Dec 09 2024

Recently, Syrian rebels toppled President Bashar al-Assad’s 24-year regime, leading to his asylum in Russia.

Background of the Syrian Civil War

India Syria Relations

  • 1971: The Assad family has ruled Syria since 1971, with Hafez al-Assad establishing a dictatorial regime.
  • 2000: Bashar al-Assad succeeded his father and was initially seen as a reformist due to his liberal image and policies.
  • 2011: The Arab Spring in 2011 triggered widespread protests against Bashar al-Assad’s regime, citing economic inequality, unemployment, and the concentration of power and resources in the hands of the minority Alawite community.
    • Armed rebellion gains support from Western and Arab nations and Turkey.
  • 2012: Al-Qaeda’s Syrian affiliate, Nusra Front, conducts its first bombing in Damascus.
    • Geneva talks between world powers on political transition fail due to divisions.
  • 2013: Lebanon’s Hezbollah aids Assad in recapturing Qusayr, marking the growing role of Iran-backed groups.
    • A chemical attack in eastern Ghouta kills civilians but does not prompt U.S. military intervention.
  • 2014: Islamic State (IS) seizes Raqqa and vast territories in Syria and Iraq.
    • The U.S. launches airstrikes against IS, supporting Kurdish forces but straining ties with Turkey.
  • 2015: Russia enters the war, providing air support that shifts momentum in favor of Assad.
  • 2016: Turkey launches an incursion to counter Kurdish advances, creating a zone of Turkish control.
    • Nusra Front rebrands as Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), distancing itself from al-Qaeda.
  • 2017: Israel acknowledges airstrikes in Syria targeting Hezbollah and Iranian forces.
  • 2020: A ceasefire freezes most frontlines, leaving Assad in control of most territory and major cities.
  • 2023: The October 7 Hamas attack on Israel diverts Hezbollah’s focus, weakening Assad’s support base.
  • 2024: Rebels launch a decisive assault on Aleppo and quickly capture major cities, including Damascus.
    • Assad’s regime collapses as his army fails to resist due to lack of support from allies.

India Syria Relations

Key Players in the Conflict

  • Internal Groups:
    • Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS):
      • Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) is believed to be an offshoot of the terrorist group Al-Qaeda.
    • Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF):
      • SDF is a Kurdish-led coalition of U.S.-backed ethnic militias and rebel groups
    • Turkey-backed Syrian National Army(SNA):
      • Syrian National Army (SNA) is a Turkish-backed force.
  • External Players:
    • Pro-Assad:
      • Russia: Provided air and strategic support since 2015.
      • Iran and Hezbollah: Syria is part of Iran’s “axis of resistance,” with Hezbollah playing a central role in opposing Israel and reducing U.S. influence in the region.

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About Axis of Resistance

  • The Axis of Resistance refers to an informal military alliance involving Iran, Syria, and various affiliated groups like Hezbollah, Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), Houthis..
  • Focus and Sentiments: The coalition is known for its opposition to NATO, Israel, and Saudi Arabia. It is involved in conflicts related to the War on Terrorism.
  • Major Characteristic: The alliance is defined by its shared anti-Western and anti-Israeli stance, and its broader regional goals.

    • Anti-Assad:
      • USA: Supported Kurdish-led forces and moderate rebels to counter ISIS and Assad’s regime. 
      • Turkey: Supported rebel groups to counter Kurdish autonomy near its border.
      • Israel: Targeted Iranian and Hezbollah positions in Syria.

Reason of fall of Assad’s Regime

  • Prolonged Civil War and Loss of Legitimacy: The ongoing civil war since 2011 eroded Assad’s domestic legitimacy. 
    • Widespread discontent over authoritarian rule, corruption, and human rights abuses fueled rebellion and undermined his support among the Syrian populace.
  • Advances by Rebel Forces: The resurgence of opposition forces, particularly Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), with support from regional players like Turkey, enabled rapid military gains. 
  • International Pressure and Isolation: Assad’s regime faced sustained international condemnation, sanctions, and isolation due to alleged war crimes and atrocities. 
    • Limited diplomatic avenues further weakened the regime’s position.
  • Shifts in Geopolitical Dynamics
    • Russia: Preoccupied with Ukraine war; reduced troop presence in Syria.
    • Iran: Weakened by the death of General Qassem Soleimani and Israeli airstrikes targeting its positions in Syria.
    • Hezbollah: Distracted by direct conflict with Israel, unable to offer significant support.
    • Turkey: Allegedly backing HTS and SNA rebels in the offensive.

About Arab Spring

It is a wave of uprisings, revolts, protests, and unrest, spread across Arabic nations in the Middle East and North Africa by early 2011.

  • Tunisia (2010 – 2011): Protests against corruption and unemployment led to the ousting of President Ben Ali, sparking the Arab Spring.
  • Egypt (2011): Mass demonstrations in Tahrir Square ended Hosni Mubarak’s 30-year rule, followed by political upheaval and military dominance.
  • Libya (2011): Protests escalated into a civil war, resulting in the fall and death of Muammar Gaddafi, leaving the nation in prolonged instability.
  • Yemen ( 2011): Protests forced President Ali Abdullah Saleh to resign, leading to a power transition and an ongoing civil war fueled by external interference.
  • Bahrain (2011): Shia-majority protests against the Sunni monarchy were crushed with the help of GCC forces, leaving grievances unresolved.
  • Morocco (2011): Peaceful protests led King Mohammed VI to introduce constitutional reforms, avoiding major unrest.
  • Jordan (2011): Protests prompted King Abdullah II to implement limited political and economic reforms, maintaining relative stability.

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India-Syria Bilateral Relations 

Historic and Civilizational Ties

  • India and Syria share a long history of friendly relations rooted in historic and civilizational ties.
  • Both nations have similar secular, nationalist, and developmental orientations.
  • India’s consistent support for Arab causes, particularly the Palestinian issue and the return of the Golan Heights to Syria, is appreciated by Syrians.
  • Indian leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Rabindranath Tagore, and Jawaharlal Nehru are highly respected in Syria.

