Answer:

Introduction:

The rise of left-wing extremism, particularly in the Eastern parts of India, is a manifestation of complex socio-economic issues and political realities. This extremist insurgency, often termed as India’s “greatest internal security challenge,” is deeply embedded in systemic inequalities, governance deficits, and ideological factors.

Body:

Determinants of left-wing extremism:

• Socio-economic Deprivation: Poverty and underdevelopment have been significant drivers of extremism. As per the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative, regions affected by left-wing extremism, like Jharkhand, exhibit high levels of deprivation, contributing to discontent.
• Land Rights and Forest Issues: Conflicts over land and forest rights, as seen in Chhattisgarh, have been a significant catalyst for left-wing extremism.
• Poor Governance: Lack of effective governance and corruption often exacerbate feelings of alienation and injustice, driving people towards extremism.
• Illiteracy and Unemployment: These factors, evident in Odisha, contribute to the vulnerability of individuals to extremist ideologies.

Strategies to counter the threat:

• Inclusive Development: Initiatives like ‘Aspirational Districts Programme’ aim to address socio-economic disparities and curb extremism.
• Enhanced Security Operations: Operations like ‘Operation Green Hunt’ focus on neutralizing extremists and reclaiming areas under their control.
• Negotiations and Surrender Policies: The Government has initiated peace talks and surrender policies, like in West Bengal, to encourage extremists to return to the mainstream.
• Improved Governance: Efforts to tackle corruption and enhance public service delivery can help in reducing local support for extremism.

Conclusion:

Addressing left-wing extremism in Eastern India necessitates a comprehensive and balanced approach. Inclusive development, effective security operations, improved governance, and strategic negotiations can significantly mitigate this challenge, creating a more peaceful and progressive Eastern India.