UPSC Anthropology Optional Syllabus

Aditi Sinha August 14, 2023 04:19 13247 0

Ace the UPSC Anthropology Optional with insights from toppers, recommended books, previous year questions (PYQs), and comprehensive notes.

Anthropology optional has emerged as a favored optional subject among UPSC aspirants, offering a profound understanding of human society, culture, and evolution. In this article we will go deeper into the anthropology optional syllabus, previous year questions (PYQs), recommended books, notes, and insights from toppers to assist you in navigating this subject effectively.

What is the Anthropology Subject?

Anthropology explores into the scientific study of humankind, exploring themes like human evolution, social structures, cultural development, and societal progress. The UPSC syllabus for Anthropology is comprehensive, covering various aspects such as the foundation and history of the discipline, its connections to other fields, and its four main branches: social-cultural, biological, archaeological, and linguistic anthropology.

Anthropology optional Syllabus also covers human evolution, the essence of culture and society, economic systems and social change, kinship structures, marriage and family dynamics, religious beliefs and practices, political systems and social control mechanisms, caste systems and tribal communities, gender and development issues, cultural communication, and anthropological research methodologies. By studying this subject, candidates gain a critical perspective on human societies and cultures, equipping them with valuable knowledge for a civil service career.

Anthropology Optional Syllabus

The anthropology optional syllabus is meticulously crafted to encompass various facets of human evolution, society, and culture. It consists of two papers i.e Paper 1 and Paper 2.

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UPSC Anthropology Optional Paper 1 Topics and Sub-topics

The UPSC Anthropology Optional Paper 1 syllabus consists of 12 main topics, each with its own sub-topics. In Paper 1 of the Anthropology Optional syllabus, you will study subjects such as the development and scope of anthropology, different branches of anthropology, human evolution, the biological foundations of life, and more.

