The article ‘The dawn of autonomous satellites and the legal vacuum above us’ sheds light on the AI-powered satellites 

About Autonomous Satellites

• These satellites are equipped with advanced technologies and algorithms, such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) which allows them to operate with little to no human involvement.
• AI transforms satellites into thinking machines, capable of making decisions without human input.
• Satellite edge computing is used by these satellites to analyze their surroundings and act autonomously.
  • Satellite edge computing is a technique that includes data processing closer to the source, rather than relying entirely on ground stations or cloud-based systems. 

Key Applications

• Automated operations – Docking, inspections, debris removal, and in-orbit refueling.
• Self-diagnosis & repair – Detecting faults and performing repairs without human intervention.
• Route optimization – Adjusting orbits efficiently to save fuel and avoid hazards.
• Geospatial intelligence – Detecting disasters and coordinating with other satellites in real-time.
• Combat support – AI-powered satellites may assist in military operations with autonomous tracking and engagement.

Risks of AI in Space

• AI “Hallucinations”: Just like AI can generate misinformation on Earth, it could misinterpret data in space. A satellite might mistake a harmless object for a threat, leading to dangerous actions.
• Geopolitical consequences – A miscalculation (interpreting routine space activity as threat) could result in diplomatic protests or international disputes.
• Legal complexity – Unclear liability if an AI-driven satellite causes a collision; responsibility could fall on developers, operators, launching states, or AI itself.
• Ethical and Geopolitical Concerns
• • Risk of Weaponisation: AI-powered satellites could be used as autonomous weapons, raising fears of an arms race.
  • Data Privacy and Misuse: Satellites collect massive amounts of data, risking privacy violations.

Legal & Governance Challenges

• Existing space laws assume human control over satellites, but AI autonomy challenges this.
• The Outer Space Treaty (1967) and the Liability Convention (1972) do not define responsibility for AI-caused incidents.
  • Outer Space Treaty (1967) is an international multilateral treaty that forms the basis of international space law.
    • It governs the activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space
  • The Liability Convention– It was signed in 1972 to build on the earlier rules from the Outer Space Treaty of 1967.
    • The treaty explains who is responsible for damage caused by space objects.

Legal and Technical Solutions for AI in Space

• Defining Autonomy Levels: Like self-driving cars, satellites should be classified by how autonomous they are, with stricter regulations for higher AI independence.
• Human Oversight: Space laws must ensure that humans maintain meaningful control over autonomous satellites to prevent unintended actions.
• Adversarial Testing: AI systems should undergo stress tests to check how they react to unexpected situations, such as sensor failures or collision threats.
• Decision Logging: Satellites must record their key decisions, like maneuvering data, for later review in case of disputes.