Answer:

Introduction:

Body:

(a) There is a general perception that by adhering to ethical conduct one may face difficulties to oneself and cause problems for the family, whereas unfair practices may help to reach career goals.

Merits:

1. Immediate personal gains: Unethical practices might provide short-term benefits such as career advancement, financial gains, or influence over others.
2. Avoiding conflicts: Engaging in unfair practices may help individuals avoid confrontations or conflicts with others who are involved in such practices.
3. Family stability: By adopting unfair means, individuals might believe they can secure a better future for their families by improving their financial status or social standing.

Demerits:

1. Long-term consequences: Unethical practices can damage personal integrity and reputation, which may have far-reaching consequences on future opportunities and relationships.
2. Erosion of trust: Engaging in unfair practices undermines trust in the system and can create a negative work culture that perpetuates corruption and unfairness.
3. Legal and ethical implications: Unethical practices are often illegal and can lead to legal consequences, damaging both personal and professional standing.

(b)   When the number of people adopting unfair means is large, a small minority having a penchant towards ethical means makes no difference.

Merits:

1. Collective impact: If a significant majority of individuals adopt ethical means, it can contribute to the overall improvement of the system and foster a culture of integrity.
2. Leading by example: Even if the impact is not immediate or significant, individuals adhering to ethical means can serve as role models and inspire others to follow suit.

Demerits:

1. Perception of futility: The belief that ethical behavior has no impact can discourage individuals from acting ethically, leading to further proliferation of unethical practices.
2. Moral dilution: If a small minority adheres to ethical means while the majority adopts unfair practices, it can create a sense of isolation or even moral compromise for individuals attempting to maintain their integrity.

(c)  Sticking to ethical means is detrimental to the larger developmental goals.

Merits:

1. Long-term sustainability: Ethical practices promote trust, fairness, and accountability, which are essential for sustainable development and long-term success.
2. Reputation and credibility: Organizations and individuals known for their ethical conduct tend to gain credibility, attract better talent, and enjoy stronger relationships with stakeholders.

Demerits:

1. Perceived short-term setbacks: Ethical practices may sometimes involve difficult choices or slower progress initially, but they can lead to more sustainable and meaningful results in the long run.
2. Resistance to change: In some cases, sticking to ethical means may challenge established practices or systems that prioritize short-term gains over long-term well-being, leading to resistance or pushback.

(d)   While one may not involve oneself in large unethical practices, giving and accepting small gifts make the system more efficient.

Merits:

1. Enhancing relationships: Small gifts or gestures of appreciation can help build rapport and goodwill between individuals, fostering a positive working environment.
2. Smoothing bureaucratic processes: In certain contexts, small gifts may be seen as customary or cultural practices that facilitate smoother interactions and improve efficiency.

Demerits:

1. Slippery slope: Accepting small gifts can lead to a gradual erosion of ethical boundaries, making individuals more susceptible to engaging in larger unethical practices over time.
2. Unfair advantage: Accepting gifts can create an uneven playing field, where those with greater resources can gain preferential treatment, compromising fairness and meritocracy.
3. Perception of corruption: The acceptance of gifts, regardless of their size, can create a perception of corruption, eroding public trust in the integrity of the civil service.

Conclusion:

While the above statements may present some perceived merits in certain situations, it is important to consider the long-term consequences, ethical implications, and the impact on overall development and public trust. Ethical conduct, even in the face of challenges, plays a crucial role in building a sustainable and fair society.