Last month, on his way to Brazil to participate in the G-20 Summit, Prime Minister Narendra Modi made a strategic halt in Nigeria. His visit to Nigeria boosts India’s strategic relations with African nations.

• Later, the Indian Prime Minister was conferred Nigeria’s second-highest national award, the Grand Commander of the Order of the Niger. 
• He became the only second foreign dignitary to receive the distinction since 1969, after Queen Elizabeth II.

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India Africa Facts

India Africa Relations

• Historical Relations: India’s fight against decolonisation and apartheid, and consistent efforts to serve as a voice of developing countries through the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). 
  • Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was founded in 1961 with the view to advancing the interests of developing countries in the context of Cold War confrontation.
• India Africa Forum Summit: First held in New Delhi in 2008, it marked India’s initial diplomatic efforts to seek a comprehensive partnership with the African bloc of nations as a whole.
  • Kampala Principles: Outlined in 2018, they serve as a guiding framework for India’s engagement with the continent.
• India-Africa Trade Cooperation: As per a paper by the International Monetary Fund, as of 2022, India was the third-largest trading partner for Africa, accounting for 7 percent of exports ($32.3 billion) and 5 percent of imports ($28 billion).
  • Bilateral trade between India and Africa surged to US$ 98 billion in 2022-23, marking significant growth from the previous year’s US$ 89.6 billion.
  • Africa, through the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), is putting in place the appropriate rules of origin to assure their optimization. 
  • This will provide a unified continental market that Indian firms can easily access and tap into—potentially increasing the scope and level of India’s engagement with Africa. 
  • Concessional Financing: India extended concessional loans exceeding USD 12.37 billion. 
    • GoI has extended 196 LOCs worth US$ 12 billion to 42 African countries.
• Infrastructure: The Asia-Africa Growth Corridor (AAGC) was launched by India to enhance cooperation with African countries in partnership with Japan. 
  • India’s cumulative investments in Africa are estimated at around $75bn to date, spanning IT to critical minerals.
• Defense: India Africa Defence Dialogue (IADD) has been institutionalised to be held once every two years to explore new areas of convergence for mutual engagement.
  • It includes capacity building, training, cyber security, maritime security and counter terrorism.
  • The Indian army is working as a UN peacekeeper and plays a peace-building role in Africa (DRCongo, Ethiopia-Eritrea border, Sudan and other), building infrastructure and de-mining land.
• Education: ‘Study in India’ was launched to attract students from neighboring and African countries. 
  • India has granted 42,000 scholarships since the 2015 India Africa Forum Summit (IAFS)-III. 
  • The first foreign campuses of National Forensic Sciences University (NFSU) in Uganda and of IIT Mumbai were established in Tanzania.
• Health and Medical Tourism between India and Africa: India was the third-largest investor in Africa’s healthcare sector from 2010–2019, accounting for a 19 percent share. 
  • Made in India’ COVID-19 vaccines have been exported to 42 African countries from January 2021 to March 2023. 
  • India has become a top medical tourism destination, with 19.5% of African tourists visiting for medical reasons in 2020. 
• Humanitarian assistance: India has provided humanitarian assistance to address food deficits, floods, and other needs. 
  • India sent 1,000 metric tons of rice to Malawi, 1,300 metric tons of maize to Zambia, and 1,000 metric tons of rice to Zimbabwe to help with food security. 
  • India also sent $1 million in flood relief assistance to Kenya, including medical aid, baby food, water purification supplies, and more. 

Opportunities for India in Africa

• Expanding Bilateral Trade: Strengthen trade partnerships across sectors like agriculture, mining, and energy.Africa is a significant destination for Indian pharmaceuticals, which constitute around 18.5% of India’s exports to the region.

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• Investment in Infrastructure Development: Leverage India’s expertise in infrastructure development for building roads, railways, and power projects in Africa.
  • Africa requires investments of over $100 billion annually for infrastructure, presenting an untapped market for Indian companies.
  • Adani Group’s $736 million agreement with Kenya Electricity Transmission Company to construct 388 kilometers of high-voltage transmission lines.
• Securing Critical Minerals: Enhance access to critical minerals like lithium and cobalt, crucial for India’s renewable energy and EV goals.
  • Africa holds 30% of the world’s known critical mineral reserves, and India has already initiated partnerships, such as KABIL’s lithium exploration agreements in Argentina (via African partnerships).  
• Food Security and Agricultural Cooperation: Collaborate on agricultural technologies, food processing, and irrigation to address Africa’s dependence on food imports.
  • Africa’s food import bill was $43 billion in 2022, while 282 million Africans are undernourished, highlighting the need for agricultural transformation.
• Renewable Energy Collaboration: Develop solar and renewable energy projects under the International Solar Alliance (ISA).
  • India has pledged $2 billion for solar energy projects in Africa. Solar energy initiatives can help electrify Africa’s 600 million people currently without access to electricity.
• Digital Transformation and Start-ups: Expand India’s digital payment systems, e-governance models, and technology start-ups to Africa.
  • Africa has over 1.2 billion mobile subscribers, making it an attractive market for Indian digital solutions like UPI, Aadhaar, and Co-WIN platforms.
• Strengthening Health and Pharmaceutical Ties: Increase pharmaceutical exports and support healthcare infrastructure development in Africa.
  • Indian generics account for 20% of Africa’s pharmaceutical imports. The continent’s health care market is projected to grow to $259 billion by 2030, driven by rising demand for affordable medicines.
• Political and Strategic Alliances: Reinforce India’s diplomatic ties and support African nations in global forums like the WTO and UN.
  • India was instrumental in securing the African Union’s permanent membership in the G20, demonstrating its role as a global advocate for African interests.

