In 1945, following the Second World War, the United Nations was established as a response to shortcomings of the League of Nations. The UN came into being through the endorsement of the United Nations Charter by 51 pioneering states. It aimed not just to prevent the eruption of conflicts into wars, but also to curb spread and intensity of hostilities when they broke out. Another underlying objective was to facilitate global social and economic development, acknowledging that many disputes arose from disparities in these areas.

Structure and Membership

Global Reach: As of 2011, the UN had embraced 193 member states, essentially encompassing nearly all sovereign nations.

• Equal Representation: Within its democratic framework, UN General Assembly ensures that every member state, irrespective of its size or influence, has an equal voice, represented by one vote.
• Security Council: UN Security Council, a critical arm of the UN, includes five permanent members: The United States, Russia, The United Kingdom, France, China.
• Legacy of World War II: Their designation as permanent members stems from their significant role and victory in the Second World War.

Perspective about United Nation

Dag Hammarskjold, the UN’s second Secretary-General: UN’s creation wasn’t to propel humanity to an idealistic realm but rather to prevent global devastation. 

• Shashi Tharoor, former UN Under-Secretary-General: While the UN is often seen as a “talking shop,” it’s vital to have a space where nations can address issues through dialogue instead of conflict.

Multifaceted UN Ecosystem

A Complex Organization: Beyond its core, the UN is a nexus of diverse structures and agencies, each tailored to address specific global challenges.

• Core Organs: The General Assembly and Security Council serve as the primary arenas for member states to voice their concerns and forge paths to peace and understanding.

Evolution of United Nations (UN)

A Contested Legacy: United Nations (UN) often receives mixed reviews regarding its efficacy, as illustrated in figure 12.1.

• Beacon of Hope: Contrarily, many view the UN as an indispensable institution and the world’s primary hope for maintaining peace and promoting progress.
• Birth of International Cooperation: 
  • League of Nations: The devastation of the First World War underscored the need for an international body to mitigate conflicts. This led to the creation of the League of Nations.
  • Birth of UN: Despite its aspirations, the League’s inability to deter the Second World War, marked by its unprecedented human toll, revealed its limitations which required the need for comprehensive international organisation and gave birth to the United Nation.
• Post-Cold War: UN’s Potential New Role
  • After the Cold War, there was a palpable concern about Western nations’ unchecked power, particularly the US.
  • The UN’s evolving role might be crucial in fostering dialogue and potentially countering or balancing the dominant influence of countries like the US.

Leadership and Representation

The Secretary-General is the face of the UN, serving as its most recognisable figure. As of the latest update, António Guterres is at the helm, having assumed office on 1 January 2017. 

• His rich experience includes tenures as Portugal’s Prime Minister and as the UN High Commissioner for Refugees.

UN’s Contribution to World

UN Department of Peacekeeping: For global harmony, unique idiom-airborne missions have been dispatched, fostering collaboration and peace. 

• Examples include UNIFIL in Lebanon and MINUSMA in Mali.
•  The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs led humanitarian aid When crisis strikes, comprehensive approach-coordinators step in, providing vulnerability support to millions of lives affected by disasters and conflicts.
• For a prosperous planet, we’ve adopted the Sustainable Development Goals, which aims to advance peace and humanity for all.
• Every person deserves human dignity, which is protected and promoted by OHCHR.
• To safeguard global health, WHO leads research, sets norms, and provides technical support worldwide.
• Combatting climate change requires a unified front, which is why we’ve established a framework i.e. UNFCCC.

Conclusion

Founded in 1945 due to shortcomings of the League of Nations, United Nations signifies a crucial move towards worldwide collaboration. With 193 countries as members, it advances peace, security, and social advancement through discussions and various organizations such as WHO and UNICEF. Despite obstacles, the UN continues to play a vital role in tackling worldwide problems, such as providing humanitarian assistance and addressing climate change. Its dedication to promoting global communication showcases its position as a source of optimism for the future of mankind.