Context

Recently, there has been a notable rise in the rejection of Indian spice shipments in various countries.

Faced Allegations

• US Shipment Rejection: In the past six months, about one-third of Mahashian Di Hatti (MDH) Pvt Ltd’s spice shipments to the US were turned away due to salmonella contamination.
• Hong Kong’s Action: Hong Kong’s Centre for Food Safety suspended the sale of three MDH spice blends (Madras curry powder, Sambhar masala and curry powder masala) and Everest fish curry masala. 
• Singapore and Hong Kong Suspensions: Both have suspended the sale of several products from both MDH and Everest Food Products Pvt Ltd due to alleged detection of a cancer-causing pesticide (ethylene oxide) in their products.
• Investigation on Contamination: Various countries (including Singapore, Hong Kong and the U.S.) have announced an investigation into possible contamination of spice mixes sold by top Indian brands. 
  • The complaints cite the presence of ethylene oxide, a toxic chemical used as a food stabilizer, beyond permissible limits. 

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India’s Response to Spice Contamination

• Spice Board of India Initiatives: It has initiated mandatory testing of products shipped abroad and is reportedly working with exporters to identify the root cause of contamination.
• Inspection: Thorough inspections at exporter facilities are also underway to ensure adherence with regulatory standards.
• Preventing Measures: Preventing ethylene oxide (EtO) contamination by voluntary testing of EtO during raw and final stages; EtO treated products to be stored separately; to identify EtO as a hazard and incorporate critical control points in hazard analysis. 
• FSSAI Action: The FSSAI has directed state regulators to collect samples of major spice brands, including MDH and Everest, to test for the presence of EtO. 

About Spices

• Spices are defined as plant derived substances that add flavor to any dish. 
• Spices are primarily used as food flavoring (cloves, black pepper) or to create variety. They are also used in perfume cosmetics (Saffron, sandalwood) and incense (cinnamon, styrax). At various periods, many spices were used in herbal medicine.

History & Evolution of Indian Spices

• Ancient Origins: The use of spices in India can be traced back to ancient times (as far back as the Indus Valley Civilization) and used for culinary and medicinal purposes.
  • Trade Routes: India has a strategic location on ancient trade routes, including the Silk Route, facilitated the exchange of spices and relations with other civilizations.
  • Ayurvedic Influence: Many spices were believed to possess medicinal properties and were used to treat various ailments.
• Arab and Persian Influence: During the medieval period, they played a significant role in further disseminating Indian spices to the West, which then flourished and became luxury commodities in Europe.
• European Influence: In the 15th century, European powers, particularly the Portuguese, Dutch, and later the British, sought direct access to India’s spice-producing regions, which led to the exploration and establishment of maritime trade routes, contributing to the Age of Exploration.
• Colonial Powers: European colonial powers aimed to control the spice trade, leading to the establishment of trading posts and colonies in India. 

Post-Independence:

• India continued to be a major player in the global spice market. 
  • India is known for producing a wide variety of spices due to its diverse climate and geography. Example: Spices like black pepper, cardamom, cinnamon, cloves, turmeric, cumin, etc.
  • Global Influence: The use of Indian spices is widespread in international markets and cooking.

Spices Market of India

India is the world’s biggest exporter, producer and consumer of spices, and its domestic market for the products was valued at $10.44 billion in 2022. India produces 75 varieties out of 109 varieties, listed by  the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). 

• Export: The top three importers of India’s curry powders and mixtures, in the fiscal year 2022-23, include the U.S. (₹196.2 crore), U.A.E (₹170.6 crore) and U.K. (₹124.9 crore).
• Major Exported Spices:
  • Pepper, cardamom, chilli, ginger, turmeric, coriander, cumin, celery, fennel, fenugreek, garlic, nutmeg & mace, curry powder, spice oils and oleoresins. 
• Largest Spices Producing Indian States: 
  • Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Assam, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.

