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Here is a list of important Science and Technology topics for UPSC Prelims 2025, covering AI, ISRO missions, biotechnology, renewable energy, and cybersecurity to boost your GS Paper 1 preparation.
Science and Technology have become an increasingly significant part of the UPSC Prelims syllabus, reflecting India’s growth in sectors like space technology, biotechnology, and information technology. Understanding these developments and their implications is essential for aspirants. By focusing on these advancements, candidates can enhance their understanding of how scientific progress influences public policy, national security, and sustainable development.
In the UPSC Prelims, the section on Science and Technology is highly dynamic, covering recent technological advancements, innovations, and their application in various fields. With the fast-paced development of technology in sectors like space research, biotechnology, and cybersecurity, it is essential for UPSC aspirants to stay updated on these topics. Below are some important topics candidates should focus on while preparing for UPSC Prelims 2025:
| Themes to Prepare in Science and Technology for UPSC Prelims | ||
| Topic | Description | Examples |
| Recent Advancements | Awareness of the latest developments in science and technology. | AI, microRNA, Artificial neural networks, Computational protein design, etc. |
| Historical Achievements | Significant scientific milestones, particularly those relevant to India. | ISRO missions, Indian inventions |
| Basic IT | Fundamental concepts in information technology and their applications. | Software, hardware, cybersecurity |
| Space Technology | Developments in space science and exploration, particularly by India. | Chandrayaan, Mangalyaan |
| Computers | Knowledge of computer systems, networks, and software applications. | Operating systems, programming languages |
| Robotics | Understanding the principles and applications of robotics. | Industrial robots, AI in robotics |
| Biotechnology | Innovations in biotechnology and their implications in health and agriculture. | Genetic engineering, CRISPR |
| Intellectual Property Rights | Awareness of IP rights related to inventions and innovations in science and technology. | Patents, trademarks, copyrights |
| UPSC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Related Articles | |
| SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY | UPSC Prelim Science and Technology Syllabus |
| Science And Technology Questions In UPSC Prelims 2024 | UPSC Science and Technology Book (Sampoorna) |
To excel in the UPSC Prelims, candidates must be well-versed in the latest advancements across different domains of science and technology. Each subject within science and technology—such as space technology, biotechnology, artificial intelligence, and cybersecurity—plays a crucial role in national development and policy-making. Below is a breakdown of subject-wise important topics in science and technology for UPSC.
Space technology has played a vital role in advancing India’s global standing, particularly through ISRO’s missions. Aspirants should focus on India’s space programs, satellite technology, and global space collaborations to understand how space innovation impacts both national security and scientific progress.
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| ISRO Missions | Chandrayaan, Mangalyaan, Gaganyaan, ISRO – Indian Space Research Organisation, Reusable Launch Vehicles, Vikram Sarabhai Ramjet Vs Scramjet, APJ Abdul Kalam, Vikas Engine, GSLV – Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle, PSLV – Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, LVM3 – GSLV Mk3 |
| Global Space Programs | NASA, SpaceX, ROSCOSMOS, JAXA, and others |
| Satellite Technology | Commercial use of Lithium-Ion battery technology, Hyperspectral imaging satellite, Water propulsion system in CubeSat, Saturn-cassini Mission, OSIRIS-Rex passed by Earth to reach asteroid Bennu, Google Lunar X Prize Competition, Communication satellites, remote sensing |
Biotechnology has applications in various fields, including healthcare, agriculture, and genetic research. Understanding how biotechnology impacts the food chain and human health, particularly through genetic engineering and vaccines, is essential for UPSC aspirants.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Robotics are revolutionizing industries globally, including healthcare, defense, and automation. Aspirants should focus on AI applications in governance, AI’s role in the National Strategy, and the ethical implications of AI.
Nanotechnology, which involves the manipulation of matter at an atomic scale, has vast applications in medicine, electronics, energy, and defense. Understanding the impact of nanotechnology on sectors like drug delivery systems, solar cells, and military applications can help candidates grasp its growing importance in modern science and technology.
India is pushing for renewable energy development to meet its climate goals and reduce dependence on fossil fuels. Candidates should also explore policies promoting bioenergy and hydropower.
| Renewable Energy | Solar, wind, and hydroelectric power advancements |
| Nuclear Energy | Technology, safety issues, and waste management |
| Energy Conservation | Techniques and policies for efficient energy use |
In an era of increasing digital dependence, cybersecurity and data protection have become national security priorities. Recent policies like the Data Protection Bill and National Cyber Security Policy aim to address challenges like cyber threats, data breaches, and privacy concerns.
| Cyber Security | Threats, cyber laws, data protection |
| Digital India Initiatives | Government schemes for digital empowerment |
| Artificial Intelligence | AI applications, ethics, and future prospects |
Climate change and environmental technology are critical global issues. These topics are increasingly relevant in the context of sustainable development.
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| Sustainable Technologies | Innovations in green technology |
| Pollution Control Technologies | Air and water purification technologies |
| Climate Change Mitigation | Technological solutions to reduce carbon footprint. |
India’s nuclear technology is focused on both energy generation and defense. Nuclear treaties and disarmament discussions are vital areas to study for understanding India’s stance on global nuclear diplomacy.
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Important topics include ISRO missions, biotechnology (CRISPR, vaccines), AI, nanotechnology, renewable energy, cybersecurity, and climate change technologies.
Science and Technology generally account for around 15-20% of the UPSC Prelims paper, with questions based on recent advancements and applications in various fields.
Space technology, particularly ISRO’s missions and satellite technology, is significant as it highlights India’s growing presence in the space sector and contributes to questions on technological innovation.
Biotechnology plays a critical role in healthcare, agriculture, and genetic research, making it a key topic in UPSC Prelims, especially after the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Focus on recent developments in space technology, biotechnology, AI, and renewable energy, while also covering government initiatives, national missions, and global collaborations
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