Paper 1: Syllabus

1.1	Meaning, scope, and Development of Anthropology.
1.2	Relationship with other disciplines: History, Economics, Sociology, Psychology, Political Science, Life Science, Medical Science.
1.3	Main Branches of Anthropology, their Scope, and Relevance: Social-cultural Anthropology. Biological Anthropology. Archaeological Anthropology. Linguistic Anthropology.
1.4	Human Evolution and the Emergence of Man: Biological and Cultural Factors in Human evolution. Theories of Organic Evolution (Pre- Darwinian, Darwinian, and Post-Darwinian). Synthetic theory of evolution; Brief outline of terms and concepts of evolutionary biology (Doll’s rule, Cope’s rule, Gause’s rule, parallelism, convergence, adaptive radiation, and mosaic evolution).
1.5	Characteristics of Primates; Evolutionary Trend and Primate Taxonomy; Primate Adaptations; (Arboreal and Terrestrial) Primate Taxonomy; Primate Behaviour; Tertiary and Quaternary fossil primates; Living Major Primates; Comparative Anatomy of Man and Apes; Skeletal changes due to erect posture and its implications.
1.6	Phylogenetic status, characteristics, and geographical distribution of the following: Plio-Pleistocene hominids in South and East Africa – Australopithecines. Homo erectus: Africa (Paranthropus), Europe (Homo erectus heidelbergensis), Asia (Homo erectus javanicus, Homo erectus pekinensis). Neanderthal Man- La-Chapelle-aux-saints (Classical type), Mt. Carmel (Progressive type). Rhodesian man. Homo sapiens — Cromagnon, Grimaldi, and Chancelade.
1.7	The biological basis of life: The Cell, DNA structure, and replication, Protein Synthesis, Gene, Mutation, Chromosomes, and Cell Division.
1.8	Principles of Prehistoric Archaeology. Chronology: Relative and Absolute Dating Methods. Cultural Evolution- Broad Outlines of Prehistoric Cultures: Paleolithic Mesolithic Neolithic Chalcolithic Copper-Bronze Age Iron Age
2.1	The Nature of Culture: The concept and characteristics of culture and civilization; Ethnocentrism vis-à-vis cultural Relativism
2.2	The Nature of Society: Concept of Society; Society and Culture; Social Institutions; Social groups; Social stratification.
2.3	Marriage: Definition and universality; Laws of marriage (endogamy, exogamy, hypergamy, hypogamy, incest taboo); Types of marriage (monogamy, polygamy, polyandry, group marriage). Functions of marriage; Marriage regulations (preferential, prescriptive, and proscriptive); Marriage payments (bride wealth and dowry).
2.4	Family: Definition and universality; Family, household, and domestic groups; functions of family; Types of family (from the perspectives of structure, blood relation, marriage, residence, and succession); Impact of urbanization, industrialization, and feminist movements on family.
2.5	Kinship: Consanguinity and Affinity; Principles and types of descent (Unilineal, Double, Bilateral, Ambilineal); Forms of descent groups (lineage, clan, phratry, moiety, and kindred); Kinship terminology (descriptive and classificatory); Descent, Filiation, and Complementary Filiation; Descent and Alliance.
3	Economic organization: Meaning, scope, and relevance of economic anthropology; Formalist and Substantive debate; Principles governing production, distribution, and exchange (reciprocity, redistribution, and market) in communities, subsisting on hunting and gathering, fishing, swiddening, pastoralism, horticulture, and agriculture; globalization and indigenous economic systems.
4	Political Organization and Social Control: Band, tribe, chiefdom, kingdom, and state; Concepts of power, authority, and legitimacy; Social Control, law, and Justice in simple societies
5	Religion: Anthropological approaches to the study of religion (evolutionary, psychological and functional); monotheism and polytheism; sacred and profane; myths and rituals; forms of religion in tribal and peasant societies (animism, animatism, fetishism, naturism, and totemism); religion, magic, and science distinguished; magico- religious functionaries (priest, shaman, medicine man, sorcerer, and witch).
6	Anthropological theories: Classical evolutionism (Tylor, Morgan, and Frazer) Historical particularism (Boas); Diffusionism (British, German, and American) Functionalism (Malinowski); Structural-functionalism (Radcliffe-Brown) Structuralism (L’evi – Strauss and E. Leach) Culture and personality (Benedict, Mead, Linton, Kardiner, and Cora – du Bois). Neo – evolutionism (Childe, White, Steward, Sahlins, and Service) Cultural materialism (Harris) Symbolic and interpretive theories (Turner, Schneider, and Geertz) Cognitive theories (Tyler, Conklin) Postmodernism in anthropology
7	Culture, language, and communication: Nature, origin, and characteristics of language; Verbal and non-verbal communication; The social context of language use.
8	Research methods in anthropology: Fieldwork tradition in anthropology The distinction between technique, method, and methodology Tools of data collection: observation, interview, schedules, questionnaire, Case study, genealogy, life history, oral history, secondary sources of information, and participatory methods. Analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data.
9.1	Human Genetics: Methods and Application: Methods for the study of genetic principles in the man-family study (pedigree analysis, twin study, foster child, co-twin method, cytogenetic method, chromosomal and karyotype analysis), biochemical methods, immunological methods, D.N.A. technology, and recombinant technologies.
9.2	Mendelian genetics in the man-family study, Single-factor, multifactor, lethal, sub-lethal, and polygenic inheritance in man.
9.3	Concept of genetic polymorphism and Selection Mendelian population, Hardy-Weinberg law; Causes and changes which bring down frequency – mutation, isolation, migration, selection, inbreeding, and genetic drift. Consanguineous and non-consanguineous mating, genetic load, genetic effect of consanguineous and cousin marriages.
9.4	Chromosomes and chromosomal aberrations in man, methodology. Numerical and structural aberrations (disorders). Sex chromosomal aberrations – Klinefelter (XXY), Turner (XO), Super female (XXX), intersex, and other syndromic disorders. Autosomal aberrations – Down syndrome, Patau, Edward, and Cri-du-chat syndromes. Genetic imprints in human disease, genetic screening, genetic counseling, human DNA profiling, gene mapping, and genome study.
9.5	Race and racism, The biological basis of morphological variation of non-metric and metric characters. Racial criteria, racial traits in relation to heredity and environment; biological basis of racial classification, racial differentiation, and race crossing in man.
9.6	Age, sex, and population variation as genetic markers– ABO, Rh blood groups, HLA Hp, transferring, Gm, blood enzymes. Physiological characteristics-Hb level, body fat, pulse rate, respiratory functions, and sensory perceptions in different cultural and socio-economic groups.
9.7	Concepts and Methods of Ecological Anthropology: Bio-cultural Adaptations Genetic and Non-genetic Factors. Man’s physiological responses to environmental stresses: hot desert, cold, high-altitude climate.
9.8	Epidemiological Anthropology: Health and disease. Infectious and non-infectious diseases, Nutritional deficiency-related diseases.
10	Concept of human growth and development: Stages of growth – pre-natal, natal, infant, childhood, adolescence, maturity, senescence. Factors affecting growth and development: genetic, environmental, biochemical, nutritional, cultural, and socio-economic. Aging and senescence. Theories and observations. biological and chronological longevity. Human physique and somatotypes. Methodologies for growth studies.
11.1	Relevance of menarche, menopause, and other bio events to fertility. Fertility patterns and differentials.
11.2	Demographic theories- biological, social, and cultural.
11.3	Biological and socio-ecological factors influencing fecundity, fertility, natality, and mortality.
12	Applications of Anthropology: Anthropology of sports, Nutritional anthropology, Anthropology in designing defense and other types of equipment, Forensic Anthropology, Methods and Principles of personal identification and Reconstruction, Applied human genetics Paternity diagnosis, genetic counseling, and eugenics, DNA technology in diseases and medicine, Serogenetics and cytogenetics in reproductive biology.

