Answer:

Flooding in Assam is a recurrent and devastating phenomenon, profoundly impacting the state’s socio-economic fabric. This persistent issue is influenced by a complex interplay of natural and anthropogenic factors. Despite numerous flood management strategies, the region continues to face significant challenges in mitigating the impacts of floods. The recent floods of 2024 have once again highlighted the urgent need for effective and sustainable solutions.

Multidimensional Causes of Floods in Assam:

Natural Factors:

• Heavy Rainfall: Assam experiences heavy monsoon rainfall, which leads to rivers exceeding their capacity.
  For example: In 2019, the Brahmaputra River overflowed due to intense monsoon rains, resulting in severe flooding.
• River Morphology: The Brahmaputra and its tributaries have a braided and meandering pattern, making them prone to overflow.
  For example: The change in the course of the Brahmaputra River caused significant flooding in the Dhemaji district.
• Glacial Melt: Melting glaciers in the Himalayas contribute to increased water flow in rivers.
  For example: Accelerated glacial melt due to global warming has increased the volume of water in the Brahmaputra during the summer months.
• Topography: The region’s low-lying topography facilitates the easy spread of floodwaters.
  For example: The floodplains of the Brahmaputra are highly susceptible to waterlogging during the monsoon season.
• Cyclones and Storm Surges: Cyclonic activity in the Bay of Bengal can lead to heavy rainfall and flooding.
  For example: Recent Cyclone Remal  in 2024 has brought torrential rains, exacerbating the flooding situation in Assam.
• Sedimentation: High rates of sediment deposition in riverbeds reduce the water-carrying capacity of rivers.
  

Anthropogenic Factors:

• Deforestation: Extensive deforestation in the catchment areas reduces the land’s ability to absorb rainwater.
  For example: Logging activities in the Northeast have reduced forest cover, increasing surface runoff and flood risk.
• Encroachment of Floodplains: Rapid and unplanned urban development has led to the encroachment of natural drainage systems.
  For example: The expansion of Guwahati into wetlands has obstructed natural water flow, causing urban flooding.
• Poor Drainage Infrastructure: Insufficient maintenance, clogged drains, and poor urban planning exacerbate the problem, preventing efficient water flow
  For example: In 2018, clogged drains in urban Assam led to severe waterlogging during heavy rains.
• Dam and Embankment Failures: Structural failures of dams and embankments often result from poor design and construction, where inadequate engineering and substandard materials create vulnerabilities. Ageing infrastructure also poses a risk as materials deteriorate over time.
• Mining Activities: Unregulated sand and gravel mining in riverbeds destabilise the riverbanks.
  For example: Illegal mining activities in the Subansiri River have contributed to the erosion of riverbanks, increasing flood vulnerability.

Effectiveness of Existing Flood Management Strategies in Assam:

• Embankments and Dams: Assam has extensive networks of embankments along major rivers like the Brahmaputra and Barak, which have mitigated flood impacts to some extent. The Doyang and Kopili dams have also contributed to flood control.
• Drainage Systems: Urban drainage projects in cities like Guwahati have helped improve water conveyance and reduce urban flooding, though issues of siltation and blockage persist.
• Flood Forecasting and Early Warning Systems: The Assam State Disaster Management Authority (ASDMA) in collaboration with the IMD provides timely flood forecasts and warnings, enhancing preparedness and response.
• Floodplain Zoning: Efforts to implement floodplain zoning regulations have been made to restrict development in high-risk areas, although enforcement remains challenging.
• Traditional Knowledge: Indigenous practices such as the construction of traditional embankments (bunds) and raised platforms (chang ghar) have proven effective in localised flood management.
• Cross-border Collaboration: Assam collaborates with neighbouring countries like Bhutan and China on data sharing and coordinated flood management efforts, particularly for transboundary rivers.

Comprehensive Measures for Long-term Mitigation and Resilience:

• Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM): Adoption of IWRM principles to ensure sustainable water management, considering the entire river basin and involving all stakeholders.
• Eco-friendly Infrastructure: Development of green infrastructure such as wetlands, rain gardens, and bioswales to enhance natural water absorption and reduce runoff.
  For example: Restoration of natural floodplains and riverine ecosystems to increase flood storage capacity and improve biodiversity.
• Enhanced Forecasting and Monitoring: Investment in advanced technology for real-time flood monitoring and forecasting, including satellite-based systems and remote sensing.
  For example: Establishment of a robust hydrological database for accurate assessment and prediction of flood events.
• Strengthening Community Resilience: Empowering local communities through participatory planning, capacity building, and awareness programs on flood risk reduction.
  For example: Promotion of community-based early warning systems and disaster preparedness plans.
• Policy and Institutional Reforms: Formulation of comprehensive and integrated flood management policies at national, state, and local levels.
  For example: Strengthening coordination and collaboration among various agencies, including water resource departments, disaster management authorities, and urban planning bodies.

Addressing the flood crisis in Assam requires a multifaceted approach that combines improved infrastructure, community engagement, and advanced technological solutions. While current flood management strategies provide a foundation, their effectiveness is often limited by implementation challenges and ecological considerations. By adopting comprehensive and sustainable measures, Assam can enhance its resilience against floods, safeguarding both its population and economy from future adversities.