aerosol because it forms in the atmosphere through chemical reactions involving primary pollutants like sulphur dioxide (SO₂).
• Multiplication Impact on PM2.5: The formation of HMS increases the acidity of particulate matter (PM2.5), which in turn promotes the formation of other secondary aerosols.
  • This process exacerbates air quality issues by increasing pollution levels.

Applications of Hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMS)

• Environmental Science: HMS is a significant intermediate species in the formation of atmospheric aerosols, particularly during haze events. Studying HMS helps understand the formation and properties of aerosols.
• Air Quality Monitoring: It serves as a marker for the presence of certain pollutants and can be used to assess air quality.
• Industrial Applications: HMS can be used as a precursor for various chemical compounds and reactions.
  • It could potentially be used as a sulfonating agent in organic synthesis, introducing sulfonic acid groups into molecules.
• Water Treatment: It has potential applications in water treatment processes, particularly for removing certain pollutants or controlling water chemistry.
• Biochemistry: HMS can be used in biochemical research to study enzyme kinetics and other biological processes.

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India’s Commerce Secretary has confirmed that Switzerland’s suspension of the Most Favoured Nation (MFN) treatment for India will not impact the FTA between India and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) nations.

About India-EFTA Trade Agreement

• Historical Background: Negotiations on a broad-based Trade and Investment Agreement between India and the EFTA States were officially launched in January 2008. 
• Environment and Labor Integration: India has agreed to include issues such as environment and labor, which it has traditionally opposed incorporating in trade agreements.
• Emphasis on Investment Facilitation: India-EFTA FTA includes a detailed investment chapter, which is missing in the other recent Indian FTAs.
  • It focuses on investment facilitation issues, not investment protection.
• Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Commitment from EFTA Nations: India has managed to extract a promise from the EFTA countries that they shall “aim to” increase FDI to India to $50 billion within 10 years of the FTA coming into force.
  • Followed by another $50 billion in the succeeding five years.
• Commitment to Job Creation in India: Article 7.1(3)(b) of the investment chapter provides that the EFTA states shall “aim to” facilitate the generation of one million jobs in India.
  • These articles codify the obligation to make an honest endeavor towards achieving a goal, notwithstanding the outcome or the result.
  • EFTA countries are legally obligated to make an honest effort to invest $100 billion and generate one million jobs in India.

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About European Free Trade Association (EFTA) nations

• EFTA was established  on May 3, 1960 with the aim to set up for the promotion of free trade and economic integration to the benefit of its member states and the benefit of their trading partners around the globe. 
• Members: The EFTA countries are all part of the Schengen area and all its member states are members of the WTO. It consists of four European countries – Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland. 
• Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland.
• Mandates: The main tasks of the Association are threefold:
  • Regulation of Economic Relations: Maintaining and developing the EFTA Convention, which regulates economic relations between the four EFTA States.
  • Managing the Agreement on the European Economic Area (EEA Agreement): This EEA Agreement brings together the EU and 3 of the EFTA States – Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway – in a single or also referred to as Internal Market.
  • For Free Trade Agreements: Developing EFTA’s worldwide network of free trade agreements (FTAs).

About Trade Agreements

• Trade agreements are formal arrangements between two or more countries, defining specific terms for trade, commerce, or investment.
• These agreements typically involve concessions that benefit all participating parties.
• They can be classified into different types depending on the level of tariff relaxation  and investment agreements.

Types of trade agreements

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About India’s Trade Agreements

• India has signed 13 Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) and Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) with various countries and economic blocs to strengthen its trade relations and improve market access.
• Additionally India has six limited coverage Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) with various countries.

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The UK has recently become the first European country to join the Indo-Pacific trade bloc, known as the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP).

• In 2023, the CPTPP parties and the UK signed the accession protocol, enabling the UK to join the trade bloc.

About CPTPP

• The CPTPP is a free trade agreement between Japan, Malaysia, Vietnam, Australia, Singapore, Brunei, New Zealand, Canada, Mexico, Peru, Chile and the UK.
• It is one of the biggest trading blocs in the world, worth 15% of global GDP once the UK joins.
• Background: In 2005, aTrans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) with 12 Nations was formed with a trade agreement  between a small group of Pacific Rim countries comprising Brunei, Chile, New Zealand, and Singapore.
  • The United States withdrew from the original TPP in 2017, after which the agreement was rebranded as the CPTPP.
  • The UK is the first European country to join the agreement, and the largest economy after Japan.
  • Except for the UK, the remaining 11 member nations of CPTPP are also members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC).
• Strategic Significance: Objectives:
  • Promote free trade by reducing tariffs across member nations.
  • Strengthen economic integration and cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region.
• Trade Features
• • Unlike the EU, the CPTPP does not create a single market or require regulatory harmonization.
  • Allows flexibility with “rules of origin,” enabling companies to decide how to apply these trade provisions.
• Global Influence: Member nations collectively account for 15% of global trade, providing strategic leverage in international trade dynamics.