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Challenges in India-Africa Relations

• Limited Trade Integration: Despite being Africa’s fourth-largest trading partner, India-Africa trade is only $90.5 billion (2022-23), compared to China-Africa trade, which surpassed $250 billion in 2021.
  • Africa’s intra-regional trade under the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) offers immense potential, but India’s engagement in these frameworks is limited.
• Geopolitical Rivalries: Africa has become a battleground for global powers like China and the US, competing for access to resources and markets.
  • China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has financed infrastructure projects across Africa, such as railways in Kenya and Ethiopia, leaving India to play catch-up.
  • Kenya cancelled multimillion-dollar airport expansion and energy deals with Adani Group after U.S. bribery and fraud indictments.
• Governance and Security Issues: Africa faces challenges like political instability, terrorism, and corruption, particularly in the Sahel region.
  • Between 2020 and 2023, there were 9 coups in seven African countries, including Sudan, Niger, and Burkina Faso, complicating diplomatic relations.
• Limited Impact of Development Cooperation: India’s Lines of Credit (LoC) and capacity-building initiatives often lack strategic integration, limiting their impact.
  • Projects like Pan-African e-Network have improved connectivity but failed to address larger systemic challenges like poverty or food insecurity.
• Healthcare and Pharmaceutical Challenges: India supplies 62% of Africa’s pharmaceutical imports, but COVID-19 exposed vulnerabilities in global supply chains.
  • African nations faced significant delays in accessing vaccines and medicines due to supply chain disruptions.
  • Tainted syrup medicine imported from India was the cause of an outbreak of kidney failure that killed more than 60 children in Gambia 2023.
• Cultural and Educational Barriers: Instances of discrimination against African students in India and complaints about the quality of education deter cultural and educational exchanges.
  • While 95,000 African students study in China, India’s Study in India initiative has failed to attract significant numbers.
• Climate Change and Food Insecurity: Africa’s 282 million undernourished population (2022) and increasing climate-related disasters demand urgent attention.
  • The Horn of Africa faces severe droughts, exacerbating food insecurity and forcing India to address humanitarian needs.

Way Forward for India-Africa Relations

• Boosting Economic Cooperation: Diversify trade portfolios by focusing on sectors like renewable energy, technology, and healthcare.
• Strengthening Engagement: The last India-Africa Forum Summit (IAFS) was held in 2015. India must convene IAFS-IV soon to capitalize on the African Union’s inclusion in the G-20 under India’s presidency.
  • An India-African Union Track 1.5 Dialogue can help address mutual concerns, with Addis Ababa (African Union’s seat) as a potential host for IAFS-IV.
  • Setting up an AU regional office in New Delhi would facilitate regular consultations.
• Enhancing Security Cooperation: Increase collaboration in counter-terrorism, maritime security, and cybersecurity.
• Addressing Food and Healthcare Needs: Partner with African nations on sustainable agriculture and boost pharmaceutical manufacturing within Africa.
• Leveraging Cultural and Educational Ties: Greater interaction between universities, think tanks, civil society and media organisations in India and select African countries is needed. 
  • Establish a National Centre for African Studies in India and liberalize visas for African students.
• Trilateral and Multilateral Cooperation: Foster trilateral initiatives like the India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) Fund to address Africa’s developmental challenges.
• Sustainable Development Initiatives: Promote renewable energy and climate action through platforms like the International Solar Alliance (ISA).
• Leveraging India’s Digital Strengths: India’s digital stack (e.g., UPI, biometrics, Jan Dhan technology) can be replicated in African nations.
  • UPI and RuPay services already operate in Mauritius, with countries like Kenya, Namibia, Ghana, and Mozambique showing interest.
• Support for Industrialization and Value Addition: India must focus on creating higher value-added investments in sectors like agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and manufacturing.
  • Indian companies can contribute by establishing manufacturing bases, promoting farm mechanization, food processing, and cold storage infrastructure.

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Conclusion

India-Africa relations hold immense potential for fostering mutual growth, addressing global challenges, and promoting South-South cooperation. By overcoming existing challenges and focusing on strategic collaboration in trade, security, and development, both regions can build a resilient and inclusive partnership that benefits their populations and contributes to a balanced global order.

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The Coastal Shipping Bill, 2024, aimed at promoting coastal trade and encouraging Indian-flagged vessels operated by Indian citizens, was introduced in the Lok Sabha through a voice vote.

• The Coastal Shipping Bill, 2024, is one of five new legislative measures planned for introduction during the ongoing Winter Session of Parliament.

