{"id":31018,"date":"2023-08-02T13:15:11","date_gmt":"2023-08-02T07:45:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/?post_type=docs&#038;p=31018"},"modified":"2023-08-02T13:15:11","modified_gmt":"2023-08-02T07:45:11","slug":"lord-dufferin-1884-1888","status":"publish","type":"docs","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/upsc-notes\/lord-dufferin-1884-1888\/","title":{"rendered":"LORD DUFFERIN (1884-1888)"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><b>Introduction<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lord Dufferin was a well-known <\/span><b>Victorian socialite and British government official. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Today, he is best renowned for being<\/span><b> one of history&#8217;s most influential diplomats.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> He achieved the apex of his diplomatic career in 1884 when he became the eighth Viceroy of India. Lord Dufferin served as Viceroy and Governor-General of India from 1884 until 1888. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-31019\" src=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/05.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"229\" height=\"259\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b style=\"color: var(--global--color-primary); font-family: var(--global--font-secondary); font-size: var(--global--font-size-base); background-color: var(--global--color-background);\">Significant Events During His Tenure<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<h2><b>1886: Third Burmese War<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lord Dalhousie had seized the lower Burma, but <\/span><b>King Thebau <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">was in charge of the upper Burma, which was still a sovereign nation. <\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With the <\/span><b>French, he had signed a trade agreement<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and personally received and honoured their representative. This sparked British concerns about the growing French influence in Burma. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In addition, the King ordered the arrest of company officials and levied a<\/span><b> hefty punishment against the Bombay Burma Trading Company. <\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lord Dufferin asked the King to <\/span><b>conduct a thorough investigation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> before taking any action. King, though, turned down the proposal.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Incident In Panjdeh (1885)<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This episode took place in 1885 as a result of <\/span><b>Russia&#8217;s ongoing policy of expanding into Afghanistan<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 1884, Russians took <\/span><b>control of Merv Oasis and afterwards claimed Panjdeh<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Russia and the United Kingdom both began preparing for war since it might break out at any moment. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, <\/span><b>Lord Dufferin&#8217;s diplomatic efforts,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> which succeeded in securing a settlement, prevented the war.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Foundation Of Congress, 1885<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><b>Allan Octavian Hume<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Obtained The Viceroy&#8217;s Consent In May 1885 to establish an <\/span><b>&#8220;Indian National Congress&#8221; <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that would be associated with the government and serve as a forum for the expression of Indian public opinion.  <\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">presided at the opening meeting. Congress adopted a resolution during this session calling for council reforms and expressing unhappiness with the current structure of governance. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Following the adoption of this resolution, Lord Dufferin created a <\/span><b>committee to oversee council changes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which led to the passage of the Indian Councils Act in 1892.  In India, this law established the idea of representation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Evaluation Of His Tenure<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dufferin encountered a <\/span><b>psychological and political dilemma <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">as Lord Ripon&#8217;s successor. While the Anglo-Indians also loathed Ripon, the Indians had unmatched warmth and affection for him.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They viewed him as a rebel. Dufferin was in a difficult situation since he <\/span><b>required the support of both the locals and the Anglo-Indians<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to rule effectively.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, the reform ambitions of his predecessor, Lord Ripon, caused a <\/span><b>rift between the two communities <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">at the time.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He must work to win back the support of his neighbourhood while also assuaging the anger brought on by <\/span><b>white racial conceit.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> In this, he was incredibly successful.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Due to his <\/span><b>diplomacy expertise<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, Dufferin could subdue the racial tension and enthusiasm that the Ilbert Bill had caused.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Because he is a diplomat rather than an administrator, his government has been appropriately called <\/span><b>&#8220;an imperial embassy rather than an orthodox government.&#8221;<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"vc_table_green\"><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><b>#PW-OnlyIAS Edge<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Because he is a diplomat rather than an administrator, his government has been appropriately called <\/span><b>&#8220;an imperial embassy rather than an orthodox government.&#8221;<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/div>\n<h2><b>Conclusion<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lord Dufferin earned a lot of respect as a scholar. After leaving public life, he rose to the positions of Rector of Edinburgh and St. Andrew&#8217;s and President of the British Geographical Society. Due to his personal enlightenment, Dufferin was awarded various honorific titles, <\/span><b>including DCL, LLD, FRS, and Doctor of Oriental Learning (Punjab University). <\/b><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction Lord Dufferin was a well-known Victorian socialite and British government official. Today, he is best renowned for being one of history&#8217;s most influential diplomats. He achieved the apex of his diplomatic career in 1884 when he became the eighth Viceroy of India. Lord Dufferin served as Viceroy and Governor-General of India from 1884 until&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/upsc-notes\/lord-dufferin-1884-1888\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">LORD DUFFERIN (1884-1888)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"doc_category":[],"doc_tag":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/31018"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/docs"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=31018"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/31018\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=31018"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"doc_category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/doc_category?post=31018"},{"taxonomy":"doc_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/doc_tag?post=31018"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}