About “India for Humanity” initiative

  • The “India for Humanity” initiative was launched by the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) of the Government of India in 2018. 
  • The initiative was launched to honor Mahatma Gandhi’s service to humanity and was part of the celebrations for his 150th birth anniversary
  • The initiative includes a series of artificial limb fitment camps in various countries, in collaboration with the NGO Bhagwan Mahaveer Viklang Sahayata Samiti (BMVSS), also known as “Jaipur Foot”

India’s Stand on the Syrian Crisis

  • India has maintained its principled position of resolving the Syrian conflict through non-military means via a Syrian-led political process.
  • India has consistently emphasized adherence to UNSC Resolution 2254, upholding Syria’s sovereignty, independence, unity, and territorial integrity.
  • India has supported the UN Special Envoy’s “step-by-step” approach to foster trust among all stakeholders in Syria.
  • On November 29, 2024, India held the 6th Round of Foreign Office Consultations with Syria, emphasizing bilateral cooperation.
  • Following the collapse of Assad’s regime, the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) issued a travel advisory urging Indian nationals to leave Syria.

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Bilateral Visits

  • 2003: PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee visited Syria; agreements signed in diverse fields; India offered a US$ 1 million grant and a US$ 25 million LoC.
  • 2008: President Bashar Al-Assad visited India; agreements included an IT Center and a feasibility study on Syrian phosphates.
  • 2010: President Pratibha Patil visited Syria; LoC of US$ 100 million announced and contributions made to NGOs.
  • 2012: PM Manmohan Singh met Syrian PM Wael Al Halki at the NAM summit and emphasized a political resolution to the conflict.
  • 2016: Syrian Deputy PM and MoFA visited India to discuss counterterrorism and cooperation.
  • 2022: Syrian Foreign Minister visited India; discussions on developmental support, capacity building, and economic collaboration.
  • 2023: Minister of State (MoS) for External Affairs visited Syria, marking the first ministerial visit since 2016; emphasized strengthening ties in education, health, and capacity building.

Areas of Cooperation

  • Humanitarian Assistance and Development Cooperation 
    • At Brussels conferences on Syria, India pledged USD 2.5 million in 2013, USD 2.5 million in 2014, USD 2 million in 2015 for developmental assistance.
    • In 2021, India gifted 2,000 MT of rice to Syria during a food crisis.
    • Under the “India for Humanity” initiative, artificial limb fitment camps in 2019-2022 benefited hundreds of Syrians.
  • Capacity Building Initiatives: 
    • India offered scholarships to 1,500 Syrian students for UG, PG, and Ph.D. programs under the “Study in India” program.
    • Under ITEC (Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme), 90 training slots are offered annually, and tailor-made training programs were conducted for Syrian officials in Arabic.
  • Economic and Commercial Engagement
    • India extended a US$ 240 million LoC in 2009 for the Tishreen Thermal Power Plant, executed by BHEL.
    • Bilateral trade in 2023-24 amounted to USD 81.53 million (63 million export and 18 million imports from India), with major Indian exports including cereals and pharmaceuticals and imports including almonds and olive oil.
  • Cultural Exchange and People-to-People Ties
    • Cultural ties include the adaptation of “Panchatantra” into Arabic ‘Kalila wa Dimna’ and the influence of Indian leaders and films.
    • The Cultural Exchange Programme, in effect since 1975, provides a framework for bilateral cooperation.
    • The Indian diaspora in Syria has significantly declined due to the civil war, with approximately 92 Indians residing there, mainly skilled workers and UN employees.

Key impacts of the collapse of the Assad regime in Syria on India

  • Rise of Extremism and Terrorism: The fall of the Assad regime creates a power vacuum likely to be exploited by extremist groups like Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) and remnants of ISIS. 
    • This resurgence of radical ideologies could lead to increased recruitment and radicalization efforts, including targeting Indian Muslim youth.
  • Threat to Energy and Diaspora Security: West Asia is crucial for India’s energy imports and home to millions of Indian expatriates. 
    • Instability in Syria could jeopardize regional security, affecting energy supply chains and the safety of the Indian diaspora.
  • Geopolitical Setback in West Asia: The collapse of Assad weakens the “Shia Crescent” led by Iran, disrupting the balance of power in the region. 
    • This may lead to heightened activity by rival powers like Turkey and Pakistan, potentially undermining India’s interests in West Asia.
  • Challenges to Counter-Terrorism Efforts: Syria becoming a haven for non-state actors and transnational criminal networks increases risks for India. 
    • These elements could collaborate with adversaries, including Pakistani intelligence, to undermine India’s national security.
  • Disruption of Strategic Projects: The instability in Syria threatens India’s involvement in initiatives like the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEEC)
  • Limited Diplomatic Options: India’s traditional support for a Syrian-led political resolution may face challenges. 

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Regional impacts of Assad’s fall

  • Fracturing of the “Shia Crescent”: The fall of Assad disrupts the Iran-led “Shia Crescent,” which spans Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq. 
    • This weakens Iran’s influence in the region, undermining its ability to support proxy groups like Hezbollah and threatening its supply routes for weapons and resources.
  • Strengthening of Extremist Groups: Extremist groups such as Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) and remnants of ISIS are likely to capitalize on the power vacuum, increasing instability. 
    • The emergence of radical Islamist regimes or militant strongholds could spill over into neighboring countries.
  • Intensification of Turkish Influence: Turkey, which has supported Syrian opposition forces, may assert greater control in northern Syria
    • This includes bolstering its fight against Kurdish groups and maintaining influence over oil-rich regions. However, it may also face challenges from competing factions and regional rivals.
  • Israeli Security Dilemma: While Assad’s fall weakens Iran’s foothold near Israel, it introduces new threats. 
    • The rise of jihadist forces near Israel’s borders could exacerbate security challenges, compelling Tel Aviv to increase its military operations in the region.
  • Ripple Effects on Lebanon: The weakening of Hezbollah, a key Iranian proxy, due to the loss of Syrian logistical support, could destabilize Lebanon.
    •  This might exacerbate existing political and economic crises, leading to regional spillovers.
  • Complications for Saudi Arabia and the GCC: Saudi Arabia and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states may see opportunities to curtail Iranian influence but will also be wary of empowering radical groups. 
    • Balancing these dynamics while managing regional stability will be challenging.
  • Increased Rivalries Among External Powers: With Assad’s exit, external players like Russia, the U.S., and European powers will vie for influence in shaping Syria’s future

