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Raja Ram Mohan Roy: Biography, Education Reform & Architect of India’s Renaissance

PWOnlyIAS November 15, 2023 03:18 2756 0

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Raja Ram Mohan Roy: Biography, Education Reform & Architect of India’s Renaissance

Introduction – Pioneer of Modern Indian Renaissance

Raja Ram Mohan Roy was known as the father of Modern Indian Renaissance for his religious, social, and educational reforms. He confronted traditional Hindu customs and advocated for societal progress in India during the colonial period. 

Raja Ram Mohan Roy: A Journey from Tradition to Modernity

  • Birth: He was born on May 22, 1772, in Radhanagar, Bengal, India.
  • Education: He got his early education in Bengali and Sanskrit at the village school. 
    • Subsequently, he was sent to Patna, where he enrolled in a Madrasa to study Persian and Arabic. 
    • Raja Ram Mohan Roy not only studied the Quran but also researched other Islamic texts. 
    • After completing his studies in Patna, he proceeded to Varanasi (Kashi) to study Sanskrit and began studying scriptures like the Vedas and Upanishads, among others. 
  • Fluent in English: He explored the English writings of philosophers such as Euclid and Aristotle, which significantly influenced his ethical and religious perspectives.
  • Employment: Following the completion of his education, Raja Ram Mohan Roy found employment as a clerk with the East India Company. 
    • He began his career at the Rangpur Collectorate under Mr. John Digby. 
    • Later, he was promoted to the role of Dewan, a position typically held by native officers responsible for revenue collection.
  • Demise: He died from meningitis on September 27, 1833, in Bristol, Gloucestershire,England. 
  • Raja Ram Mohan Roy is often recognized as the founding figure of modern India.
  • In 1831, he was conferred the title “Raja” by Akbar II, the Mughal emperor. Raja Ram Mohan Roy traveled to England as the representative of the Mughal King to ensure that Bentick’s ban on the practice of Sati was enforced. 

Raja Ram Mohan Roy: Architect of Enlightenment and Social Transformation

  • Western Thought: Raja Ram Mohan Roy drew substantial inspiration from Western modern thought and emphasized the importance of rationalism and a contemporary scientific approach.
  • Concern for Religious and Social Deterioration: The major concern for Raja Ram Mohan Roy was the religious and social deterioration he noticed in his native Bengal.
  • Religious Orthodoxies: He opposed religious orthodoxies that had evolved into sources of confusion and trouble for the people, rather than contributing to the improvement of societal conditions.
  • Religious Reform and Its Impact on Society: Raja Ram Mohan Roy came to the conclusion that religious reform is not only a matter of spiritual change but also integral to social progress and political modernization.
  • Redemption Through Self-Purification: Raja Ram Mohan Roy held the belief that individuals must seek redemption for their transgressions through self-purification and repentance, rather than through sacrificial acts and rituals.
  • Advocacy for Social Equality and Opposition to the Caste System: He backed the principle of social equality among all human beings and strongly opposed the caste system.
  • Attraction to Islamic Monotheism: Raja Ram Mohan Roy found an attraction to Islamic monotheism, asserting that monotheism was also a fundamental ideology of Vedanta.
  • Monotheism as a Universal Model: His concept of a single, unitarian god served as a corrective to the polytheism of traditional Hinduism and the trinitarianism of Christianity. He believed that monotheism provided a universal model for all of humanity.
  • Promoting Women’s Liberation: Raja Ram Mohan Roy held the belief that the progress of Hindu society was contingent on releasing women from vicious forms of subjugation, such as illiteracy, child marriage, sati, and purdah.
  • Critique of Sati and Ethical Degradation: He described sati as a transgression against every compassionate and societal sentiment, viewing it as a sign of the ethical degradation of a community.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy: Architect of Social, Religious, Economic, and Educational Renewal in Colonial India

