{"id":31023,"date":"2023-08-02T13:17:36","date_gmt":"2023-08-02T07:47:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/?post_type=docs&#038;p=31023"},"modified":"2023-08-02T13:17:36","modified_gmt":"2023-08-02T07:47:36","slug":"lord-lansdowne-1888-1894","status":"publish","type":"docs","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/upsc-notes\/lord-lansdowne-1888-1894\/","title":{"rendered":"Lord Lansdowne (1888-1894)"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><b>Introduction<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">From 1888 to 1894, Lord Lansdowne served as <\/span><b>Viceroy of India<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. He held the positions of governor general of Canada, foreign secretary of the UK, and deputy leader of the Conservative Party before being appointed governor-general of India. In India, Lansdowne&#8217;s rule was <\/span><b>characterised by tranquillity, advancement, and a few construction undertakings. <\/b><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-31024\" src=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/6.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"204\" height=\"272\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><b>Significant Events During His Tenure<\/b><\/h2>\n<h2><b>1892: Indian Councils Act<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Indian parliamentary system was established by the Indian Councils Act of 1892. <\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Additional members<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for the national and provincial legislative councils were made possible by this statute. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With the<\/span><b> previous approval of the Governor General, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the members were permitted to raise inquiries about domestic issues. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To choose the council members, an <\/span><b>indirect election<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> procedure was implemented. <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>1893: Opium Commission<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A<\/span><b> royal commission was established in 1893<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to investigate the effects of opium use in India and the viability of outlawing it. <\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This commission questioned numerous witnesses before issuing a<\/span><b> final report in 1895<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that supported the usage of opium. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It was claimed that the effects of opium consumption in India were <\/span><b>significantly less dangerous <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">than thought. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As a result, the <\/span><b>Government gladly accepted the commission&#8217;s suggestion <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and abandoned its plan to outlaw opium.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Re-Imposition Of Income Tax<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By this point,<\/span><b> Lord Ripon&#8217;s administration&#8217;s financial reforms and tax cuts<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> had begun to have an adverse effect on revenue. <\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Burma War<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> cost Rs. 40 lakh, the <\/span><b>North West military operations<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Rs. 20 lahks, and the expanded army required an annual expenditure of Rs. 15 lahks. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In order<\/span><b> to address the issue, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">income tax was reinstated in 1886, and the salt charge was increased in 1888. 1894 saw the introduction of a 5% customs levy on imported cotton products.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Evaluation Of His Tenure<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lord Dufferin, his predecessor, had left him with an<\/span><b> empty treasury, a limited plan for political change<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and a <\/span><b>more assertive stance on India&#8217;s northwest frontier <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that had enraged the amir of Afghanistan and strained relations with the inhabitants of that borderland.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A number of new issues soon arose for him, including a <\/span><b>bloody uprising in Manipur (1890\u20131891) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and an attempt by Parliament to restrict the growth of indigenous Indian industry (1891), which he mostly ascribed to the Indian Civil Service&#8217;s &#8220;lack of sympathy for those they ruled.&#8221;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lansdowne, who believed that the growth of Indian nationalism was an unavoidable outcome of British rule (1890), <\/span><b>legitimised the activity of the Indian National Congress <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in an official circular.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">His wider and more liberal revision of Dufferin&#8217;s Provincial Councils proposal, which became the <\/span><b>Indian Councils Act of 1892, o<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">vercame strong opposition from the Indian Civil Service.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"vc_table_green\"><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><b>#PW-OnlyIAS Edge<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When Lord Lansdowne served as India&#8217;s Viceroy, the<\/span><b> Indian Factory Act of 1891<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was enacted.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Statutory Civil Service was eliminated based on suggestions made by the <\/span><b>Aitchison Commission in 1889.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Imperial Indian Civil Service, Provincial Civil Service, and Subordinate Civil Service were the three divisions that made up the civil service of the government.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In British India, the<\/span><b> Age of Consent Act, of 1891 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">was passed in 1891, increasing the minimum age of consent for sexual activity for all girls, whether married or not, from ten to twelve years in all jurisdictions, with violations penalised as rape.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/div>\n<h2><b>Conclusion<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When Lansdowne was the Leader of the House of Lords in 1909, he silenced Curzon and other Tories who opposed the Morley-Minto Reforms, an enlargement of the law passed in 1892. Additionally, he got their consent to select an Indian for the Viceroy&#8217;s Supreme Council as well as the Council of India. Lansdowne was extremely sorry for the price these &#8220;little wars&#8221; for the empire had put on India. <\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction From 1888 to 1894, Lord Lansdowne served as Viceroy of India. He held the positions of governor general of Canada, foreign secretary of the UK, and deputy leader of the Conservative Party before being appointed governor-general of India. In India, Lansdowne&#8217;s rule was characterised by tranquillity, advancement, and a few construction undertakings. Significant Events&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/upsc-notes\/lord-lansdowne-1888-1894\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Lord Lansdowne (1888-1894)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"doc_category":[],"doc_tag":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/31023"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/docs"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=31023"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/31023\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=31023"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"doc_category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/doc_category?post=31023"},{"taxonomy":"doc_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/doc_tag?post=31023"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}