Importance of Syria for India

  • Historical and Cultural Ties: India and Syria share ancient historical and cultural links, dating back to the Silk Road era. This common heritage fosters understanding and cooperation.
  • Strategic Importance: Syria’s strategic location bridges India with the broader Middle East, Europe, and Africa, aligning with India’s global aspirations. 
    • Its stability and security have implications for regional balance of power, which indirectly affects India’s interests in the Middle East.
  • Regional Security: Syria is critical for India’s counter-terrorism strategies and regional stability efforts in West Asia.
  • Counterbalancing Influence: Syria’s support for India on issues like Kashmir helps counterbalance Pakistan’s influence in the Islamic world. 
  • Economic Opportunities: Though limited due to the ongoing conflict, there are potential economic opportunities in Syria, particularly in reconstruction and development projects once stability returns.
  • Energy Security: While not a major energy supplier, Syria’s location could potentially play a role in diversifying India’s energy sources and reducing reliance on traditional suppliers.
  • Global Forum Participation: Both India and Syria are members of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). Cooperation within this forum allows for joint efforts on global issues and a platform for mutual support.

Way Forward

  • Strengthen Diplomatic Engagements: India should engage with the new Syrian leadership and other regional powers to safeguard its interests in Syria.
  • Expand Humanitarian Assistance: Continue providing humanitarian aid and capacity-building programs to support the Syrian people.
  • Monitor Security and Counter-terrorism: Enhance cooperation with regional and global partners to address and counter terrorism threats in Syria and prevent their spillover effects into India.
  • Leverage Economic Diplomacy: Utilize economic tools, such as lines of credit, to influence the rebuilding process in Syria and strengthen bilateral ties.
  • Maintain a Balanced Foreign Policy: Engage with all relevant regional and international stakeholders to protect India’s interests amidst the shifting power dynamics in the region.

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Conclusion

The fall of Bashar al-Assad’s regime in Syria marks a significant geopolitical shift in the region, leading to increased instability and potential security challenges for India. It necessitates a nuanced and proactive foreign policy approach from New Delhi to protect its interests amidst the evolving power dynamics in West Asia.

The Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centres (CGIAR) has launched the Global Strategy for Resilient Drylands (GSRD) 2030 in Cop 16 UNCCCD  Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Organisations Involved

  • About Consultative Group of International Agricultural Research (CGIAR): CGIAR is the world’s largest publicly-funded group of agrifood systems research centers, focusing on transforming food, land, and water systems in response to the climate crisis.
  • About International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA)
    • It focuses on agricultural research for development in climate-vulnerable regions of North Africa, Central and West Asia, and the Middle East.
  • About International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) 
    • It is a  premier drylands agricultural research institute, dedicated to uplifting smallholder farmers and ensuring food security in semi-arid tropics
    • It was established under a Memorandum of Agreement between the Government of India and the CGIAR on the 28 March 1972

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About Drylands

  • Definition: According to the UN Environment Programme (UNEP), ‘’Drylands are lands with an aridity index of less than 0.65.’’(Aridity index  is the ratio between average annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration).
  • These areas include deserts, semi-arid regions, etc. and they typically experience harsh climates with extreme temperatures and limited vegetation. 
    • Drylands are home to one in every three of the world’s people, nearly half of the livestock and 44 percent of food systems. 
  • Degradation of Drylands: When land degradation occurs in the drylands, it is called desertification.
    • Drylands are degraded across continents due to over-cultivation, overgrazing, deforestation, poor irrigation and rising temperatures.
    • Around 20-35 percent of the Drylands are degraded.
  • Significance: Traditionally viewed as fragile ecosystems, these areas hold immense potential for climate-smart agricultural innovation that can be scaled globally.

About Global Strategy for Resilient Drylands (GSRD) 2030

  • The 2030 Global Strategy for Resilient Drylands (GSRD) is a transformative initiative by CGIAR to address the challenges faced by drylands, leveraging 50 years of research on dryland ecosystems.
    • The Vision aims to provide a roadmap to enhance food security, conserve biodiversity and build resilient livelihoods for the 2.7 billion people inhabiting drylands, particularly in Asia and Africa.
    • The strategy reframes drylands not as areas of scarcity but as hubs of untapped potential for resilience.
  • Developed by: The GSRD is collaboratively developed by CGIAR institutes under the leadership of ICARDA (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas) and ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics).
  • Launched at: It is launched at the 16th Conference of Parties to the UNCCD in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
  • Key Focus Areas of the GSRD: The strategy emphasizes five critical areas:
    • Adapting agrifood systems to climate change.
    • Conserving biodiversity.
    • Sustainable management of soil and water resources.
    • Promoting healthy diets.
    • Fostering inclusive development.
  • Key Innovations under GSRD:
    • Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA):
      • Introduction of drought-resistant crops like barley, lentils, chickpeas, and cacti.
      • Advanced agroforestry techniques to integrate trees with agriculture.
    • Sustainable Resource Management:
      • Solar-powered agri voltaics for energy-efficient farming.
      • Improved livestock feeding practices to enhance productivity.
    • Technology Integration: Pioneering solutions to address water scarcity, land degradation, and desertification.

Significance of Global Strategy for Resilient Drylands (GSRD)

  • Climate Change Impact on Drylands: Drylands are experiencing warming at rates 20-40% higher than other regions, making them highly vulnerable to climate change.
  • Addressing Global Food Insecurity: 70% of the world’s hungry live in environmentally fragile and conflict-affected areas, highlighting the urgent need to transform dryland agriculture to tackle global food insecurity.
  • Collaborative Effort for Transformation: Developed through collaboration between national research organizations, governments, and the private sector, GSRD is a collective response to dryland challenges.
  • Global Relevance: As drylands expand due to climate change, the solutions from the GSRD offer hope for sustainable agricultural practices, benefiting both dryland regions and the global community facing environmental changes.