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About Coastal Shipping

• Coastal Shipping refers to the transportation of goods and passengers along a country’s coastline, connecting its ports without venturing into international waters. 
  • Domestic Trade: It primarily involves domestic trade and movement between ports within the same country.
  • Short-Distance Maritime Trade: It operates within a country’s territorial waters (up to 12 nautical miles from the baseline).
• Advantages of Coastal Shipping:
  • Cost-Effectiveness: Coastal shipping is recognised as a cheaper mode of transportation compared to other options like rail or road.
    • Example: Waterways transportation costs only Rs. 0.2-0.3 per ton-km. as against Rs. 1.2-1.5 per ton-km. by rail and Rs. 2.0-3.0 per ton-km by road.  
  • Fuel Efficiency: Maritime transport is more fuel-efficient and environmentally friendly.
  • Decongestion: Reduces pressure on overburdened road and rail networks.
  • Strategic Use: Enhances regional trade and emergency logistics during national crises.

Key Highlights of the Coastal Shipping Bill, 2024

• Objective of the Bill: 
  • Aims to promote coastal trade.
  • Encourages the participation of Indian-flagged vessels owned and operated by Indian citizens.
  • Focuses on national security and commercial needs.
• Provisions of the Bill:
  • Licensing for Coastal Trade: The Bill seeks prohibition of trade in the coastal water without licence by vessels other than Indian vessels.
    • Permits inland vessels to engage in coastal trading under specified conditions.
  • Role of the Director-General: It also seeks to empower the Director-General to issue a licence after taking into consideration certain factors including citizenship of the crew and building requirements of the vessel.
    • to create major jobs for India seafarers and to promote ship building in India.
  • Revocation of licences: The Bill specifies the grounds for modification, suspension, or revocation of licences by the Director General.  
    • These include: (i) violation of terms of licence or an existing law, or (ii) failure to comply with directions of the Director General.
  • National Database: The Bill seeks to create a National Database of coastal shipping so as to ensure transparency of procedures and aid in information sharing.
  • Strategic Plan for Coastal Development: It provides preparation of a National Coastal and Inland Shipping Strategic Plan for development, growth and promotion of coastal shipping.
  • Protection of Licence Holders: According to the Bill, no licence granted shall be suspended, revoked or modified, unless the licence has been given a reasonable opportunity of being heard.
  • Powers to exempt:  The central government may exempt any class of vessels from the application of the Bill.
  • Compounding of offences:  The Act allows all first offences to be compounded.  Under the Bill, only following offences will be compoundable: 
    • undertaking coasting trade without licence or with an expired licence, 
    • taking a vessel into sea without licence, 
    • failure to furnish information, 
    • violating a detention order.

Coastal Shipping in India

• Strategic Advantage: India’s extensive coastline of approximately 7,500 km offers immense potential for coastal shipping.
  • Proximity to major global shipping routes enhances its importance.
• Share of Coastal Shipping In India: Currently, coastal shipping only has a 7 percent share in India’s transportation mix, compared to 62 percent share in road and 31 percent in rail.
• Logistics Performance Index (LPI) Rank: India’s ranking in World Bank’s International shipment Logistics Performance Index (LPI) improved from 44 in 2018 to 22 in 2023.
• Volume of Cargo Handled: Cargo volume handled by National Waterways (NWs) increased from 108 MMT in Financial Year 2022 to 133 MMT in Financial Year 2024.
• Increase in Coastal tonnage: Coastal tonnage has increased from 260 MMT in Financial Year 2022 to 324 MMT in Financial Year 2024.

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Current Regulatory Framework

• Lacks Uniformity: The regulation of the coastal maritime sector in India lacks uniformity. 
• Non-Mechanised Vessels: Non-mechanised vessels engaged in coastwise trade are governed by the Coasting Vessel Act, 1838 which only provides for registration of such vessels.
• Mechanised Vessels: Regulated under the Merchant Shipping Act, 1958.

Cabotage Law In India

• India’s cabotage law is regulated under the Merchant Shipping Act, 1958.
• It mandates the use of Indian-flagged vessels for coastal trade.

• But allows for relaxation under specific conditions to address:
  • Lack of Indian vessels.
  • Promotion of specialised cargo categories like Exim and Empty Containers, agriculture, fertilisers, over-dimensional cargo, Ro-Ro Vessels, LNG Vessels etc.
• Licensing Requirements for Foreign-Flagged Vessels under the Merchant Shipping Act, 1958
  • Mandate for Foreign-Flagged Vessels: Foreign-flagged vessels intending to engage in coastal trade within India must obtain a license.
  • Eligibility for Licensing: Applicable to vessels chartered by: Indian citizens, Indian companies or cooperative societies.
  • Authority for Issuing Licenses: Licenses are issued by the Director General of Shipping under Sections 406 & 407(1) of the Merchant Shipping Act, 1958.

Government Initiatives To Enhance Freight Movement Through Coastal Shipping

• Coastal Berth Scheme under the Sagarmala Programme: The Scheme provides financial assistance for creation of infrastructure to promote movement of cargo/passengers by Sea/National Waterways. 
• Relaxation in Licensing: Licensing relaxation under Section 407 of the Merchant Shipping Act allows container vessels to carry EXIM containers and empty containers at transshipment ports. 
  • Foreign flag vessels can transport agricultural, fisheries, horticultural, fertilizers, and animal produce commodities, provided these make up at least 50% of the cargo.
• Discount on Vessel and Cargo Charges for Coastal Vessels: A discount of 40% is offered by major ports on vessel and cargo related charges to coastal cargo vessels.
• Priority Berthing Policy for Coastal Vessels: Priority berthing policy for coastal vessels has been notified to reduce turnaround time for coastal vessels and improve their utilisation.
• Reduction of GST on Bunker Fuels:  Reduction of GST on bunker fuels used in Indian Flag Vessels from 18% to 5%.