Significance of Spices for India

• Economic Growth:
• • Export: India is one of the world’s largest spice exporters, and its spices are in high demand globally. India exports its spices to more than 150 countries, with the US, China, Vietnam, UAE, and Malaysia being some of the largest markets.
  • Employment: The spices sector provides livelihoods to millions of farmers, traders, and laborers involved in its cultivation, processing and marketing.
  • Value Addition: India has moved up the value chain from exporting raw spices to offering value-added products like spice oils, oleoresins, culinary pastes, and ready-to-use spice mixes, among others.
• Cultural Significance: 
  • Cultural Heritage: Spices have a rich cultural heritage in India. They have been an integral part of Indian culture for centuries, used not only in cuisine but also in traditional medicine, rituals, etc. 
  • Health Benefits: Turmeric is valued for its anti-inflammatory properties, and ginger is used to aid digestion.
  • Spice Blends: Spice blends like garam masala and curry powder are at the heart of Indian cooking and are carefully crafted combinations of spices that lend distinctive flavors to dishes.
  • Regional Variations: Spices play a central role in defining regional cuisines and adding depth to local flavors.

Challenges faced by the Indian Spices Sector

• Economic Concerns: 
  • Immediate Risk: Delhi-based think tank Global Trade Research Initiative (GTRI) said that nearly $700 million worth of exports are at stack due to regulatory actions in critical markets.
  • China’s Impact: If China follow Hong Kong, Indian exports could see a “dramatic downturn”. This could affect exports valued at $2.17 billion – about 51.1% of the country’s global spice exports. 
  • EU’s Influence: It could further worsen if the European Union, which it states, “regularly rejects Indian spice consignments over quality issues”, follows suit. 
  • Total Potential Losses: The impact could be an additional $2.5 billion, bringing the total potential losses to 58.8% of global exports.
• Quality & Standard Maintenance: One of the major challenges in the spices sector is maintaining high-quality standards and meeting the stringent pesticide residue norms of importing countries. 
• Food Safety Concerns: Food safety is a paramount concern for consumers worldwide, particularly in developed nations where stringent regulations ensure product safety. Indian spice exporters encounter challenges in assuring consumers of the safety and hygiene of their products.
  • More than seven in 10 Indians are worried about the quality and safety of the spices they consume, according to a recent Local Circles survey that documented responses from 12,300 people across 293 districts. 
• Traceability and Transparency: The fragmented nature of India’s spice supply chain presents challenges in achieving full traceability and transparency. Lack of standardized documentation, inadequate record-keeping practices, and informal trade channels hinder Indian exporters’ ability to provide verifiable traceability data.
• Tariffs & Trade Barriers: Tariffs and trade barriers imposed by developed countries pose significant obstacles for Indian spice exporters. Despite being a major producer and exporter of spices, India faces stiff competition from other exporting nations.
• Price Volatility & Competition: The global spice market is highly competitive and Indian exporters often face challenges related to price volatility, influenced by factors such as crop yield, weather conditions, and currency fluctuations.
• Operational and Logistic Barriers: Many companies struggle to trace ingredients, especially raw agricultural commodities, due to the lack of standardized recordkeeping and intentional food fraud. 
• Societal Impact: In the event of potential losses, farmers of such crops too could find themselves at the receiving end. Such instances will burden the farmer.

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Way Forward

• Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) & Organic Cultivation: To address quality and standard issues, there is a need to focus on GAP and organic cultivation for spices.
• Strict Regulations & Safety Checks: To address the arising mistrust around FSSAI, there is a need for stricter regulatory measures and transparency in food production and safety industry standards. 
• Adopt Alternatives to Ethylene Oxide in Food Processing: Exploring safer chemical alternatives that have similar antimicrobial properties without carcinogenic risks is crucial.
  • Substances such as ozone, hydrogen peroxide, or heat treatments could serve as potential replacements for ethylene oxide in certain applications.
• Adequate Investment: By prioritizing investments in quality infrastructure, implementing stringent food safety measures, enhancing traceability and transparency, and aligning with market trends, Indian spice exporters can overcome these hurdles and unlock the vast potential of developed markets for India’s rich array of spices.
• Sustainability: As global awareness about environmental issues and sustainability grows, there is an opportunity for India to expand its share in the organic spices market.
  • There is a need to implement sustainable farming practices that can also help preserve biodiversity and reduce environmental impact.
• Market Diversification: Exploring new markets and creating demand for lesser-known spices is required and could help in reducing dependence on traditional markets.

Conclusion

The recent controversies “collectively underscore the persistent nature of food safety challenges across various sectors of the food industry”. There is a need to ensure standard food safety and address the issue of contamination at the earliest.