{"id":116010,"date":"2025-01-27T15:38:05","date_gmt":"2025-01-27T10:08:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/?p=116010"},"modified":"2025-01-27T15:38:05","modified_gmt":"2025-01-27T10:08:05","slug":"a-new-study-says-iron-age-began-hundreds-of-years-earlier-in-tamil-nadu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/current-affairs\/a-new-study-says-iron-age-began-hundreds-of-years-earlier-in-tamil-nadu\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0924\u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0921\u0941 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u094c\u0939 \u092f\u0941\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f"},"content":{"rendered":"<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d<\/b><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0939\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u094c\u0939 \u092f\u0941\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u092f\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0936 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0924\u093e \u091a\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0924\u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0921\u0941 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u094b\u0939\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 3345 \u0908\u0938\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u094b\u0939\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0940\u0928 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092c\u0928 \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f<\/b><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0926\u0936\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915, \u0932\u094c\u0939 \u092f\u0941\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e\u092b\u0940 \u0939\u0926 \u0924\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0938\u094b\u092a\u094b\u091f\u093e\u092e\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0905\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094b\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0927\u0941 \u0918\u093e\u091f\u0940 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0925\u0940, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u0938\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u0908\u0938\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0930\u0916\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0925\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<span class=\"vc_green_button\"><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<h4><b>\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0932\u0947\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940 (AMS) \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0932\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0928\u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938 (OSL)<\/b><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u092f\u0947 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u092f\u0941 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u0942-\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">AMS \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0916 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928-14 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">OSL \u0916\u0928\u093f\u091c \u0915\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915\u0930, \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u090f \u0905\u0935\u0938\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0947\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/span>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/b><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0930\u093f\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8216;\u0932\u094b\u0939\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0940\u0928\u0924\u093e: \u0924\u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0921\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b\u092e\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901&#8217; (Antiquity of Iron: Recent Radiometric Dates from Tamil Nadu)\u0964\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0947:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u092f\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u092e\u0942\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f <\/span><b>\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0932\u0947\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940 (AMS) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u090f\u0935\u0902 <\/span><b>\u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0932\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0928\u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938 (OSL)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>\u0936\u093f\u0935\u0917\u0932\u093e\u0908 (Sivagalai): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2953-3345 \u0908\u0938\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0939\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f, \u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u092e\u0942\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f 1155 \u0908\u0938\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>\u092e\u092f\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0921\u0941\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0908 (Mayiladumparai):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u0932\u094c\u0939 \u0915\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 2172 \u0908\u0938\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0926\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>\u0915\u093f\u0932\u0928\u093e\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0940 (Kilnamandi): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1692 \u0908\u0938\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u092c\u0942\u0924\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e \u0936\u0935\u0926\u093e\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932, \u091c\u094b \u0924\u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0921\u0941 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0936\u0935\u0926\u093e\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>\u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>\u0932\u094c\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0932\u0928: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0915\u094b\u0921\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0932, \u091a\u0947\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940\u092a\u0932\u093e\u092f\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0947\u0930\u0941\u0902\u0917\u0932\u0941\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u092d\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u0908\u0902, \u0915\u094b\u0921\u0941\u092e\u0928\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 1,300\u00b0C \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0917\u0908\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0902\u091c \u0906\u092f\u0930\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0925\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930 \u092f\u0941\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0932\u094c\u0939 \u092f\u0941\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u0901\u092c\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-116011 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/3-21-e1737972352852-207x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"207\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/3-21-e1737972352852-207x300.png 207w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/3-21-e1737972352852-705x1024.png 705w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/3-21-e1737972352852-768x1115.png 768w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/3-21-e1737972352852-353x512.png 353w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/3-21-e1737972352852.png 1056w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 207px) 100vw, 207px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0924\u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0921\u0941 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0932\u094c\u0939 \u092f\u0941\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u092f\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0915\u094b \u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 <\/span><b>\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f (Hittite Empire)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (1300 \u0908\u0938\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935) \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0932\u094b\u0939\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u090f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u0948\u0932 \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u094c\u0939 \u092f\u0941\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u0930\u0923<\/b><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><b>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u094c\u0939 \u092f\u0941\u0917 (1500 \u0908\u0938\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 &#8211; 1000 \u0908\u0938\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935)<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0932\u094b\u0939\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0914\u091c\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f (<\/span><b>\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947-<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u0939\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0942\u0930, \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093e\u091f\u0915)\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0935\u0948\u0926\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0932 (\u0905\u0925\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0947\u0926 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0902\u0925) \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u0905\u0924\u0930\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0916\u0947\u0921\u093c\u093e (\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0947\u0936), \u092e\u0932\u094d\u0939\u093e\u0930 (\u091b\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0938\u0917\u0922\u093c), \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0932\u094c\u0939 \u092f\u0941\u0917 (1000 \u0908\u0938\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 &#8211; 600 \u0908\u0938\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935)<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0932\u094c\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u0939\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0917\u0902\u0917\u093e-\u092f\u092e\u0941\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0948\u0926\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0907\u0932\u093e\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0927\u0942\u0938\u0930 \u092e\u0943\u0926\u092d\u093e\u0901\u0921 (PGW) \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u092f\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0915\u094c\u0936\u093e\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0932\u0947\u092c\u0902\u0926 \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u0928\u092a\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u092f\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u0915\u094c\u0936\u093e\u0902\u092c\u0940 (\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0947\u0936), \u0905\u0924\u0930\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0916\u0947\u0921\u093c\u093e (\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0947\u0936)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0932\u094c\u0939 \u092f\u0941\u0917 (600 \u0908\u0938\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 &#8211; 200 \u0908\u0938\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935)<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u092e\u0939\u093e\u091c\u0928\u092a\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0917\u0920\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u0948\u0928 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930; \u0905\u0936\u094b\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0936\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u092a\u093e\u091f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0930 (\u092a\u091f\u0928\u093e), \u0909\u091c\u094d\u091c\u0948\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>\u0932\u094c\u0939 \u092f\u0941\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/b><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-116012\" src=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/4-20-300x165.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"165\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/4-20-300x165.png 300w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/4-20-1024x564.png 1024w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/4-20-768x423.png 768w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/4-20-360x198.png 360w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/4-20.png 1063w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u0932\u094c\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u0914\u091c\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0939\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u0932\u094c\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0932\u094b\u0939\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0930\u093e\u0901\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u0936\u0939\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u091c\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u0935\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u093f\u0932\u0947\u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0936\u0939\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u091c\u0928\u092a\u0926\u094b\u0902, \u092e\u0939\u093e\u091c\u0928\u092a\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0935\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>\u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0937\u0926 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0902\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u0948\u0928 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0935 \u0915\u0932\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u092f\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u0939\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u094c\u0939 \u092f\u0941\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u092f\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0936 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0924\u093e \u091a\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0924\u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0921\u0941 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u094b\u0939\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 3345 \u0908\u0938\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u094b\u0939\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0940\u0928 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092c\u0928 \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0936\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915, \u0932\u094c\u0939&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/current-affairs\/a-new-study-says-iron-age-began-hundreds-of-years-earlier-in-tamil-nadu\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">\u0924\u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0921\u0941 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u094c\u0939 \u092f\u0941\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":37,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4818],"tags":[],"paper":[4826],"subject":[4884],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/116010"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/37"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=116010"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/116010\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":116013,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/116010\/revisions\/116013"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=116010"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=116010"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=116010"},{"taxonomy":"paper","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/paper?post=116010"},{"taxonomy":"subject","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/subject?post=116010"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}