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Conclusion

The Coastal Shipping Bill 2024 seeks to strengthen India’s maritime sector by advancing coastal shipping, in line with the objectives of Maritime India Vision 2030.

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Recently, World Wildlife Conservation Day was celebrated. 

About World Wildlife  Conservation Day 

• It is celebrated on the 4th of December every year. 
• Purpose: to raise awareness of conservation issues including poaching, over commercialisation, and global wildlife tracking. 
• Theme 2024: Connecting People and Planet: Exploring Digital Innovation in Wildlife Conservation,”

India’s Biodiversity status

• India covers only 2.4% of the world’s land area but accounts for:
  • 7-8% of all recorded species, including:
    • 45,000 plant species.
    • 91,000 animal species.
• Recognized as a megadiverse country due to its rich biodiversity.

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• India has 10 biogeographic zones – 
  • 8.58% of mammalian species
  • 13.66% of bird species
  • 7.91% of reptiles
  • 4.66% of amphibians
  • 11.72% of fish
  • 11.8% of plants
    
• Four global biodiversity hotspots in India:
  
  • Himalayas.
  • Indo-Burma.
  • Western Ghats-Sri Lanka.
  • Sundaland.
    

Species at Risk

• Critically Endangered Species in India
  • India has 73 critically endangered species (as of 2022).
  • IUCN classification: Critically endangered species are at the highest risk of extinction in the wild.
  • Increase in numbers since 2011 (47 species) due to:
    • Better data collection and monitoring.
    • Habitat destruction and other threats.
• Endemic Species Under Threat
  • Nine critically endangered mammals, including eight endemic species:
    
    • Kashmir stag (Hangul).
    • Malabar large-spotted civet.
    • Andaman shrew.
    • Jenkin’s shrew.
    • Nicobar shrew.
    • Namdapha flying squirrel.
    • Large rock rat.
    • Leafletted leaf-nosed bat.
      
• Underappreciated Species at Risk
• • Large carnivores like lions, tigers, and cheetahs often overshadow other endangered species due to their tourism appeal.
  • Birds like the Great Indian Bustard face severe threats, such as:
    • Collisions with powerlines in Rajasthan.

Factors Behind Extinction of Species

• Habitat Loss: Urbanization and deforestation destroy natural habitats.
• Species Relocation: Moving species from their natural habitat disrupts ecological balance.
• Global Pollution: Pollution degrades ecosystems, affecting species survival.
• Climate Change: Rapid environmental changes threaten species that cannot adapt.
• Illegal Wildlife Trade: Unsustainable exploitation of species pushes them toward extinction and spreads zoonotic diseases.

India’s Domestic Legal Framework for Wildlife Conservation

Constitutional Provisions for Wildlife

• 42nd Amendment Act 1976: Added “Forests” and “protection of wild animals and birds” to the Concurrent List.
• Article 51 A (g): Fundamental duty of every citizen to protect and improve the natural environment, including forests and wildlife.
• Article 48 A: Mandates the State to protect and improve the environment and safeguard forests and wildlife.

Legal Framework

• Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Provides the legal framework for wildlife conservation and protection of endangered species.
• Environment Protection Act, 1986: Focuses on the protection and improvement of the environment.
• The Biological Diversity Act, 2002: Aims to conserve biological diversity and ensure sustainable use of its components.

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India’s Collaboration With Global Wildlife Conservation Efforts

• Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES): Regulates international trade in endangered species.
• Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS): Focuses on the conservation of migratory species.
• Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD): Promotes sustainable development and biodiversity conservation.
• World Heritage Convention: Protects cultural and natural heritage worldwide.
• Ramsar Convention: International treaty for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands.
• The Wildlife Trade Monitoring Network (TRAFFIC): Monitors wildlife trade to protect species from exploitation.
• United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF): Promotes sustainable forest management globally.
• International Whaling Commission (IWC): Works to conserve whale populations and manage whaling.
• International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN): Provides data, analysis, and advocacy for global conservation efforts.
• Global Tiger Forum (GTF): International body dedicated to saving tigers from extinction.

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South Korea declared “emergency martial law” during a televised briefing.

Reasons for Declaration of Martial Law in South Korea

• Accusations Against Opposition
  • Anti-State Activities: The opposition has been accused of engaging in activities that threaten the democratic order of the nation.
• Government’s Pledge
  • Eradication of Pro-North Korean Forces: Commitment to eliminating forces perceived as sympathetic to North Korea.
  • Protection of Democracy: Vow to safeguard South Korea’s constitutional democratic order.

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About Martial Law

• It is defined as the state of emergency declared by the government.
  • Its main aim is to address unexpected threats and crises within the country. 
• Martial law replaces civilian government with military authority.
• The military gains unlimited powers to suspend civilian rights and legal protections.
• Declared during crises like emergencies, disasters, or coups.