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Drylands In India

  • In India, drylands are mostly located in areas with the annual rainfall between 500-1,100 mm with no regular irrigation facilities like canal and groundwater, although these lands may get one or two supplementary irrigation from water harvest structures like check dams, farm ponds.

Types of Drylands In India

Drylands

  • Arid Regions: These include desert areas like Rajasthan, Gujarat, and parts of Haryana and Punjab, where annual rainfall is less than 250 mm. 
    • These areas are typically characterized by extreme temperatures and very low vegetation cover.
  • Semi-Arid Regions: These are areas that receive between 250 mm and 500 mm of rainfall annually. 
    • They include regions such as parts of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana. Semi-arid areas are more suitable for agriculture but face challenges like soil erosion and declining water tables.
  • Dry Sub-Humid Regions: These regions receive rainfall between 500 mm and 750 mm annually and include parts of Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, and Madhya Pradesh
    • They have a more varied ecosystem, but agricultural productivity remains vulnerable due to erratic rainfall patterns.

Challenges Faced by Drylands

  • Water Scarcity: Water is a scarce resource in drylands, limiting agricultural and livestock productivity. 
    • Over-extraction of groundwater for irrigation, reduced rainfall, and increased evaporation rates due to high temperatures make water management a major issue.
  • Land Degradation: Over-cultivation, deforestation, and poor soil management practices have led to widespread land degradation in many dryland areas. 
    • The desertification of once fertile regions has become a critical environmental concern, threatening food security and biodiversity.
  • Climate Change Impact: Drylands are warming at a faster rate than other regions, making them more vulnerable to droughts and extreme weather events. 
    • The variability of rainfall patterns and rising temperatures increase the risk of crop failures and impact livelihoods.
  • Soil Erosion: Due to the lack of vegetation cover and frequent droughts, drylands in India are prone to soil erosion
  • Biodiversity Loss: Dryland ecosystems are rich in biodiversity, but they are under threat from overgrazing, habitat destruction, and climate change. 
    • This leads to a decline in native flora and fauna, disrupting the ecological balance.

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Government Initiatives for Dryland Development

  • India became a signatory to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD): India became a signatory to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) in 1994 and ratified it in 1996.
  • Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN): India is committed to restore 26 million hectares of degraded land by 2030 to achieve Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN), as part of global commitments, in alignment with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 15.3.
  • National Action Programme for Combating Desertification (NAPCD): Launched by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, this program aims to combat desertification and land degradation, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions of India.
  • Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY): PMKSY focuses on providing irrigation solutions in water-scarce regions, especially in dryland areas. The program aims to improve water-use efficiency and ensure that water reaches every field, boosting agricultural productivity.

Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN)

  • A state whereby the amount and quality of land resources necessary to support ecosystem functions and services to enhance food security remain stable, or increase, within specified temporal and spatial scales and ecosystems.

  • Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP): This program focuses on sustainable water management in drylands, including rainwater harvesting, building check dams, and soil moisture conservation to increase agricultural productivity.

Way Forward

  • Optimizing Agrifood Systems: Develop climate-smart crops and utilize innovative breeding technology for climate resilience in crops, livestock, and aquatic systems.
  • Conserving and Using Biodiversity: Promote mixed cropping, farming system diversification, and leverage Indigenous and women’s knowledge to enhance ecosystem resilience.
  • Managing Soil, Land, and Water: Adopt regenerative agriculture, restore rangelands, and implement solar-powered agri-voltaics and drip irrigation for efficient water use.
  • Community Involvement: Empower local communities through training and participation in decision-making to ensure sustainable farming practices.

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Conclusion

The effective implementation of the Global Strategy for Resilient Drylands can drive the transformation of drylands into resilient hubs for agriculture and biodiversity through sustainable practices and innovative solutions.

The J & K Government has approved the inclusion of religious places, especially mosques, under the PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana.

  • The initiative aims to utilize the unique multi-tiered and broad-sloped roofs of mosques in Kashmir to generate renewable energy and address the region’s frequent power cuts.

About PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana

  • The Surya Ghar Bijli Yojana is a ₹75,000 crore central government initiative aimed at promoting rooftop solar installations (RTS) across India.
  • Aim: To install rooftop solar panels on one crore households by March 2027, providing free electricity and promoting sustainable energy practices

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About Model Solar Village

  • Under the “Model Solar Village” component of the PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana, the focus is on establishing one Model Solar Village per district throughout India.
  • This initiative aims to promote solar energy adoption and empower village communities to achieve energy self-reliance.
  • Objective: Promote solar energy adoption and empower communities to achieve energy self-reliance.
  • Funding: An allocation of ₹800 crore has been designated for this component, with ₹1 crore provided to each selected Model Solar Village.
  • Eligibility Criteria: Revenue village status required.
  • Population thresholds:
    • 5,000 or more in general states.
    • 2,000 or more in special category states.
  • Selection Process
    • Villages evaluated based on their distributed renewable energy (RE) capacity six months after identification.
    • The top-performing village in RE capacity per district receives the financial grant.
  • Implementation: Oversight by State/UT Renewable Energy Development Agency, under District Level Committee (DLC) supervision.
  • Goal: Transition villages to solar energy and create benchmarks for replication.

    • It targets providing 300 units of free electricity per month to one crore households through RTS installation.
  • Nodal Ministry: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) 
  • Subsidy Provisions: The scheme offers financial support for installing rooftop solar panels:
    • 60% subsidy for systems up to 2 kW capacity.
    • 40% subsidy for systems between 2-3 kW capacity.
  • Implementation Agency
    • DISCOMs (Electricity Distribution Companies) are designated as the State Implementation Agencies (SIAs).
    • DISCOMs are tasked with ensuring:
      • Availability of net meters.
      • Timely inspection and commissioning of solar panel installations.
    • Incentives for DISCOMs: DISCOMs earn incentives for increasing grid-connected rooftop solar capacity beyond established baselines.
  • Eligibility Criteria
    • Applicants must be Indian citizens.
    • They must own a house with a roof suitable for installing solar panels.
    • A valid electricity connection is required.
    • The applicant should not have availed of any other solar panel subsidy.
    • This comprehensive approach integrates renewable energy into households, providing a sustainable solution to electricity needs while supporting national energy goals.

