Answer:

Introduction

The ethical dilemma arises when individual entities, be it individuals, groups, communities, or nations, pursue their self-interests, often at the expense of others. Two approaches can minimize the cost to other entities: selfish competition or harmonious cooperation for the collective good.

The universal adoption of the common good approach presents a dilemma regarding concerns such as being left behind, the commitment of others to the common good, and the potential for greater individual happiness through self-interest.

Body

Ethical dilemmas include:

• Dilemma of Family vs. Duty: Conflict between obligations to family and responsibilities to society, e.g., a doctor torn between treating their own family member or other patients in need.
• Dilemma of Personal Freedom vs. Social Order: Balancing individual freedoms with societal rules, e.g., the tension between freedom of expression and hate speech laws.
• Dilemma of Privacy vs. Security: Striking a balance between protecting privacy rights and ensuring public safety, e.g., debates over surveillance measures.
• Dilemma of Individual Autonomy vs. Paternalism: Balancing individual choice and public well-being, e.g., debates on mandatory vaccination policies.
• Dilemma of Resource Allocation: Ethical dilemmas in allocating limited resources, e.g., balancing individual needs with the collective goal of maximizing overall welfare.

Various examples highlight the ethical dilemma of prioritizing collective interests over individual interests:

• In a neighbourhood, if one household fails to dispose of waste properly, it demotivates others from keeping the area clean.
• Forest dwellers may bear the entire burden of relocation for mining projects without receiving any benefit in return.
• The disproportionate contribution of richer individuals to pollution through their lifestyle choices diminishes the motivation of others to reduce emissions.
• Developed countries pursuing their interests in organizations like the WTO at the expense of developing and poor countries reduces the incentive to adhere to global rules and treaties.

Challenges in balancing personal and public interest.:

• Lack of individual accountability leads to the expectation that others will contribute while focusing on personal interests.
• Pluralism poses difficulties in adopting views that promote the common good while excluding others.
• The risk of individuals becoming “free riders” who enjoy the benefits without contributing their fair share.
• Overcoming the individualistic culture and convincing people to sacrifice some personal freedom and self-interest for the greater good.
• Unequal distribution of costs, where certain individuals or groups may bear higher burdens for the sake of the common good.

Conclusion

Despite the challenges, appeals to the common good should not be dismissed. They encourage us to reflect on the kind of society we aspire to build and the means to achieve it. Through dialogue and discussion, individuals can be persuaded to prioritize actions that maximize the common good. By addressing the ethical dilemma and striving for collective well-being, we can work towards a just and equitable society that benefits all.