{"id":115536,"date":"2025-01-16T14:26:29","date_gmt":"2025-01-16T08:56:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/?p=115536"},"modified":"2025-01-16T14:26:29","modified_gmt":"2025-01-16T08:56:29","slug":"deccan-volcanism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/current-affairs\/deccan-volcanism\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0928 \u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e"},"content":{"rendered":"<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d<\/b><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u090f\u0915 \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0924\u093e \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0928 \u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940\u092f \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0940\u092f \u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0936\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u093e, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f \u0909\u0937\u094d\u0923\u0915\u091f\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0928\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<span class=\"vc_green_button\"><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u0909\u0937\u094d\u0923\u0915\u091f\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0928\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0909\u0937\u094d\u0923\u0915\u091f\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u0928\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f, \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e, \u0939\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0941\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0935\u0928, \u092e\u0948\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0935\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u090f\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092e (Angiosperms): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092b\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092c\u0940\u091c \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u092f\u0947 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0940\u092f \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0941\u0932\u093e\u092c, \u0911\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0921 \u0914\u0930 \u0913\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0943\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u091c\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092e (Gymnosperms): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u092c\u0940\u091c \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u092b\u0942\u0932 \u092f\u093e \u092b\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0907\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091c \u0906\u092e \u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0936\u0902\u0915\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0917\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><b> \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0940\u0921\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0947\u0921\u093c, \u0938\u093e\u0907\u0915\u0948\u0921 (Cycads) \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0915\u0917\u094b (Ginkgoes) \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/span>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/b><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u0909\u0937\u094d\u0923\u0915\u091f\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0928\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0928 \u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0937\u094d\u0923\u0915\u091f\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0928\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u090f\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092e (Angiosperm) \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927 \u0909\u0937\u094d\u0923\u0915\u091f\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0928\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0907\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092e \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924, \u0909\u092a\u091c\u093e\u090a \u0906\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0938\u0941\u0938\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940 \u091a\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u0909\u0937\u094d\u0923\u0915\u091f\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0928\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u093e\u092a\u0928: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0938-\u092a\u0947\u0932\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0928 (K-Pg) \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u0939\u0930\u0940\u0932\u0940 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0917\u0948\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0935\u091c\u0942\u0926, \u0909\u0937\u094d\u0923\u0915\u091f\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0928\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a-\u0938\u0939\u0938\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u0908\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u092c\u0915: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0924\u093e \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0937\u094d\u0923\u0915\u091f\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0935\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0917\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0924\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<span class=\"vc_green_button\"><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<h4><b>\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0932\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0930\u093f\u0932\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0935 (Nearest Living Relative-NLR) \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0939-\u0905\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923 (Coexistence Approach-CA)<\/b><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2018\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0932\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0930\u093f\u0932\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0935\u2019 (Nearest Living Relative-NLR) \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0939-\u0905\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923 (CA) \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0932\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0930\u093f\u0932\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0935 (Nearest Living Relative-NLR) \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u2018<\/span><b>\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0932\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0930\u093f\u0932\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0935\u2019<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0930\u0940\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u0938\u0939-\u0905\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923 (Coexistence Approach): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/span>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093f<\/b><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u0928\u092e\u0942\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u092e\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092f\u0935\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0932 (Yeotmal) \u092e\u0947\u0902 17 \u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u092e\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0924\u0932\u091b\u091f\u0940 \u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0921\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0928 (Mudstone) \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0928 (Claystone) \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0924\u0932\u091b\u091f\u0940 \u091a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u092e\u0942\u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-115537\" src=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/3-12-300x263.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"263\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/3-12-300x263.png 300w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/3-12-360x315.png 360w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/3-12.png 504w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u092a\u0948\u0932\u093f\u0928\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 (Palynological Analysis): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0940\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0907\u0915\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 (Paleoecology), \u092a\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u092e\u0947\u091f (Paleoclimate) \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u0940 (Paleobiogeography) \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0917, \u092c\u0940\u091c\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-115538\" src=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/4-13-300x180.