Answer:

Introduction

The iron and steel industry, often referred to as a foundational or basic industry, operates as a heavy industry with the unique characteristic of losing weight during production. This historically led to the strategic placement of facilities near rich raw material sources, as seen with TISCO in Jamshedpur near the Jharia Coalfields. However, this industry is shifting away from the source of raw materials and relocating towards coastal regions, as observed in places like Detroit and Chicago in the USA, Visakhapatnam in India, and Osaka-Kobe in Japan.

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Reasons behind the Relocation of Iron and Steel Industries:

• Advancements in Transportation: The modernization of transportation infrastructure, including railways, highways, and ports, has revolutionized the efficiency of moving raw materials over longer distances, reducing the need for immediate proximity of iron and steel industries to raw material sources. For instance, the establishment of the Vizag Steel Plant in India in 1992 marked a pivotal shift towards port-based operations.
• Market-Centric Approach: Industries are increasingly relocating to major consumer markets to cut transportation costs and guarantee timely delivery of steel products, departing from the traditional reliance on raw material proximity. For instance, Japan, facing scarcity of domestic iron ore and coal, shifted to a market-centric model, seen in regions like ‘Tokyo-Yokohama’ and ‘Osaka-Kobe-Heemeji.’
• Depletion of Local Raw Material Reserves: The dwindling reserves of raw materials, such as iron ore, in local regions have rendered them economically unviable, necessitating a shift towards more distant sources. This trend is exemplified by the historical transformation of the Ruhr region in Germany, once a thriving hub of steel production.
• Environmental Compliance: Stringent environmental regulations in certain regions are compelling industries to relocate from ecologically sensitive areas, aiming to minimize their environmental footprint.
  • Notable examples involve mine closures in India, prompted by Shah Commission investigations and Supreme Court rulings, including iron ore mining bans in Karnataka and Goa (2011-12), and in Odisha (2014) due to pending clearances.
• Government Policies: Government policies, ranging from tax breaks to subsidies, wield significant influence over the decision to relocate industries to specific regions or countries. This is evidenced by the establishment of the Bhilai and Salem Plants in India, which were strategically located based on favorable government policies.
• Diverse Strategic Considerations: Strategic motives, including diversification of locations, proximity to crucial suppliers, and access to specific markets, are pivotal factors driving the decision to relocate. This strategic approach was notably adopted by the USA and USSR post-WWII to prevent the over-concentration of the industry in any single region, leading to the establishment of plants in previously untapped regions.
• Technological: Technological progress, particularly in ore processing and recycling techniques, empowers industries with greater flexibility in choosing their location and utilizing a broader spectrum of raw materials. The Bhushan Steel Plant and Bhadravati steel plant in India serve as prime examples of how technological innovations have influenced the location decisions of steel facilities.
• Research and Development Pioneering: The relentless pursuit of innovation and technological advancements in the iron and steel industry often precipitates extensive research and development (R&D) activities. These endeavors lead to breakthroughs in materials, processes, and product development, thereby influencing the location of iron and steel facilities.

Conclusion

The contemporary trend of iron and steel industries relocating away from raw material sources is a multifaceted phenomenon driven by a confluence of factors, reflecting the adaptability of this vital industry to modern challenges and opportunities.