Answer:

Introduction:

Genetically Modified (GM) crops are plants used in agriculture, the DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering techniques. These modifications aim to introduce a new trait to the plant which does not occur naturally in the species.In India, the debate around Genetically Modified (GM) crops  is as diverse as the nation itself, bringing together farmers, researchers, policymakers, and environmentalists into a complex discourse that assesses the socio-economic and ecological ramifications of GM technology.

Body:

Advocates of GM Crops:

• Agricultural Productivity: 
  • Bt cotton, introduced in 2002, transformed cotton production in India, increasing yields and reducing pesticide usage. 
  • Today, India is the world’s second-largest cotton producer, with over 90% of its cotton being GM.
• Economic Benefits: 
  • Farmers in Gujarat, post the adoption of Bt cotton, reported a 24% increase in cotton yield per acre and a 50% gain in cotton profit per acre.
• Addressing Food Security: 
  • GM crops like drought-resistant maize or flood-tolerant rice have the potential to secure India’s food needs, especially against the backdrop of erratic weather patterns due to climate change.
• Nutritional Enhancement: 
  • Golden rice, though not yet adopted in India, is engineered to increase the Vitamin A precursor, potentially addressing widespread deficiencies.
• Resistance to Pests: 
  • The Pink Bollworm pest, which once devastated cotton crops, has seen reduced impact due to the Bt gene in GM cotton crops.

Concerns Raised by Stakeholders:

• Environmental Concerns: 
  • In some parts of Maharashtra, increased planting of Bt cotton has reportedly led to reduced populations of beneficial insects, like bees, and a surge in secondary pests.
• Health Implications: 
  • Concerns over GM mustard in India stem from fears over long-term health impacts, with some studies indicating potential liver and kidney damage from certain GM foods.
• Economic Dependence:
  • The Punjab region has reported distress due to rising seed prices of Bt cotton, becoming overly reliant on seeds from a few multinational corporations.
• Traditional Varieties: 
  • Kerala’s organic farming movement fears the loss of indigenous rice varieties due to potential cross-pollination with GM crops.
• Socio-cultural Concerns: 
  • In Bihar, the possible introduction of GM eggplant (Bt brinjal) was met with resistance owing to the cultural and culinary significance of native brinjal varieties.

Government’s Role and Regulatory Measures:

• The Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) acts as a regulatory body, having placed a moratorium on Bt brinjal in 2010 after public consultations.
• Stringent biosafety trials, as seen with GM mustard, are mandated before any commercial release.
• India’s Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act, 2001, aims to ensure farmers’ rights concerning GM seeds.
• The National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) ensures the protection of India’s rich biodiversity from potential adverse impacts.
• Public consultations, like those during the Bt brinjal debate, are becoming increasingly integral to the decision-making processes.

Conclusion: 

While GM crops offer promising solutions to some of India’s agricultural challenges, it is crucial to address the concerns of various stakeholders. Striking a balance between leveraging scientific advancements for food security and economic growth, and safeguarding health, biodiversity, and socio-cultural values, is imperative for the nation.