Social Reforms
  • Raja Ram Mohan Roy planned that reform-oriented religious groups could serve as tools for social and political change. 
  • In search of this vision, he formed the Atmiya Sabha in 1814, the Calcutta Unitarian Association in 1821, and the Brahmo Sabha in 1828, which later evolved into the Brahmo Samaj.
  • He strongly campaigned against the caste system, untouchability, superstitious beliefs, and the use of intoxicating substances. 
  • Notably, he gained recognition for his visionary efforts in advancing women’s rights, particularly in abolishing sati and supporting widow remarriage.
  • Raja Ram Mohan Roy also strongly opposed child marriage, illiteracy among women, and the dire condition of widows, supporting for women’s rights to inheritance and property.
Religious Reforms
  • Raja Ram Mohan Roy’s initial published work, “Tuhfat-ul-Muwahhiddin” (a gift to deists), in 1803, brought to light the baseless religious beliefs and corrupt practices within Hinduism. This included beliefs in revelations, prophets, miracles, and similar elements.
  • In 1814, he established the Atmiya Sabha in Calcutta, with the aim of combating idolatry, rigid caste systems, empty rituals, and other societal problems.
  • He also scrutinized the ceremonial aspects of Christianity and did not accept Christ as the incarnation of God. 
  • In his work “Precepts of Jesus” (1820), he attempted to differentiate the moral and philosophical teachings found in the New Testament, which he commended, from its accounts of miracles.
Economic & Political Reform
  • Administrative Reforms: He pushed for the Indianization of superior services and the separation of executive and judiciary functions. He stressed the need for equality between Indians and Europeans in administrative matters.
  • Civil Liberties: Roy was deeply impressed by and held in high regard the British system of constitutional government for the civil liberties it provided to the population. His aspiration was to extend the advantages of this form of government to the Indian people.
  • Freedom of the Press: Through his writings and actions, he actively supported the movement for a free press in India. When press censorship was eased by Lord Hastings in 1819, Raja Ram Mohan Roy initiated the publication of three journals: 
    • The Brahmanical Magazine (1821), 
    • The Bengali weekly, 
    • Samvad Kaumudi (1821), and 
    • The Persian weekly, 
    • Mirat-ul-Akbar.
  • Reforms in Taxation: Roy strongly criticized the oppressive practices of Bengali landowners (zamindars) and called for the establishment of minimum rents. 
  • He also backed the elimination of taxes on tax-exempt lands. 
  • Furthermore, he campaigned for a reduction in export duties on Indian goods abroad and the removal of the trading privileges held by the East India Company.
Educational Reform
  • Roy played a significant role in spreading the advantages of contemporary education among his fellow countrymen. He endorsed David Hare’s endeavors to establish Hindu College in 1817. At the same time, Roy’s English school provided instruction in mechanics and the philosophy of Voltaire.
  • In 1825, he founded Vedanta College, which offered courses in both traditional Indian knowledge and Western social and physical sciences.

 

Brahmo Sabha – A Spiritual Revolution

  • Raja Ram Mohan Roy founded the Brahmo Sabha in August 1828; later it was renamed Brahmo Samaj. 
  • The Samaj was committed to “the worship and adoration of the Eternal, Inscrutable, Immutable Being who is the Author and Preserver of the Universe”.
  • Prayers, meditation and readings of the Upanishads were to be the forms of worship and no graven image, statue or sculpture, carving, painting, picture, portrait, etc., were to be allowed in the Samaj buildings, underscoring the Samaj’s opposition to idolatry and meaningless rituals.
  • To purify Hinduism and to preach monotheism, brahmo samaj was based on the twin pillars of reason and the Vedas and Upanishads. 
  • The Samaj also attempted to incorporate the teachings of other religions and maintained its emphasis on human dignity, opposition to idolatry and criticism of social evils such as sati

Conclusion:

Raja Ram Mohan Roy was a wise person who knew how important the modern world was. He believed that humans should work together and be like brothers and sisters, not just focus on being independent. He wanted Indians to know their culture and work together with others to make the world better.

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Raja Ram Mohan Roy FAQs

Raja Ram Mohan Roy spearheaded religious, social, and educational reforms, challenging traditional Hindu customs during the colonial era.

He advocated for rationalism, opposed religious orthodoxies, supported social equality, and promoted women's rights in India.

He formed reform-oriented groups, opposed the caste system, advocated for women's rights, and campaigned against social issues like untouchability.

He exposed religious beliefs within Hinduism, established the Brahmo Samaj, and emphasized monotheism, reason, and human dignity.

He advocated Indianization of services, civil liberties, freedom of the press, tax reforms, and equality between Indians and Europeans.

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