UPSC Anthropology Optional Paper 2 Topics and Sub-topics

UPSC Anthropology Optional Syllabus Paper 2 provides a detailed exploration of the rich diversity found within human societies and cultures. This knowledge is crucial for aspiring civil servants as it enables them to develop a deep understanding of the social and cultural contexts of the communities they will serve. The topics covered in Paper 2 of the Anthropology UPSC Syllabus include the Evolution of Indian Culture and Civilization, Ethno-archaeology in India, the Caste system in India, and more.

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Paper 2: Syllabus

Topics	Sub Topics
1.1	Evolution of the Indian Culture and Civilization- Prehistoric (Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, and Neolithic-Chalcolithic), Protohistoric (Indus Civilization): Pre- Harappan, Harappan and post- Harappan cultures.Contributions of tribal cultures to Indian civilization.
1.2	Palaeo- Anthropological pieces of evidence from India with special reference to Siwaliks and Narmada basin (Ramapithecus, Sivapithecus, and Narmada Man).
1.3	Ethno-archaeology in India: The concept of ethnoarchaeology; Survivals and Parallels among the hunting, foraging, fishing, pastoral, and peasant communities, including arts and crafts producing communities.
2	Demographic Profile of India- Ethnic and linguistic elements in the Indian population and distribution. Indian population – factors influencing its structure and growth.
3.1	The structure and nature of the traditional Indian social system Varnashrama, Purushartha, Karma, Rina and Rebirth.
3.2	Caste system in India-Structure and characteristics, Varna and caste, Theories of the origin of the caste system, Dominant caste, Caste mobility, Future of the caste system, Jajmani system, Tribe-caste continuum.
3.3	Sacred Complex and Nature Man Spirit Complex.
3.4	Impact of Buddhism, Jainism, Islam, and Christianity on Indian society.
4	Emergence and growth of anthropology in India-Contributions of the 18th, 19th, and early 20th Century scholar-administrators. Contributions of Indian anthropologists to tribal and caste studies.
5. 1	Indian Village-Significance of village study in India; Indian village as a social system; Traditional and changing patterns of settlement and inter-caste relations; Agrarian relations in Indian villages; Impact of globalization on Indian villages.
5.2	Linguistic and religious minorities and their social, political, and economic status.
5.3	Indigenous and exogenous processes of socio-cultural change in Indian society: Sanskritization, Westernization, Modernization; Inter-play of little and great traditions; Panchayati Raj and social change; Media and social change.
6.1	The Tribal situation in India-Bio-genetic variability, linguistic and socio-economic characteristics of tribal populations and their distribution.
6.2	Problems of the Tribal Communities, land alienation, poverty, indebtedness, low literacy, poor educational facilities, unemployment, underemployment, health, and nutrition.
6.3	Developmental Projects and their impact on tribal displacement, Problems of rehabilitation, Development of forest policy and tribals, Impact of urbanization and industrialization on tribal populations.
7.1	Problems of Exploitation and Deprivation of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes, Constitutional safeguards for Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes.
7.2	Social Change and contemporary tribal societies: Impact of modern democratic institutions, development programs, and welfare measures on tribals and weaker sections.
7.3	The concept of ethnicity; Ethnic conflicts and political developments; Unrest among tribal communities; Regionalism and demand for autonomy; Pseudo-tribalism; Social change among the tribes during colonial and post-Independent India.
8.1	Impact of Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and other religions on tribal societies.
8.2	Tribe and nation state – a comparative study of tribal communities in India and other countries.
9.1	History of administration of tribal areas, tribal policies, plans, programs of tribal development, and their implementation, The concept of PTGs (Primitive Tribal Groups), their distribution, and special programs for their development. Role of N.G.O.s in tribal development.
9.2	Role of anthropology in tribal and rural development.
9.3	Contributions of anthropology to understanding regionalism, communalism, and ethnic and political movements.

Anthropology Optional PYQ Paper – