Context

Amidst the jubilant celebrations of Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav, the legacy of Jyotirao Phule, a pioneer in social reform, resonates deeply.

About Mahatma Jyotirao Phule

• Birth: Jyotirao Phule is one of them who was born in Maharashtra on 11th April and is remembered as a social reformer, author and activist. 
• Relevance: Though he was born in the 19th century his ideas are still relevant in the 21st century. 
• Phule’s Advocacy for Marginalized Groups: Throughout his life, he worked tirelessly to bring change in the lives of deprived groups, especially women, Shudras and Dalits.
• Vision for Social Progress: Jyotirao Phule was a visionary par excellence who realized very early that for a nation to progress, the marginalized groups need to be given due recognition.

Enroll now for UPSC Online Course

Views of Jyotirao Phule: Advocate of Social Justice, Caste Equality, and Education

• Addressing Social Inequalities: Jyotirao Phule struggled to find the solution to remove the inequalities based on caste, class, gender and religion from society.
• Enlightenment and Empowerment:  He understood very early in life that People were kept in the dark and they had been dragged into following the empty customs and norms without adequate understanding. 
• Advocating for Social Justice: He envisioned the furtherance of everyone’s rights through social empowerment.
• Pre-Colonial Maharashtra: Jyotirao Phule’s philosophy was conceptualized against the backdrop of the polity and society in pre-colonial Maharashtra, which was in a deteriorated state.
• Founding of Satyashodhak Samaj: His critique of the Brahmanic religion, scriptures and theories, the founding of Satyashodhak Samaj (truth-seeking society) for the upliftment of the downtrodden to the ‘new moral community’ and his radical writings which pioneered a reformation movement in Hindu society deserve special attention. 
• Satyashodhak Samaj’s Role: He gave the people a voice and a vehicle by establishing the Satyashodhak Samaj which was the first of its kind for social empowerment. 
• Championing Caste Equality: It promoted caste equality and was devoted to securing social justice and human rights of low-caste people. 
• Emancipation through Education: Throughout his life, he fought to emancipate women from the clutches of rigid patriarchal order and found education as a tool to address such evils. 
• Rejecting Regressive Hierarchy: He rejected the system of regressive hierarchy which engineered divisions and schism among the oppressed Hindus.

Reforms by Jyotirao Phule

• Reforming Family and Marriage: Jyotirao Phule revamped the traditional family and marriage system and refuted the hackneyed views on the prescribed typecast roles of man and woman. 
• Contract Marriage Advocacy: He supported contract marriage as for him; marriage is not a holy sacrament but a holy contract. 
• Rejecting Priesthood: Additionally, he also rejected the priesthood system. 
• Orphanage for Widows: He was far ahead of his time as he opened an orphanage for helpless widows who got pregnant. 
• Championing Women’s Education: He left an indelible impression in the field of women’s education as he found it a ‘remedial whipcord’ for ‘nauseating wrong done to the women’.
• Compulsory Education Advocacy: He insisted on compulsory and free primary education and persuaded the British Government to make education compulsory till the age of 12 years. 
• Language Formula Pioneer: He was also the pioneer of the language formula in schools which was ultimately adopted by the Indian Government after independence. 
  • He opined that mother tongue (local language); Hindi and English were the three languages that every person should know.
• Vocational Education Advocacy: Jyotirao Phule also suggested that schools should provide education based on vocational skills. He believed that such a course would attract students and help them in gaining employment.

Conclusion

Jyotirao Phule’s foresight extended to educational reforms, advocating for vocational training and multilingual education, ideas that resonate with modern policies like the New Education Policy, 2020. In today’s pursuit of an egalitarian society, Phule’s principles remain indispensable