Types of Martial Law Around the World

• Full Martial Law
  • The military takes complete control, suspends civil authorities, and overrides constitutional rights.
  • Example: In the Philippines (1972–1981), under Ferdinand Marcos, habeas corpus was suspended.
• Partial or Regional Martial Law
  • Declared in specific regions to address local conflicts or threats, while the rest of the country remains under normal governance.
  • Example: In Bangkok (2014), martial law was limited to certain areas during political unrest.
• Emergency Martial Law with Civil Oversight
  • Military powers operate under civilian authority or within a limited legal framework.
  • Example: South Korea briefly declared martial law, but the National Assembly retained the right to revoke it.
• Temporary Martial Law
  • Imposed for a short duration during acute emergencies like natural disasters or terrorist attacks.
  • Example: In the US, martial law was declared during the 1941 Pearl Harbor attack.
  • India’s Emergency period (1975) could be seen as a similar form of temporary martial law.
• Provisional Martial Law
  • Declared during a transitional period, often after a regime change or conflict.
  • Example: In post-Saddam Iraq (2004), martial law was enacted during the US-led occupation for stabilization.

Countries currently under martial law

• Ukraine:  Martial law was imposed in 2022 (feb) after the Russian invasion. 
  • Extensions: The measure has been extended ten times, which has delayed both the 2023 legislative and 2024 presidential elections because elections cannot be held during martial law.
• Myanmar: This country is under martial law in various regions after the military coup on February 1, 2021. 
  • Extended Martial Law: After 2023, martial law was extended to 50 townships, including major cities like Yangon and Mandalay.
• Ecuador: Martial law was declared in January 2024. 
  • Duration: This martial measure was for  60-day to counter escalating gang violence, deploying the military to stabilise the country.

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Martial Law in the Indian Constitution

Article 34: Overview

• Scope: Article 34 deals with martial law and its impact on rights granted by Part III of the Constitution.
• Parliament’s Authority: Allows Parliament to indemnify individuals for actions taken to maintain or restore order during martial law.
• Validation: Parliament can validate sentences, punishments, forfeitures, or other acts carried out under martial law.

Conditions for Indemnity

• Purpose: Actions must be related to maintaining or restoring order.
• Area: Martial law must be in effect in the area where the actions took place.

Key Features of Martial Law

• Impact on Fundamental Rights: Primarily affects the exercise of fundamental rights.
• Suspension of Government Functions: Normal government functions and ordinary courts are suspended.
• Limited Application: Applies only to specific areas of the country where martial law is declared.

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Differences Between Martial Law and National Emergency in India

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The Kumhrar site, associated with Mauryan history, is being excavated by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) to reveal the 80-pillar assembly hall.

About Excavation Site

• The 80-pillar hall is a key feature of the site.
• It is  believed to have been a Buddhist assembly hall used for the Third Buddhist Council convened by Emperor Ashoka (268 BCE – 232 BCE).

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• • The hall was supported by sandstone pillars standing on a wooden floor beneath a wooden ceiling.
• Mauryan Palace at Kumhrar: Apart from the 80-pillar hall, Kumhrar was home to the Mauryan palace, described in ancient texts as a structure of unparalleled grandeur. 
  • Greek ambassador Megasthenes compared it to the splendor of Susa and Ecbatana, Persian capitals known for their opulence.
  • The palace’s wooden construction, combined with intricate designs, showcased the Mauryan mastery of architecture and urban planning.

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Historical Excavations at the site

• Early Discoveries (1912-1915): The first phase of excavation led by American archaeologist David Brainard Spooner revealed one intact pillar and the remains of 80 pits, marking the positions of the other pillars.
• Further Excavations (1961-1965): The K P Jayaswal Research Institute uncovered additional pillars and fragments, including a 4.6-meter-long pillar now displayed at the site.
• Significant Findings: Evidence of a devastating fire possibly caused during the Indo-Greek invasion in the 2nd century BCE or the Huna invasion in the late 5th or early 6th century CE was discovered during these excavations, with thick layers of ash found at the site.

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The NITI Aayog released its inaugural quarterly report, Trade Watch, which evaluates India’s trade and commerce scenario.

NITI Aayog Observations

• India’s Limited Success: The report acknowledges India’s limited success in leveraging the China Plus One strategy, as compared to Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, and Malaysia.
  • These countries have emerged as significant beneficiaries due to competitive advantages like cheaper labor, simplified tax structures, lower tariffs, and proactive free trade agreements (FTAs).
  • India has not fully captured the opportunities presented by the global shift away from China-centric supply chains.
  • Multinational companies are de-risking their operations by diversifying to other countries.
• Global Trade Disruptions: US-China trade conflicts, including recent reciprocal trade restrictions, have fragmented global supply chains.
  • Export bans on critical materials and increased tariffs on Chinese goods are reshaping trade dynamics.
• Sectoral Challenges: Indian iron and steel exports have seen a steep decline (33% in Q1 FY25) due to weak domestic demand and oversupply from China.
  • India’s iron and steel industry is particularly vulnerable to the EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), which could impose 20–35% tariffs.
• Opportunities in US Trade Policies: Tariffs on Chinese goods (up to 60%) could provide India a competitive edge in global markets.
  • Trade diversification offers opportunities in underrepresented sectors where India’s global share is below 1%.

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About China Plus One Strategy

• It is a strategy adopted by multinational corporations to reduce dependence on China by expanding production or sourcing in other countries.
  • For example: Apple has started manufacturing some of its products in India to reduce dependence on China.
• Key Drivers of China +1:
  • US trade barriers on Chinese imports.
  • Fragmentation of supply chains due to geopolitical tensions.
  • Search for cost-competitive and stable alternatives to China.

