Since the Taliban’s recapture of Kabul in August 2021, Pakistan, particularly in Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, has witnessed a surge in terrorist attacks. In 2023 alone, over 650 attacks were recorded, with 23% occurring in Balochistan. This province, Pakistan’s largest by landmass, remains a hotbed of separatist insurgency.

The Bloodiest Day

On August 26, a significant escalation occurred on the 18th death anniversary of Nawab Akbar Bugti, a Baloch nationalist leader killed by the Pakistani military in 2006. Coordinated attacks were carried out across Balochistan, with the Baloch Liberation Army claiming responsibility. The attacks targeted infrastructure and migrant labourers from Punjab, highlighting the insurgency’s growing reach and capability.         

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Balochistan’s Struggle

Historical Background and Identity Conflict

Since Pakistan’s formation, the people of Balochistan have been discontented with their inclusion in the country. They assert that while Islam came later, their Baloch identity is ancient, tracing back 5,000 years. This strong sense of identity has fueled their reluctance to be part of Pakistan. Over time, Pakistan’s harsh treatment of Balochistan has exacerbated tensions. Despite being rich in natural resources, Balochistan remains one of the most underdeveloped regions in Pakistan. The province has also been politically marginalised, with Punjab dominating the political sphere. This has led to a strong anti-Punjab sentiment in Balochistan.

Recent Escalation of Violence and the causes

• On August 26, Balochistan witnessed a deadly day marked by coordinated attacks that targeted individuals identified as Punjab citizens. These attacks highlight the intensifying pace of the Baloch insurgency. 
• Consequently, Baloch separatists frequently attack the federal government for “extracting” resources without supporting the local economy. 
  • For example, China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), which passes through their province, is a prime example of resource exploitation. They claim that workers from Punjab and China benefit from the corridor while the local Baloch population is left without any gains.  

Pakistan’s Military Approach and Its Failures

• Pakistan’s response to the Baloch issue has predominantly been militaristic, aiming to suppress the insurgency. 
• However, this approach has largely failed, leading to further alienation.
• The Baloch youth are often reported missing, and the Pakistani military faces serious allegations of human rights violations.
• The Baloch diaspora frequently protests at foreign embassies, such as those in the US and UK, drawing international attention to their plight.
• The Pakistani government has also failed to engage with civil rights movements in Balochistan, such as the Baloch Yakjehti Committee. This group organised several sit-ins in Islamabad and Baloch cities this year to highlight widespread human rights abuses, but these activists were often labelled as “enemies of Pakistan.” This left the military with no other option but to use force, which only strengthened the separatist movement, as seen in the recent attacks.

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Conclusion

If Pakistan is serious about achieving stability and security in its largest province, it must address the developmental concerns of the local population, halt human rights violations, and engage with peaceful civil rights movements to rebuild trust with the Baloch people.