Achievements under the Scheme

  • Cumulative Installed Capacity: India has achieved a cumulative installed rooftop solar capacity of 13,889 MW as of August 2024.
  • State-wise Installations: Gujarat leads with 7-10 lakh households equipped with RTS systems.
    • Gujarat leads with an installed capacity of 4,195 MW, followed by Maharashtra (2,487 MW) and Rajasthan (1,269 MW).
  • Financial Inclusion: Public sector banks offer collateral-free loans for RTS installations.

PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana

Challenges

  • Financial Burden: Beneficiaries often rely on bank loans for installations.
  • Limited Subsidy Eligibility: Subsidy is restricted to domestic empanelled solar panels, which are costlier.
  • Lack of Battery Backup: Households remain vulnerable to power cuts.
  • Discom Challenges: Distribution companies may face challenges in integrating rooftop solar power.
  • Unmet Targets: The 40 GW RTS capacity target for 2022 has not been achieved.
  • Low Household Penetration: Only 25% of total capacity is attributed to household installations.

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Way Forward

  • Expand Subsidy and Accessibility: Increase subsidy amounts and simplify application processes to encourage wider participation.
  • Promote Battery Storage: Incentivize the adoption of battery storage systems to enhance energy security and address grid integration challenges.
  • Strengthen Discom Infrastructure: Upgrade distribution networks to accommodate increased solar power generation and ensure seamless integration.
  • Create Awareness and Capacity Building: Conduct extensive awareness campaigns to educate beneficiaries about the scheme’s benefits and technical aspects of solar energy.

External Affairs Minister (EAM) Dr. S. Jaishankar recently participated in the 20th IISS Manama Dialogue in Bahrain.

Key areas of discussion at the Manama Dialogue include

  • Regional Security Challenges: Impact of conflicts and their resolution mechanisms.
  • Economic Trends and Policies: Addressing the economic boom in emerging economies and challenges faced by developed nations.
  • Global Governance: Understanding the intentions of major powers and promoting effective governance amidst financial difficulties.
  • Sustainability and Development: Exploring how to foster development despite global economic constraints.

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About Manama Dialogue

  • The Manama Dialogue is an international security summit held in the Kingdom of Bahrain, organized by the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS).
  • Origin: It is held annually since 2004 and is a central element of the Middle East’s security architecture.
  • 2024 Theme: “Middle East Leadership in Shaping Regional Prosperity and Security”

International Institute for Strategic Studies 

  • IISS is a leading global think tank established in 1958. Located in London, UK.
  • Purpose: To provide independent analysis and advice on international security issues. 

  • It enables national leaders, ministers and policymakers  to gather together to discuss the most pressing regional security issues and to share policy responses.
  • Participation: The summit attracts a diverse audience, including, Government officials, Business leaders, Economists, International figures and Political and strategic thinkers from Asia, Africa, Europe, North America, and Latin America.

Significance of the Manama Dialogue

  • Strengthening regional cooperation in the Gulf and beyond.
  • Promoting dialogue between emerging and developed economies.
  • Addressing contemporary challenges in security, economics, and governance.

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India’s Stance and Contributions

  • Humanitarian Assistance and Palestine Support: India emphasized the need for an immediate ceasefire in the ongoing West Asia conflict, advocating for humanitarian assistance and the return of hostages.
    • India’s support for the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA) was reaffirmed highlighting India’s consistent contributions, including medicines and relief supplies to Gaza through Egypt and Lebanon.
    • Geopolitical and Economic Cooperation: India acknowledged the impending demographic crunch and its implications on societies worldwide.
    • India EAM detailed India’s proactive approach through migration and mobility partnerships with countries like Japan, Australia, and several European nations.
  • Push for Dialogues and Partnership: India’s support for the Abraham Accords and its active participation in the I2U2 Grouping (India, Israel, UAE, and the US) reflect its commitment to fostering strategic cooperation in areas such as water, energy, transportation, and food security.

The Austrian chancellor Karl Nehammer’s ruling People’s Party (OVP) has inched closer to heading Vienna’s next coalition government.

Location and Neighboring Countries

Austria

  • Location: Austria is a landlocked country in Central Europe.
  • It is geographically positioned both in the Northern and Eastern hemispheres of the Earth
  • Capital City: Vienna.
  • Borders:
    • North: Germany and Czech Republic
    • East: Slovakia and Hungary
    • South: Slovenia and Italy
    • West: Switzerland and Liechtenstein

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Geographical Features of Austria

Austria

  • Mountains: Approximately 70% of Austria is covered by the Alps.
    • Major mountain ranges include the Bavarian, Carnic, Otztaler, and the central Tauern Range.
    • Highest Peak: Grossglockner in the Tauern Range (12,460 ft/3,798 m).
  • Rivers: Danube River: The most significant river, 1,771 miles (2,850 km), and a major waterway for commerce.
    • Other rivers include Drau, Enns, Inn, Mur, Raab, and Traun.
  • Lakes: Numerous lakes, with Lake Neusiedler being the largest.
    • Lowest Point: Lake Neusiedler 
  • Climate: Ranges from continental in the lowlands to alpine in the mountainous regions.
  • Significance of Danube: Vital for trade, transportation, and historical importance.

Despite conservation efforts and vigilance for Indian Star Tortoise  , officials have seized hundreds of tortoises being smuggled through the Chennai and Singapore airports and across the India-Bangladesh border.