Challenges in Reaping Benefits of China+1 Strategy

• Internal Limitations: High labor costs compared to competitors like Vietnam and Cambodia.
  • Complex tax laws and limited FTAs with major trade blocs.
  • Insufficient infrastructure and bureaucratic delays.
• Global Dynamics: Dumping of Chinese products in Indian markets due to surplus production in China and competition from Southeast Asian countries that are better positioned in global trade.
• Environmental Regulations: Compliance with CBAM increases costs for Indian exporters, especially in high-risk sectors like iron, steel, and aluminium.
  • Potential reduction in demand for Indian exports in the EU market.

Indian Government Initiatives to Leverage the Benefits of China +1 Strategy

• Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme: This scheme provides production-linked incentives to boost domestic manufacturing in key sectors like electronics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, and automobiles. The PLI scheme has attracted significant investments from global companies.
• Make in India Initiative: This initiative aims to make India a global manufacturing hub by simplifying regulations, improving infrastructure, and promoting skill development.
• Focus on Electronics Manufacturing: The government has taken several steps to promote electronics manufacturing, including setting up semiconductor manufacturing facilities and providing incentives to attract investment.
• Trade Agreements: India is actively negotiating free trade agreements with various countries to enhance market access and reduce trade barriers.
• Infrastructure Development: The government is investing heavily in infrastructure projects like roads, ports, and railways to improve connectivity and reduce logistics costs.
• Skill Development: The government is focusing on skill development programs to create a skilled workforce to meet the demands of the manufacturing sector.

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Way Forward

• Enhance Manufacturing Capabilities:
  • Focus on high-tech industries and sectors with significant global demand.
  • Promote domestic production through incentives and infrastructure development.
• Simplify Policies:
  • Reform tax laws to make India more competitive for foreign investors.
  • Accelerate the signing of FTAs to access new markets.
• Mitigate Risks:
  • Implement measures to prevent the dumping of Chinese goods.
  • Support industries exposed to carbon regulations by subsidizing compliance costs or negotiating trade terms.
• Leverage Trade Opportunities:
  • Expand exports to markets affected by US-China trade restrictions.
  • Target underrepresented sectors in global trade for diversification.

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The Lok Sabha passed the Banking Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2024 via a voice vote.

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• It amends the:
• • Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Act, 1934
  • Banking Regulation Act, 1949
  • State Bank of India Act, 1955
  • Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act, 1970
  • Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act, 1980.

Key Changes under Banking Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2024

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About Nominee

• A nominee is a person designated to receive benefits or assets on behalf of another individual. This person is often chosen for convenience, privacy, or legal reasons.
• A nominee could be:
  • Family Members: Spouses, children, or parents are common choices.
  • Trusted Friends: Close friends can be nominated if they’re reliable.
  • Legal Entities: Trusts or companies can be nominated.
• Common Uses of Nominees
  • Financial Accounts: To simplify account management and ensure smooth transfer of assets in case of the account holder’s demise.
  • Insurance Policies: To designate a beneficiary who will receive the policy’s proceeds.
  • Property Ownership: To hold property on behalf of another, often for tax or privacy reasons.
  • Company Directorships: To appoint a person to represent the company’s interests.
• Legal Implications: Nominee agreements should be clear and legally binding.
• Tax Considerations: Nominating a foreign entity might have tax implications.
• Privacy Concerns: While nominees can provide privacy, it’s essential to balance this with transparency.
• Regulatory Compliance: Nominee arrangements must comply with relevant laws and regulations.
• Legal Provisions for Nominees in India: Indian Contract Act, 1872 governs the legal relationship between the account holder and the nominee.
  • Various other acts, such as the Banking Regulation Act, Insurance Act, and Companies Act, also contain provisions related to nominations.

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The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) has approved five capital acquisition proposals worth ₹21,772 crore recently.

The Procurement Proposals Includes

• New Water Jet Fast Attack Crafts: The DAC granted Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) for procurement of 31 New Water Jet Fast Attack Crafts for the Indian Navy. 
  • Functions: The Crafts are designed to perform the task of low intensity maritime operations, surveillance, patrol, and search and rescue operations close to the coast.
• Fast Interceptor Craft: AoN for the procurement of 120 Fast Interceptor Craft was accorded.
  • Function: These vessels can perform multiple roles like escorting high value units such as aircraft carriers, destroyers, frigates and submarines for coastal defence.
• Electronic Warfare Suite (EWS): The EWS comprises external airborne self-protection jammer pods, next-generation radar warning receiver and associated equipment for Su-30 MKI Aircraft. 
  • Function: The system will enhance the operational capabilities of SU-30MKI and protect it from enemy radars.
• Advanced Light Helicopters: AoN for procurement of six ALH marine for Coast Guard to strengthen the coastal security and surveillance in the coastal areas.
• Approval was also given for the overhaul of T-72 & T-90 tanks, BMP- and engines of Sukhoi fighter aircraft which will enhance the service life of these assets.