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Implications for Britain

• This marks Britain’s largest trade deal since its departure from the European Union (Brexit) which reinforces a strategic pivot towards global partnerships post-Brexit.
• It establishes Britain’s first trade agreements with Malaysia and Brunei.
• Britain can now influence decisions on future CPTPP applicants like China, Taiwan, Costa Rica, and Indonesia.
  • This strategic move complements Britain’s goal of building global trade ties and increasing influence in the Indo-Pacific region.

India’ s concerns regarding CPTPP

• Impact on Domestic Industries: India’s labor and environmental standards may not align with the stringent requirements of the CPTPP, potentially putting domestic industries at a disadvantage.
• Regulatory Hurdles: Compliance with stricter regulations could increase costs for Indian businesses and hinder their competitiveness.
• Impact on Generic Drug Industry: India’s generic drug industry, a global leader, could face challenges due to stronger IPR protections in the CPTPP.
• Data Localization Concerns: The agreement’s provisions on data flow and localization could impact India’s data protection policies and digital sovereignty.
• Agricultural Products: India’s sensitive agricultural sectors, such as dairy and sugar, could face limited market access due to tariff barriers and non-tariff measures.
• Manufacturing Sectors: Certain manufacturing sectors might not benefit significantly from the agreement, as they may not be competitive enough to exploit new market opportunities.
• Increased Competition: Smaller Indian businesses, especially MSMEs, could face intense competition from larger, more established foreign firms.
• Supply Chain Disruptions: The agreement’s rules of origin could complicate supply chains for MSMEs, increasing costs and reducing their competitiveness.

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Potential Benefits for India to Join CPTPP

• Access to diverse global markets: India should actively consider joining the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) which can expand India’s access to diverse global markets.
• Leverage MSME Export Potential: With 40% of India’s exports driven by the MSME sector, trade agreements like RCEP and CPTPP could provide a significant boost to this sector by opening up new markets.
• Maximize ‘China Plus One’ Opportunities: India must strategically position itself to capitalize on the ‘China Plus One’ strategy, which seeks to diversify global supply chains away from China.
  • Other nations like Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Turkey, and Mexico have outpaced India in benefiting from this trend. Proactive policies are needed to attract investments and industries moving out of China.

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In response to a discussion on Nuclear power in the Lok Sabha, the Union Minister of State (Independent Charge) for the Department of Atomic Energy acknowledged the significant growth of India’s Nuclear power generation capacity.

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• 2014-2024: India’s Nuclear power generation capacity nearly doubled from 4,780 MW in 2014 to 8,180 MW in 2024. 
• Projected: Nuclear capacity is projected to triple to 22,480 MW by 2031-32 with Nuclear Energy accounting for nearly 9% of India’s electricity by 2047.

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About India’s Nuclear Energy Programme

• Percentage Contribution: Nuclear energy is the fifth-largest source of electricity in India, contributing about 3.11% (as of 2020-21) of the country’s total electricity generation.
• Current Status: 
  • Operating Reactors: 23 operating reactors across 7 nuclear power plants
  • Types of reactors: Primarily pressurized heavy-water reactors (PHWRs), with some light-water reactors (LWRs)
• Resource Deposits: India possesses 21% of the global Thorium deposits but only  2% of the world’s uranium deposits.
• Implementing Agencies: Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) under the Department of Atomic Energy  is responsible for design, construction, commissioning and operation of nuclear power reactors.
  • NPCIL also has equity participation in BHAVINI ( PSU of Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) implementing Fast Breeder Reactors programme)
• Evolution: 
  • The Department of Atomic Energy was established in 1954 by the Indian Government and charged with the sole responsibility for all nuclear activities in the country. 
  • India’s atomic energy program began in 1956 with the launch of its first nuclear reactor, Apsara (designed and built by India) for research purposes.
    • The Apsara and CIRUS reactors were platforms for conducting research in neutron physics, studies in the behaviour of materials under neutron irradiation and for production of radio isotopes.
  • Nuclear Energy Power Plant: Electricity production using nuclear energy commenced in October 1969 with the commencement of the two reactors at Tarapur, Maharashtra.
  • India’s third nuclear power station at Kalpakkam, near Chennai in 1983 was the first indigenously designed and built nuclear power units 
• India’s Three-Stage Civil Nuclear Power Programme: 
• • Stage I: Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs): India has built a series of PHWRs known as the IPHWR series with reactor designs with the capacities of 220 MWe, 540 MWe, and 700 MWe.
    • PHWRs uses natural uranium (uranium-238) as fuel an creates plutonium-239 as a byproduct.
    • PHWR uses heavy water, or deuterium oxide, or D2O, is used as a coolant and moderator.
  • Stage II: Fast  Breeder Reactor (FBR): Fast breeder reactors use a mixed oxide (MOX) fuel composed of plutonium-239 recovered from the first stage and natural uranium.
    • The 500 MWe Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) started construction in 2004 at Kalpakkam near Madras.
  • Stage III: Thorium-Based Reactors:
    • The main fuel used in the reactor is thorium-232, which is converted to uranium-233 to provide energy.
    • Indigenous projects like “Bhavani” are being developed to harness this resource, reducing dependence on imported uranium and other materials. 
• Future Plans to Boost Nuclear Sector: 
  • Proposals on starting work on 8 PHWRs of 700 MW each, four Fast Breeder Reactors of 500 MW each, one Advanced Heavy Water Reactor of 300 MW and 40,000 MW capacity of LWRs based on international cooperation is already envisaged.
  • India’s Power Distribution Framework: The revised framework has increased the home state’s share of electricity from atomic plants to 50%, with 35% allocated to neighboring states and 15% to the national grid.
  • Bharat Small Reactors: In budget 2024 investment in construction of small modular nuclear reactors (SMRs) in partnership with the private sector has been made.
    • SMRs are compact versions of nuclear reactors and provide up to 300MW of power.
  • Focus on Safety: India has achieved performance landmarks like completion of 50 years of operation of TAPS 1&2 (presently oldest reactors in the world) and setting of world record in continuous operation by KGS-1 of 962 days in its nuclear power Programme.

Institutional Framework for Nuclear Power in India

 India’s nuclear sector operates under a robust legal framework promoting safety and accountability

• Atomic Energy Act, 1962: The Act regulates atomic energy production and use, granting the central government control over nuclear activities to ensure public safety and compliance with international standards.
  • 2015 Amendments: It allows joint ventures between NPCIL and state-owned companies, encouraging private participation while maintaining state control over nuclear power generation.
• Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010: It Establishes liability and compensation for nuclear incidents, with the Indian Nuclear Insurance Pool offering USD 15 billion in coverage, enhancing investor confidence.
• The Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB): AERB established under the Atomic Energy Act of 1962 is India’s regulatory authority for nuclear energy and ionizing radiation. 
  • AERB develops and enforces safety standards for nuclear facilities, from siting to decommissioning, and grants consent for their operation following rigorous safety reviews. 
• Nuclear Controls & Planning Wing (NC&PW): Integrates the Department of Atomic Energy’s (DAE) safeguards, export controls, and nuclear security related activities.

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Middle Income Countries

Context: An analysis by the World Bank has revealed that the next 25 years are going to be vital in determining if the poorest 26 countries would experience progress and would be classified as middle income countries.

More on the news

• These countries are home to 40% of people living on less than $2.15 a day, making them central to ending extreme poverty.

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What are Middle income economies?

• The World Bank classifies economies into four income groups: low, lower-middle, upper-middle, and high.

Key Highlights from the analysis

• Global Progress Overview
  • In 2000, there were 63 low-income countries.
  • By 2023, 39 countries (e.g., India, Indonesia, Bangladesh) became middle-income nations with per capita incomes exceeding $1,145.
    • The remaining countries, joined by South Sudan and Syria in the 2010s, have stagnated.
      • Their inflation-adjusted GDP per capita grew by only 0.1% annually over the past 15 years.
• Current Situation and Projections
  • Without substantial growth improvements, only six of the world’s 26 poorest countries are expected to achieve middle-income status by 2050.    
    • The remaining countries risk staying in poverty unless they significantly boost their economic growth.
      • These nations represent 40% of people living on less than $2.15 a day.       
  • Opportunities for Growth
    • Natural Resources:
      • These poor  countries hold 60% of cobalt and 50% of graphite reserves needed for renewable energy.
      • They have significant potential for solar energy production.
    • Demographic Advantage:
      • Expanding working-age populations can drive economic growth, unlike shrinking populations elsewhere.

Touch grass- doomscrolling

Context:  A recent study by French firm Greenly shows that Doomscrolling is bad — not just for the mind, society and politics, but also for the environment.

What is Touch grass?

• “Touch grass” is an internet slang term that means taking a break from screens and social media.
• It encourages people to spend time outdoors in nature.

What is doomscrolling?

• It is an act of spending a lot of time on social media to consume more negative news.  
• It involves consumption of short form video without stopping. 
  • This process gives information but it is not good for mental health.

SHAKTI Scheme

Context: Recently the Government updated the SHAKTI (Scheme for Harnessing and Allocating Koyala Transparently in India) Policy to enhance coal supply for the power sector.

About the SHAKTI Scheme

• Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Coal.
• Aim: To allocate coal transparently to coal-based Power Generating Companies.
• Objective: Ensure affordable and adequate coal supply for thermal power plants and improve transparency in coal linkage allocation.
• Eligibility For Allocation: All the Power Generating companies are eligible for coal linkage under SHAKTI Policy, subject to terms and conditions mentioned in the Policy. 
  • The SHAKTI Policy has various mechanisms of coal allocation to the power plants in a transparent manner.

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Achievements So Far

• 58 Thermal Power Plants (TPPs) have been granted linkage for a total capacity of 63,670 MW .
• 20 tranches of linkage auctions have been conducted by Coal India Limited under SHAKTI Policy and about 76.30 MT of coal has been booked by the successful bidders.

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