About Indian Star Tortoise

Indian Star Tortoise

  • The Indian star tortoise (Geochelone elegans) is distinguished by its obsidian shell with striking Sun-yellow star patterns.
  • They are popular as exotic pets. However, owning them is illegal in India and considered unethical due to their vulnerable status in the wild.
  • Habitat: The Indian star tortoise inhabits dry and open environments such as scrub forests, grasslands, and rocky outcroppings.
  • Geographic Distribution: Central and Southern parts of India, West Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
  • Threats: 
    • Habitat Fragmentation: Urbanization and agricultural activities have led to the fragmentation of their habitats.
    • Loss of Genetic Diversity: Hybridization poses a significant threat to their genetic diversity.
    • Illegal Trade: According to the Wildlife Crime Control Bureau, 90% of the trade involving the Indian star tortoise is linked to the international pet market.
  • Genetically Distinct Groups: A study by the Wildlife Institute of India and Panjab University identified two genetically distinct groups:
    • Northwestern Group: Relatively unchanged genetically.
    • Southern Group: Displays high genetic diversity.
    • Genetic divergence between these groups is traced back approximately 2 million years, driven by climatic changes and the division of humid and arid regions.
  • Food Habits: Indian star tortoises are herbivores, feeding primarily on plant material.
  • Activity Pattern: This species is diurnal.
  • Conservation Status
    • IUCN Status: Vulnerable
    • CITES Listing: Appendix I
    • Wildlife Protection Act 1972: Schedule IV

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Conservation Challenges

  • Unscientific Releases: Mixing individuals from distinct genetic groups could lower diversity and reduce breeding rates.
  • Captive Issues: Shell pyramiding, caused by nutritional deficiencies in captivity, complicates breeding.
  • Awareness and Law Enforcement: Lack of public awareness about illegal ownership and adherence to wildlife laws.

Recently, the State Level Monitoring Committee (SLMC), Kerala, constituted by the National Green Tribunal (NGT), submitted a report addressing the pollution of Ashtamudi Lake.

  • The report follows investigations into the mass fish kill reported in Ashtamudi Lake.

Key Insights and Recommendations in the report

Ashtamudi Lake

  • Key Findings on Pollution: Excessive algae bloom caused by illegal discharge of biowaste, including faecal sludge and septage, has severely degraded the lake’s environment and aquatic biodiversity.
  • Time-Bound Remedial Measures: Urgent implementation of ongoing projects to curb biowaste discharge, ensuring immediate environmental protection.
  • Sewage Treatment Plant Completion: Kureepuzha plant construction must be expedited to tackle Kollam district’s septage waste issue effectively.
  • Enhanced Monitoring Mechanisms: Recommended to install CCTV cameras for shoreline surveillance and mandate registration of septage tanker lorries to prevent illegal waste dumping.
  • Significance for Conservation: Recommendations aim to restore ecological balance in Ashtamudi Lake, setting a national model for Ramsar site conservation and integrated wetland management.

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About Ashtamudi lake

Ashtamudi lake

  • Location: Ashtamudi Lake is situated in the Kollam district of Kerala, India.
  • It is named for its eight interconnected arms, which give it a unique palm-shaped appearance.
  • As the second-largest lake in Kerala, Ashtamudi Lake is a significant wetland ecosystem.
  • Recognized for its ecological importance, it was designated as a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance in 2002.
  • The lake is a vital source of livelihood for local fishermen, who rely on its rich aquatic resources.
  • Fed primarily by the Kallada River, the lake connects to the Arabian Sea through the Neendakara estuary.
  • Historically, Ashtamudi Lake played a crucial role as a key port city during the 14th century.
    • The Moroccan explorer Ibn Battuta’s travel records mention the lake’s significance as a trading hub.
  • The lake’s diverse ecosystem supports a variety of mangrove species, including two endangered species: Syzygium travancoricum and Calamus rotang.
Additional Reading: Algae Boom, NGT. Three More Ramsar Wetland Sites Now In India

Rajya Sabha recently passed the Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Amendment Bill, 2024, aiming to encourage domestic petroleum production and attract private investment to reduce India’s import dependency. 

  • The Bill amends the 1948 Oilfields Act to delineate its scope from the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957, focusing exclusively on petroleum and mineral oils.

About the Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Amendment Bill, 2024

  • Definition of Mineral Oil: Mineral oil is defined as “any naturally occurring hydrocarbon,” including crude oil, petroleum, and natural gas in various forms.
    • Excludes coal, lignite, and helium associated with petroleum or coal, which remain governed by the Mines and Minerals Act, 1957.
  • Introduction of Petroleum Leases: Replaces “mining leases” with “petroleum leases,” which cover activities such as exploration, production, and transportation of mineral oils.
    • Empowers the Centre to regulate and grant petroleum leases.
  • Private Investment Promotion: Encourages private sector participation to boost domestic production of petroleum.
    • Ensures no alteration of existing leases to the lessee’s disadvantage.
  • Adjudication of penalties: The central government will appoint an officer of the rank of Joint Secretary or above for adjudication of penalties.

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About the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB)

  • The PNGRB was established under the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board Act, 2006.
  • Nodal Ministry: It functions under the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, which oversees its operations and policy alignment.
  • One of the primary tasks of the PNGRB is to foster competitive markets for natural gas, ensuring transparency and fair trade practices.
  • Key Functions of PNGRB:
    • The PNGRB regulates various aspects of the petroleum and natural gas sector, including:
    • Refining of petroleum products.
    • Transportation of petroleum and natural gas.
    • Distribution and storage of these resources.
    • Marketing, supply, and sale of petroleum products and natural gas.
    • Ensuring Competitive Markets
  • Appeals Against Decisions: Decisions made by the PNGRB can be challenged before the Appellate Tribunal for Electricity.
  • This provides a legal avenue for addressing grievances and disputes.

  • Adjudication of penalties: Appeals against the decisions of the Adjudicating Authority will lie before the Appellate Tribunal specified in the Petroleum and Natural Gas Board Regulatory Board Act, 2006. 
  • Penalties Instead of Criminal Punishment: Replaces imprisonment penalties with monetary fines.
    • Violators could face fines of up to ₹25 lakh and an additional ₹10 lakh per day for continued violations.
  • Environmental Considerations: Empowers the Centre to establish rules for reducing carbon and greenhouse gas emissions and promoting renewable energy projects at oilfields.

