Ans:

Introduction:

Buddhist stupas such as Sanchi, Amravati etc. are monumental structures that house relics (to venerate Buddhist saints) and represent the enlightened mind of the Buddha having distinct architectural elements and symbolic significance.

Body:

Architectural elements and symbolic significance of Buddhist stupas:

• Anda: Hemispherical dome symbolising the universe and the boundless nature of enlightenment, enclosing relics or sacred objects.
• Harmika: Square railing surrounding the Yashti, symbolizing the abode of the gods and providing a platform for religious rituals and offerings.
• Chattri: Decorative umbrella atop a stupa, symbolizing protection and spiritual power, representing the enlightenment of the Buddha.
• Yashti: Central mast rising from the dome, representing the axis-mundi and connecting the earthly and heavenly realms, serving as a focal point for worship.

• Circumambulatory path: Pathway encircling the stupa, allowing devotees to walk clockwise in reverence, this movement suggests the endless cycle of rebirth (samsara) and offers an opportunity for meditation and prayer.
• Medhi: Raised circular platform or base of the stupa, representing the lotus flower and providing a foundation for devotion and circumambulation.
• Torana: Ornamental gateway with intricate carvings, marking the entrance to the stupa and representing the gateways to enlightenment.

Role in disseminating Buddhist teachings and fostering spiritual enlightenment:

• Sacred Relics: Ashoka distributed Buddhist relics to various regions and ordered construction of stupas over them to promote Buddhism.
• Symbolic Representation: The Dhamekh Stupa in Sarnath, where the Buddha delivered his first sermon, represents the Wheel of Dharma, symbolising the Buddha’s teachings.
• Pilgrimage Centers: The Mahabodhi Temple Complex in Bodh Gaya, housing the iconic Mahabodhi Stupa, marks the spot where the Buddha attained enlightenment.
• Monastic Education: Nalanda, a renowned Buddhist university, had several stupas within its premises, fostering intellectual and spiritual growth with monks studying Buddhist scriptures engaging in philosophical debates.
• A tool to spread Buddhism- According to legends, King Asoka created 84000 stupas. His goal was to provide the new converts with the tools to help with their new faith.
• Following Buddha’s directives- It is said that Buddha, prior to his mahaparinirvana, directed that stupas should be erected in places other than those associated with key moments of his life so that “the hearts of many shall be made calm and glad”.

Conclusion:

Through their relics, symbolism, pilgrimage significance, and association with monastic education, Buddhist stupas have played a crucial role in disseminating Buddhist teachings and nurturing spiritual enlightenment among practitioners throughout history.