Recently, Norway’s Parliament issued a formal apology for its assimilation policies targeting the Sami, Kven, and Forest Finn peoples.

Norway’s Tribal Policy

• Aim: Norwegianisation policies (1850s-1960s) aimed to suppress indigenous languages and cultures.
• Measures: Government measures proposed protecting indigenous languages and monitoring inclusion efforts from 2027
• Challenges : Sami languages remain endangered despite symbolic rights like the Sami Parliament. Indigenous groups face inequities in healthcare, education, and land rights.

Challenges associated with Nordic and Himalayan Tribes

• Common Challenges: Climate-induced disasters and resource exploitation affect both regions. The Himalayan region (spanning 2,500 km from Afghanistan to Northeast India) houses 52 million people from diverse ethnic groups.
• Himalayan Communities: Communities include:
  • Gaddis, Kinnauras (Himachal Pradesh)
  • Lepchas, Bhutiyas, Mons (Sikkim, Ladakh)
  • Abor, Aka, Apatani, Mishmi (Arunachal Pradesh)
  • Khas, Kalash (Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nepal)
• Colonial Impact: British trade and forest laws disrupted local economies:
  • Tea, gold, silk, opium trade coercion in the Northeast.
  • Trade blockades affected cultural and economic activities.
  • Deforestation for railway expansion (1853-1910) destroyed vast forests in Garhwal and Kumaon.

Post-Independence Policies in India

• Nehru’s Approach (1950s-60s): Advocated for respecting tribal lifestyles rather than forced assimilation. He stated that  “It is grossly presumptuous on our part to approach them with an air of superiority.”
• Resource Exploitation: During the 5th and 6th Five-Year Plans in the 1970s and 80s, rapid resource extraction disrupted local ecosystems and cultures.
• Economic Pressures : Unlike other States, Himalayan States lacked an industrial base and faced pressure to generate revenue. Tourism and hydropower became dominant, causing environmental degradation

Challenges Faced by Tribals In Himalayas

• Economic Priorities: Arunachal Pradesh’s Hydropower Expansion (2015) is expected to earn ₹445 crore annually and meet 40% of India’s power demand.
• Concerns: Bypassing of tribal land laws. Corporate and political nexus facilitating land acquisitions. Marginalisation of traditional practices.
• Hydro-Criminality “Hydro-criminality” (as termed by civil society) refers to  exploitation prioritizing economic gain over indigenous rights.
• Cultural Suppression:  Assimilation via economic projects mirrors historic policies of cultural suppression.

Reconciliation and Accountability

• Recognition: Norway’s Parliament acknowledged past injustices through its formal apology to the Sami, Kven, and Forest Finn peoples. 
  • This move underscores the importance of recognition, reconciliation, and reparations for historical wrongs.
• Assimilation Policy: Decades of exploitation through resource extraction, deforestation, and hydropower projects have harmed local communities. Cultural erosion has mirrored the assimilation policies seen in Norway’s past.

Conclusion

A shift toward sustainable, inclusive development is essential. Like Norway, recognition of past injustices can lead to policies that protect indigenous rights, cultural heritage, and environmental sustainability.