India’s aquaculture sector has seen greater adoption of Biofloc Technology (BFT) and Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS).

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• Department of Fisheries is promotes BFT & RAS by offering subsidies at national and state levels.
• Currently, India is the second-largest producer of farmed fish globally (after China), contributing to food security, employment, and economic growth.

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About Biofloc Technology (BFT)

• It is a sustainable aquaculture technique that uses microorganisms to convert waste products into nutrients for fish and crustaceans.
• Biofloc: It is a protein rich live feed formed as a result of conversion of unused feed and excreta into a natural food in a culture system on exposure to sunlight and vigorous aeration.
• Working: It  uses beneficial bacteria (floc) to convert organic waste into microbial biomass for fish consumption. It requires aeration systems for oxygen levels and mechanical filtration to maintain water quality.
• Advantages:
  • Reduces need for chemicals/antibiotics.
  • Sustainable, cost-effective, & suitable for small farmers or backyard farming.
• Challenges:
  • High initial investment (₹4–5 lakh).
  • Requires frequent monitoring of carbon-to-nitrogen ratios and floc levels.
  • Limited species suitability→ Indian Major Carps like rohu & catla are difficult to rear in northern regions

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About Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS)

• Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) is a technology that recycles water for fish farming in indoor tanks.
• Working: It filters & recycles water using mechanical and biological filtration systems and creates a controlled environment for temperature, oxygen, & cleanliness.
• Advantages:
  • It offers high biosecurity, less disease risk, and reduced need for antibiotics.
  • It is suitable for indoor farming or areas without natural water sources.
• Challenges:
  • High investment & operational costs.
  • Requires constant power supply, backup systems, & skilled labor for monitoring and maintenance.