Rule-Making Powers of the Central Government

The Act authorizes the central government to make rules on:

  • Grant of Leases: Regulating the process.
  • Lease Terms: Minimum/maximum area, period, and conditions.
  • Mineral Oil Development: Conservation and development methods.
  • Oil Production: Defining production methods.
  • Revenue Collection: Manner of collecting royalties, fees, and taxes.

The Bill adds provisions for rules on:

  • Petroleum Lease Mergers: Managing mergers and combinations.
  • Shared Facilities: Sharing production and processing infrastructure.
  • Environmental Obligations: Protecting the environment and reducing emissions.
  • Dispute Resolution: Alternative mechanisms for lease-related disputes.

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Concerns Raised Against the Bill

  • State Rights: Opposition members argue the Bill undermines states’ authority to tax mining activities under Entry 50 of the State List (Schedule 7).
    • Critics suggest the shift from “mining leases” to “petroleum leases” could bring regulation under Entry 53 of the Union List, centralizing control with the Union government.
    • Environmental Implications: Concerns over allowing private players greater operational discretion, which might lead to environmental degradation.
    • Emphasis on public companies like ONGC was recommended to ensure environmentally responsible exploration.
  • Accountability and Oversight: Replacing criminal penalties with fines could dilute enforcement and accountability.
  • Need for Review: Calls for referring the Bill to a select committee to address ambiguities and safeguard state interests.

Way Forward

  • Balancing State and Union Roles: Ensure clarity in jurisdiction between states and the Union to uphold states’ fiscal rights while enabling efficient governance.
  • Environmental Safeguards: Mandate stricter environmental regulations and ensure compliance by both private and public operators.
  • Transparent Private Participation: Frame clear operational guidelines for private companies to maintain accountability and prevent misuse of resources.
  • Stakeholder Engagement: Engage stakeholders, including states, environmental experts, and industry players, to create a balanced framework for resource management.
  • Review Mechanism: Introduce periodic reviews of the policy’s implementation to address emerging concerns and ensure effective regulation.

Recently Tribal Settlements benefitted Nagaroothu I, Nagaroothu II, and Chinnarpathi Communities  in the Anamalai Tiger Reserve (ATR), in  Tamil Nadu.

Key Highlights of the Rights Granted

  • Collection of minor forest produce (excluding timber): It includes items like mango, amla, honey, tamarind, and grass used for making brooms.
  • Individual Forest Rights:  14 families from Old Sarkarpathy tribal settlement will benefit from this award.
  • Purpose of Rights: Recognised for traditional cultivation practices carried out by their ancestors.
  • Approval Process:
    • Sub-Divisional Committee: Recommended the individual forest rights.
    • District Level Committee: Scrutinised and approved the titles.
    • Authority: Coimbatore District Collector Kranthi Kumar Pati.
  • Act Under Which Rights Were Accorded: Forest Rights Act, 2006.

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Provisions Under the Forest Rights Act, 2006

  • Rights of Ownership: Scheduled Tribes (ST) and other traditional forest dwellers (OTFD) have the right to ownership, access, collection, use, and disposal of minor forest produce traditionally collected within or outside village boundaries.
  • Eligibility for Forest Rights: Any individual or community can claim forest rights if they have resided primarily on forest land for at least three generations (75 years) prior to December 13, 2005, for bona fide livelihood needs.
  • Role of Gram Sabha: The Gram Sabha initiates the process to determine the nature and extent of Individual Forest Rights (IFR) and Community Forest Rights (CFR) for FDST (Forest-Dwelling Scheduled Tribes) and OTFD.
  • Nodal Agency: The Union Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA) is the nodal agency for the implementation of the Forest Rights Act, 2006.

Types of Rights Recognized Under FRA 2006

  • Land Rights: Forest dwellers are granted ownership of land they cultivate, subject to a maximum of 4 hectares per family.
    • Ownership is only for land currently cultivated; no new land can be granted.
    • The land cannot be sold or transferred, except through inheritance.
  • Use Rights: Includes rights to extract Minor Forest Produce (e.g., bamboo, tendu leaves, herbs, medicinal plants).
    • Rights extend to grazing areas and pastoralist routes.
    • Timber is not included as minor forest produce.
  • Relief and Development Rights:
    • Provides rights to rehabilitation in cases of illegal eviction or displacement.
    • Ensures access to basic amenities, with restrictions for forest protection.
  • Forest Management Rights: Includes the right to protect, regenerate, conserve, or manage community forest resources for sustainable use.

Individual Rights Vs Community Rights

Feature Individual Forest Rights (IFR) Community Forest Rights (CFR)
Nature of Right Granted to individuals Granted to communities
Land Ownership Up to 4 hectares of land currently cultivated by the family. Ownership of community forest resources
Resource Access Access to minor forest produce, grazing areas, and pastoralist routes Collective management of community forest resources
Decision-Making Individual decision-making regarding land use Collective decision-making by the community
Eligibility Individuals who have resided on forest land for at least 75 years Communities that have traditionally depended on forest resources

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About Anamalai Tiger Reserve

FRA

  • Location: Located in the Anamalai Hills of Pollachi and Coimbatore districts in Tamil Nadu at an altitude of 1,400 meters.
  • Lies south of the Palakkad Gap in the Southern Western Ghats.
  • Neighboring Protected Areas
    • East: Parambikulam Tiger Reserve.
    • Southwest: Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary and Eravikulam National Park.
  • Designation and Habitat: Declared a Tiger Reserve in 2007.
    • Features diverse habitats, including wet evergreen forests, semi-evergreen forests, moist deciduous forests, dry deciduous forests, dry thorn forests, and shola forests.
  • Fauna: Houses diverse species, including tigers, Asiatic elephants, sambar deer, spotted deer, barking deer, and leopards.
Additional Reading: FRA 2006

International Conclave on “Insolvency Resolution: Evolution & Global Perspective”

Context: An International Conclave focusing on “Insolvency Resolution: Evolution & Global Perspective” is being organised by The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI) in association with INSOL.