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About the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC)

• The Defence Acquisition Council is the highest decision-making body in the Defence Ministry for deciding on new policies and capital acquisitions for the three services (Army, Navy and Air Force) and the Indian Coast Guard.
• Chairman: Defence Minister/ Raksha Mantri (RM)
• Established: It was formed in 2001 on the recommendations on reforming the National Security System after the Kargil War of 1999.
• Members: State Ministers of Defence, Chief of Defence Staff (CDS), Chief of tri services (Army, Navy, Air) Defence Secretary, Chief of Integrated Staff Committees,Secretary Defence Research & Development.
• Member Secretary: Dy. Chief of Defence Staff (PP&FD)
• Functions:
  • To give ‘in principle’ approval to Capital acquisitions proposals
  • Accord of acceptance of necessity to acquisition proposals. 
  • Categorisation of the acquisition proposals relating to ‘Buy’, ‘Buy & Make’ and ‘Make’. 
• Defence Procurement Process:
  • Acceptance of Necessity: The approval in principle is the first step in the process of ‘acceptance of necessity’ by the MoD in consultation with Defence(Finance) and as a recommendation for eventual consideration of Finance Ministry/ Cabinet Committee on Security. 
  • The decision of RM based on DAC deliberations will flow down from implementation to Defence Procurement Board, Defence Production Board and Defence R&D Board.

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Recently, India voted in favor of a United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) resolution titled “Peaceful Settlement of the Question of Palestine” .

Key Highlights of the Resolution

• Overwhelming Support for the Resolution: The resolution was adopted with 157 votes in favor, showcasing broad international support.
  • Eight nations, including the United States and Israel, voted against the resolution.
• India’s Position: India supported the resolution, reaffirming its historical commitment to the Palestinian cause and the two-state solution.
• Abstentions: Seven countries, including Cameroon, Czech Republic, Ecuador, Georgia, Paraguay, Ukraine, and Uruguay, abstained from voting.
• Objective of the Resolution:
  • The withdrawal of Israel from territories occupied since 1967, including East Jerusalem.
  • Recognition of the Palestinian people’s inalienable rights, such as the right to self-determination and an independent state.
  • A commitment to the two-state solution based on pre-1967 borders.
  • Gaza Strip: Recognition of Gaza as an integral part of the Palestinian state and rejection of any actions altering Gaza’s territorial integrity.
  • End to Unlawful Actions: A demand for Israel to halt all settlement activities, repeal laws enabling illegal settlements, and evacuate settlers.
• India’s Broader Stance: India’s vote reflects its consistent support for peaceful resolutions and adherence to international law while balancing strategic relationships in the region
• India’s Abstention on ICJ-Linked Resolution: India abstained from a resolution urging Israel to vacate Palestinian territories and imposing punitive sanctions, citing concerns about punitive measures not included in the ICJ opinion.

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Background of Israeli Occupation

• The Israeli occupation began after the Six-Day War of 1967, where Israel captured several territories, including the West Bank, Gaza Strip, East Jerusalem, and the Golan Heights.
• These territories have since been at the heart of the Israel-Palestine conflict, with demands for a Palestinian state and Israel’s withdrawal remaining unresolved.
• The Israeli settlement construction in these territories has been widely criticized as a violation of international law, including the Fourth Geneva Convention which protects civilians during wartime, ensuring humane treatment and basic rights.
• Two-State Solution Framework: A two-state solution envisions Israel and Palestine coexisting peacefully as independent states within the borders established before 1967.
  • The international community largely supports this framework as the basis for lasting peace in the region.
• Resolution on Syrian Golan Heights: The resolution demanded that Israel withdraw from the Syrian Golan Heights to the pre-June 1967 line, in accordance with relevant Security Council directives.
  • It declared Israel’s 1981 decision to impose its laws, jurisdiction, and administration on the Golan Heights as null and void.

India’s Arguments for Voting Decisions

• Support for Palestine and Syrian Golan Resolutions
  • India reaffirmed its longstanding support for a two-state solution as the basis for peace between Israel and Palestine.
  • India emphasized the need for adherence to international law, including the cessation of settlement activities and the recognition of Palestinians’ right to self-determination.
• Abstention on ICJ Resolution
  • India clarified that its abstention was based on concerns over punitive sanctions, arguing that such measures were outside the scope of the ICJ advisory opinion.
  • India emphasized the importance of focusing on efforts to bridge differences between the two sides, rather than actions that may deepen divides.

About UNGA Resolutions

• A UNGA resolution is a formal expression of the opinions or decisions adopted by the General Assembly.
• While being  non-binding, resolutions carry significant political and moral weight as they represent the collective will of the international community.
• Types of Resolutions:
  • Declarations: Statements of principles or intent.
  • Recommendations: Suggestions for actions by member states or UN bodies.
  • Decisions: Relate to procedural or administrative matters.

Process of Voting on UNGA Resolutions

• Drafting: Draft resolutions are prepared by member states, committees, or UN bodies.
  • They can be proposed by individual nations, regional groups, or UN entities.
• Deliberation: The draft resolution is debated in the relevant committee or in the General Assembly.
• Voting: The UNGA typically employs the following voting methods:
  • Show of Hands: A simple and quick method, often used for routine decisions.
  • Recorded Vote: A more formal method where each member state’s vote is recorded individually.
  • Roll-Call Vote: A detailed method where each member state’s vote is called out in alphabetical order.
• Majority Requirements for Different Resolutions:
  • Simple Majority: Most decisions in the UNGA are made by a simple majority of members present and voting. This means that more than 50% of the votes cast must be in favor of the resolution.
  • Two-Thirds Majority: Certain important issues require a two-thirds majority of members present and voting. These issues typically relate to:
    • Recommendations on peace and security
    • Budgetary matters
    • Election of UN officials
    • Admission, suspension, or expulsion of member states
• Adoption: Resolutions adopted by the UNGA become official documents of the United Nations.

