Answer:

Introduction:

Investment refers to the deployment of capital or funds for the purpose of acquiring or expanding productive capacity. Capital formation refers to the accumulation of capital stock such as buildings, machinery, equipment, and other physical assets that are used to produce goods and services. It is that part of a country’s current output and imports which is not consumed or exported during the accounting period, but is set aside as an addition to its stock of capital goods.

Body:

And acquiring these assets needs investment. Capital formation is essential for economic growth as it allows businesses to increase their production capacity, leading to higher output and employment opportunities.

A Concession agreement (CA) is a legal contract that forms the basis of the public-private partnership (PPP). It contains the terms and conditions of liabilities and responsibilities of the stakeholders and the revenue model for the development of a project.

There are several factors that need to be considered while designing a concession agreement between a public entity and a private entity. Some of these are:

• Fair competition: Tender design for award of Concessions must ensure that competition for the market is vibrant and there are enough players who are able to participate.
• Define the scope of the project: The agreement should clearly define the scope of the project, including the nature of the infrastructure or service to be provided, the duration of the concession period, and the performance targets to be achieved.
• Investment details: The agreement should specify the investment requirements of the project, including the amount of capital to be invested, the source of funding, the details of ownership and management and the return on investment.
• Valuation of the asset: In the case of asset monetization correct evaluation of the revenue becomes important.
• Identification and allocation of risks: The agreement should allocate risks like cost overruns and other contingencies. Rewards i.e., revenue, must also be distributed between the public and private parties in a fair and transparent manner.
• Regulatory and legal framework: The agreement should be consistent with the regulatory and legal framework of the host country, including laws related to taxation, labour, and the environment.
• Time period of the partnership: There has to be intermediate time frames after which the partnership is allowed to be reassessed both from the perspective of the government and the private player.
• Monitoring mechanism: There has to be a mechanism through which the enforcement of the terms and conditions of the contract is ensured, and the market standard is followed.
• Stakeholder consultation: The agreement should provide for consultation with stakeholders such as local communities, civil society organizations, and other relevant parties to ensure that the project is socially and environmentally sustainable.

Conclusion:

Capital formation and especially gross capital formation is one of the biggest priorities of the government in recent times for capacity enhancement in the country. The capital formed now becomes the basis for our demographic dividend to become productive. The government has launched new models of partnership with the private players such as Production linked incentives (PLI) and Atmanirbhar Bharat which aim at facilitating the private investment for achieving this goal.