  • Participants: Stakeholders of the IBC ecosystem like insolvency professionals, legal firms, consulting firms, financial creditors, service providers, professionals, regulators, academia and government officers joined the Conclave.
  • Panel Discussions Theme: The Conclave included three panel discussions,
    • First: The session was themed on the topic “Issues, Recent Developments & New Trends in Restructuring & Insolvency Across Jurisdictions
    • Second: It was themed “Judgment Enforcement, Asset Recovery and Personal Guarantees”.
    • Third: It focused on “Role of Institutional Creditors in Corporate Resolution Across Jurisdictions”.

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About The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India

  • Established: The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India was established on 1st October, 2016 under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (Code). 
  • Regulator: The IBBI has regulatory oversight over the Insolvency Professionals, Insolvency Professional Agencies, Insolvency Professional Entities and Information Utilities.
  • Function: To register insolvency professional agencies, insolvency professionals and information utilities and renew, withdraw, suspend or cancel such registrations.

 

Udhampur “Kalari” Cheese

Context: Promoting Udhampur’s “Kalari,” a traditional local milk product, was discussed during the DISHA meeting chaired by the Union Minister of State for Science and Technology.

About Udhampur “Kalari”

  • Kalari is a type of stretchy cheese and a part of Dogra cuisine with a unique texture and taste.
  • Origin: Kalari cheese originated in the Ramnagar area of Udhampur district in Jammu 
    • As per popular legends, Kalari was invented by semi-nomadic tribal pastoralists of J&K (Gujjars) who found the kalari cheese to be a useful way of preserving milk while keeping its protein properties intact 
  • GI Tag: Kalari cheese received a Geographical Indication (GI) tag on October 23, 2023.
  • Street Food: Kalari is widely consumed as a street snack among the ethnic Dogras. Flattened Kaladis are salted and sautéed in their own fat on a hot griddle. 
  • Method of Preparation: Kalaris are made after processing the milk traditionally made from raw full fat milk, vigorously churned in an iron pot with a wooden plunger-like tool. 
    • The molten mass of milk solids was then separated by adding sour milk or curd called mathar.
    • Stretching the cheese
    • Cooling the cheese on the black iron pot
    • Sun-drying the cheese to remove moisture
  • Nutrient Profile:  Kalari cheese is nutritious and it is healthy and is rich in iron, carbohydrates, fat, Vitamins, Phosphorus, Zinc, Magnesium, Potassium and Calcium

 

Anti-Drone Unit

Context: Union Home Minister announced the establishment of a comprehensive anti-drone unit to address emerging threats from drones.

Additional Measures

  • Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System (CIBMS):
    • Pilot tested in Dhubri, Assam, and planned for wider rollout along borders with Pakistan and Bangladesh.
  • Strengthening Infrastructure:
    • Enhanced border fencing, road construction, and other border infrastructure projects to secure sensitive areas.

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About Anti-Drone Unit

Anti-Drone Unit

  • It  is a sophisticated security system. 
  • Developed by: Collaboration with border security forces, the Ministry of Defence, DRDO, and other research departments.
  • Technology: Laser-equipped anti-drone gun mount system
  • Purpose: To protect the country from threats posed by drones
  • The system’s success rate for intercepting drones along the International Border in Punjab improved from 3% earlier to 55%.

 

Sathanur Dam

Context: Recently,  the sudden release of 1.8 lakh cusecs of water from Sathanur Dam caused severe flooding along the Thenpennai river in Tiruvannamalai, Villupuram, and Cuddalore districts, Tamil nadu.

About Sathanur Dam

  • It is a significant reservoir in Tamil Nadu.
  • The project was initiated during India’s First Five-Year Plan in 1953.
  • Location: Thandarampet Taluk, Tiruvannamalai District, Tamil Nadu.
  • River: Built across the Thenpennai River (Pennaiyar River) in the Chennakesava Hills.
  • Significance: The third-largest dam in Tamil Nadu after Mettur and Bhavanisagar dams.

Features

  • Type: Gravity dam.
  • Specifications:
    • The reservoir serves irrigation and water supply needs for the surrounding regions.

About Pennaiyar River

  • Origin: Nandi Hills in the Chikkaballapura district of Karnataka. 
  • Tributaries: Markandeyanadhi, Kambainallur, and Pambar rivers.
  • States from which it flows:  It enters Tamil Nadu after originating in Karnataka.
    • Finally, the river flows into the Bay of Bengal.

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World’s largest grain storage plan

Context: The National Level Coordination Committee (NLCC) for the World’s largest grain storage plan held its maiden meeting in the Ministry of Cooperation, New Delhi recently.

About World’s Largest Grain Storage Plan in Cooperative Sector

  • Objective:
    • Establish decentralized grain storage facilities at the Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS) level.
    • Develop additional agricultural infrastructure like warehouses and processing units.
  • Pilot Project Highlights:
    • Construction of Godowns: 11 godowns completed in 11 PACS across 11 states.
      • Total storage capacity: 9,750 MT.
      • States: Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Assam, Telangana, Tripura, and Rajasthan.
    • Expansion: Over 500 additional PACS identified for construction as of November 2024.
    • Implementing Agencies: Implemented by National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC) with the support of NABARD, Food Corporation of India (FCI), Central Warehousing Corporation (CWC), NABARD Consultancy Services (NABCONS) in coordination with States/ UTs concerned.
  • Financial Incentives for PACS:
    • Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF):
      • 3% interest subvention for projects up to ₹2 crore.
      • Loan repayment period: 2+5 years.
    • Agricultural Marketing Infrastructure Scheme (AMI):
      • 33.33% subsidy for storage unit construction.
      • Margin money requirement reduced from 20% to 10%.
      • Additional subsidy for ancillaries (e.g., boundary walls, drainage) capped at 1/3rd of total permissible subsidy or actual cost.

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