Answer:

Introduction:

Overuse and free availability of antibiotics without a doctor’s prescription indeed contribute significantly to the emergence of drug-resistant diseases in India. This phenomenon, known as antibiotic resistance, is a global health concern.

Body:

Contributors to Drug Resistance:

• Overuse of Antibiotics: Unnecessary or incorrect usage of antibiotics, often for viral infections where they are ineffective, can lead to antibiotic resistance.
  • For instance, antibiotics are frequently misused for common colds, which are usually caused by viruses.
• Availability Without Prescription: In many parts of India, antibiotics can be easily purchased without a doctor’s prescription, leading to self-medication and misuse.
• Incomplete Courses: When patients do not complete the prescribed antibiotic course, it allows some bacteria to survive and develop resistance.

Mechanisms for Monitoring and Control:

• Schedule H1: In India, certain antibiotics are classified under Schedule H1, which requires pharmacists to maintain records of the antibiotics sold and the prescribing doctor.
• National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance (NAP-AMR): The Indian government, in collaboration with WHO, has developed a plan to combat antimicrobial resistance.

However, the effectiveness of these mechanisms is limited due to inadequate enforcement and monitoring, lack of awareness, and improper medical practices.

Issues Involved:

• Lack of Awareness: Many people are unaware of the correct usage of antibiotics and the implications of their misuse.
• Inadequate Healthcare Infrastructure: Due to the paucity of doctors in rural areas, people often resort to self-medication, leading to misuse of antibiotics.
• Poor Regulation: Despite regulations, many pharmacies sell antibiotics without prescriptions.
• Poultry and Aquaculture Use: Antibiotics are often used indiscriminately in poultry and aquaculture, contributing to antibiotic resistance.

Conclusion:

Overuse and free availability of antibiotics without a prescription are major contributors to the emergence of drug-resistant diseases in India. Though mechanisms for control exist, their effectiveness is compromised by various issues. Addressing these challenges is crucial to combating the growing menace of antibiotic resistance.