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Implications of UNGA Resolutions

• Political Impact: Resolutions reflect the consensus or division among the global community on key issues.
  • They can influence international opinion and policy-making.
• Moral Authority: Though non-binding, they carry moral and political weight, urging member states to act in accordance with international law and shared values.
• Support for Multilateralism: UNGA resolutions reaffirm the commitment of the international community to resolve issues through dialogue and cooperation.
• Precedent for Further Action: Resolutions often serve as a basis for subsequent legally binding agreements or Security Council actions.
• Economic and Social Development: Resolutions support global initiatives in areas like sustainable development, human rights, and poverty eradication.
• Conflict Resolution: They provide frameworks for peacebuilding and conflict resolution, even though their implementation depends on political will and practical feasibility.

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Researchers at CBL-I, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Guwahati, have explored the therapeutic properties of Subabul seedpods for managing insulin resistance in type II diabetes.

Key Findings of the Study

• Active Compounds Identified: The study developed a bioactivity-guided fraction and identified four active compounds from the plant.
  • Researchers isolated quercetin-3-glucoside, a compound demonstrating upregulation of mitochondrial deacetylase enzyme Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), crucial for regulating insulin sensitivity.
• Mechanism of Action: The bioactive fraction enhanced insulin sensitization in free fatty acid-induced skeletal muscle cells (C2C12).
  • GLUT2 protein translocation which facilitates glucose and fructose transport across cell membranes was also upregulated.
  • Molecular docking studies showed stable hydrogen bond interactions between quercetin-3-glucoside and SIRT1 residues.
• Therapeutic Implications: The study highlights the therapeutic potential of Subabul in improving glucose uptake, substantiating its ethnobotanical claims as a treatment for diabetes and related conditions.

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About Subabul (Leucaena leucocephala)

• Plant Origin: Subabul is a fast-growing leguminous tree, native to Mexico, and thrives in tropical and subtropical regions.
• Traditional Uses: Widely used by ethnic communities for its nutritional value, with leaves and immature seeds consumed raw or cooked in soups or salads.
  • Known as a rich source of protein and fiber, it has been utilized in human and animal food.
• Physical Characteristics: A small, perennial, highly-branched tree, typically with a short, clear bole.
• Economic Importance: Introduced as a cover crop in plantations and for fodder and fuel purposes.
  • Valued for its wood, used in making charcoal, small furniture, and paper pulp.
• Its dual utility as a nutritional resource and a medicinal plant underscores its importance in public health and economic sustainability.

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SheSTEM 2024

Context: The SheSTEM 2024 competition was recently organised in  the Embassy of Sweden.

About the SheSTEM 2024

• It is an annual initiative that celebrates the contributions of women in STEM.
• Organised By: Atal Innovation Mission (AIM), under the NITI Aayog and the Office of Science & Innovation in partnership with Nordic collaborators i.e. Innovation Norway, Innovation Centre Denmark, and Business Finland.
• Aim: To provide a platform for students to engage with critical STEM topics and contribute to global sustainability efforts.
• Theme 2024: The SheSTEM 2024 challenge invited students from grades 6–12 across India to submit innovative ideas focused on Battery Technology and Energy Storage (BEST) systems.
  • It is part of the India-Nordic BEST project, the challenge aims to foster sustainability by advancing energy solutions. 

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Nano Bubble Technology

Context: Recently, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change launched ‘Nano Bubble Technology’ for cleaning and purifying water of National Zoological Park, Delhi to promote the health of aquatic animals.

About Nano bubble technology

• Nano bubble technology is a method of using tiny bubbles to improve water quality.
• Nanobubbles are ultra-fine bubbles (less than 200 nanometers in diameter) that are nearly invisible to the eye. 
• Nanobubbles can be generated using a variety of methods, including centrifugal force, ultrasound, Electrolysis etc. 
• How It Works:
  • Suspension and Stability: Nanobubbles are stable due to their small size and high surface energy, allowing them to stay suspended in the water for long durations.
  • Surface Charge: They possess a strong negative charge, attracting and breaking down impurities like algae, organic waste, oil, and grease.
  • Oxygen Enrichment: Nanobubbles increase the dissolved oxygen levels in water. This enhanced oxygenation promotes the breakdown of organic matter and improves water quality.
  • Oxidative Effects: Upon collapsing, nanobubbles generate hydroxyl radicals, which are powerful oxidizing agents capable of degrading pollutants and killing pathogens.
• Advantages: 
• • They can remove pollutants like algae, organic waste, oil, and grease. 
  • Nanobubbles are also more energy-efficient than traditional methods and are chemical-free, making them environmentally friendly.

Other applications

• Plant growth: Can improve oxygen delivery to plant roots, which can increase nutrient uptake and enhance plant growth. 
• Drug delivery: Used to deliver drugs and are functionalized with biocompatible surfaces. 
• Medical imaging: Used as imaging agents due to the echogenic properties of their gas core. 
• Anaerobic digestion: Improve the anaerobic digestion process by reducing sulfide and volatile fatty acid levels. 
• Textile industry: The Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar developed an air nano-bubble technology that can reduce water use in the textile sector by up to 90%.

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