Answer:

India and Nepal share a unique and multifaceted relationship characterised by deep historical, cultural, and geographical ties. This relationship is built on a foundation of open borders and strong people-to-people connections, allowing for seamless interaction and cooperation. The bond between the two nations has endured through centuries, evolving with shared values and mutual respect. As both countries navigate modern challenges, there is a pressing need to revisit and rejuvenate their bilateral ties to ensure continued stability and prosperity in the region.

Unique Relationship Between India and Nepal:

• Historical Ties: India and Nepal have a shared history dating back to ancient civilizations, with both countries influencing each other’s cultural and religious practices.
  For example: The shared reverence for the Hindu deity Lord Ram and the Buddhist heritage linking Lumbini in Nepal to Bodh Gaya in India.
• Open Borders: The 1,751-kilometre open border between India and Nepal facilitates free movement of people and goods.
  For example: Citizens of both countries can travel, work, and live across the border without the need for visas.
• Cultural Ties: Strong cultural connections exist, with common festivals, languages, and traditions celebrated on both sides of the border.
  For example: Festivals like Dashain, Tihar, and Chhath are celebrated with equal fervour in both countries.
• Economic Interdependence: The economies of India and Nepal are intertwined, with significant trade, investment, and labour movement between the two nations.
  For example: Nepal is a significant market for Indian goods, while India is a major destination for Nepal’s labour migrants.
• Political Cooperation: India and Nepal have historically cooperated on various regional and international platforms, including SAARC and the United Nations.
  For example: Joint initiatives in disaster management and military training exercises highlight the strategic cooperation between the two nations.

Causes of Tensions in Recent Years:

• Constitutional Issues: The adoption of Nepal’s new constitution in 2015 without addressing concerns raised by India led to diplomatic friction.
  For example: India’s support for the Madhesi community, which felt marginalised by the new constitution, was perceived as interference by Nepal.
• Economic Blockade: India’s unofficial blockade in 2015 caused significant economic hardship in Nepal, leading to widespread resentment.
  For example: The blockade disrupted the supply of essential goods, including fuel and medicines, severely affecting daily life in Nepal.
• Territorial Disputes: The publication of political maps by both countries claiming the Limpiyadhura-Kalapani region has heightened tensions.
  For example: Nepal’s inclusion of India’s territory in its official map in 2019 was met with strong opposition from India.
• Hydropower Projects: Disagreements over the use of hydropower resources have strained relations.
  For example: India’s reluctance to import electricity from Chinese-funded hydropower projects in Nepal has been a point of contention.
• Political Allegiances: Shifts in Nepal’s political landscape, including growing ties with China, have caused apprehension in India.
  For example: Nepal’s agreements with China on trade and infrastructure development are viewed with suspicion by Indian policymakers.

Way Forward:

• Reviving Diplomatic Dialogues: Regular high-level meetings and diplomatic dialogues can address and resolve outstanding issues.
  For example: Establishing a bilateral mechanism to handle sensitive topics such as border disputes and economic cooperation.
• Strengthening Economic Ties: Enhancing trade and investment partnerships can provide mutual economic benefits and reduce friction.
  For example: Joint ventures in infrastructure development and energy projects that involve stakeholders from both countries.
• Promoting Cultural Exchanges: Expanding cultural exchange programs can deepen mutual understanding and goodwill.
  For example: Initiatives like student exchange programs, joint cultural festivals, and tourism promotion campaigns.
• Resolving Territorial Disputes: Constructive negotiations and third-party mediation can help settle territorial disputes amicably.
  For example: Utilising historical records and engaging neutral experts to delineate and agree on the disputed border areas.
• Encouraging Regional Cooperation: Reinforcing cooperation through regional platforms like SAARC can enhance trust and collaboration.
  For example: Joint initiatives in areas like climate change, disaster management, and regional connectivity under SAARC will improve the ties .

A forward-looking approach is essential for India and Nepal to foster a stable and mutually beneficial relationship. By addressing current tensions and building on their historical and cultural ties, both countries can pave the way for enhanced cooperation and regional peace. Strengthening diplomatic dialogues, economic partnerships, and cultural exchanges will not only resolve existing issues but also create a framework for sustained collaboration. Together, India and Nepal can overcome challenges and work towards a future of shared prosperity and harmony.