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"180\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/4-13-300x180.png 300w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/4-13-360x216.png 360w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/4-13.png 618w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u092a\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0907\u0915\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u092e\u0948\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <\/span><b>\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0932\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0930\u093f\u0932\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0935 (Nearest Living Relative-NLR)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923 \u0914\u0930 <\/span><b>\u0938\u0939-\u0905\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923 (Coexistence Approach)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u092a\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0928 \u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/b><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0928 \u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0920\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0938-\u092a\u0947\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 (Cretaceous-Paleogene Transition) \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928, \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 66 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0918\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0925\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0928 \u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/b><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><b>\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0928 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u092a \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0928 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932, \u092c\u093e\u0922\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0947\u0938\u093e\u0932\u094d\u091f \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0932\u093e\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u092f\u0947 \u092d\u0942-\u0917\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0920\u093e\u0930 (Deccan Plateau) \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>\u0930\u0940\u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0939\u0949\u091f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0949\u091f: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0924\u092c \u0939\u0941\u0908, \u091c\u092c \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0930\u0940\u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0939\u0949\u091f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0949\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0940, \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092c \u0930\u0940\u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u092e\u0943\u0926\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0907\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0947\u0938\u093e\u0932\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0930\u0947\u0917\u0941\u0930 \u092e\u0943\u0926\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0909\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>\u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0907\u0938<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092b\u094b\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0921\u093e\u0907\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0932\u094d\u092b\u0930 \u090f\u0930\u094b\u0938\u094b\u0932 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0917\u0948\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0917\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u0941\u090f, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u094d\u0932\u094b\u092c\u0932 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0907\u0928 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0928\u0949\u0928-\u090f\u0935\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<span class=\"vc_green_button\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<h4><b>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901 (Mass Extinction Events)<\/b><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0936\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0935 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091f\u0915\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092b\u094b\u091f \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0936\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><b>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0938-\u092a\u0947\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0940\u0928 (K-Pg) \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/b><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">66 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0918\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u091c\u094b <\/span><b>\u092e\u0947\u0938\u094b\u091c\u094b\u0907\u0915 \u092f\u0941\u0917 (Mesozoic Era)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u092e\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0915\u094b \u0915\u0947 <\/span><b>\u092f\u0941\u0915\u093e\u091f\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a (Yucatan Peninsula)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u091f\u0915\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 120 \u092e\u0940\u0932 \u091a\u094c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0917\u0921\u094d\u0922\u093e \u092c\u0928 \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u091f\u0915\u0930\u093e\u0935 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0915\u0947 900 \u092e\u0940\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0928\u093e\u0917\u094d\u0928\u093f \u0915\u093e \u092b\u0948\u0932\u093e\u0935\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0932\u092c\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0932\u094d\u092b\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u0940\u0924\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0938\u0941\u0928\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u0917\u0902\u092d\u0940\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0928 \u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0928\u0949\u0928-\u090f\u0935\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 76% \u0906\u092c\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><b>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/b><\/h4>\n<span class=\"vc_green_button\"><\/span>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<h4><b>\u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/b><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h4><b>\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f (\u0932\u093e\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935)<\/b><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h4><b>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/b><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h4><b>\u0935\u093f\u0932\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0930<\/b><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h4><b>\u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0939\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938<\/b><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u094b\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0928-\u0938\u093f\u0932\u0941\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0928 (Ordovician-Silurian)<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">444<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0939\u093f\u092e\u0928\u0926\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0935\u091f<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">~85%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0921\u0947\u0935\u094b\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0928 (Late Devonian)<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">375<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0913\u0936\u0928 \u090f\u0928\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">~75%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0930\u0940\u092b-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u092f\u0928-\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0938\u093f\u0915 (Permian-Triassic)<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">252<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u092e\u0947\u0925\u0947\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928, \u0917\u094d\u0932\u094b\u092c\u0932 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">~96%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0915-\u091c\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915 (Triassic-Jurassic)<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">201<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">~80%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0930, \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0938-\u092a\u0947\u0932\u093f\u0913\u091c\u0940\u0928 (Cretaceous-Paleogene)<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">66<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u091f\u094d\u091f, \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0928 \u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">~76%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0928\u0949\u0928-\u090f\u0935\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0930, \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>[\/green_button]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0924\u093e \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0928 \u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940\u092f \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0940\u092f \u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0936\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u093e, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f \u0909\u0937\u094d\u0923\u0915\u091f\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0928\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0964 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0909\u0937\u094d\u0923\u0915\u091f\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0928\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935: \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0928 \u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0937\u094d\u0923\u0915\u091f\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0928\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u093e,&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/current-affairs\/deccan-volcanism\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0928 \u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":37,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4818],"tags":[],"paper":[4826],"subject":[4837],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/115536"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/37"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=115536"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/115536\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":115539,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/115536\/revisions\/115539"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=115536"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=115536"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=115536"},{"taxonomy":"paper","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/paper?post=115536"},{"taxonomy":"subject","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/subject?post=115536"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}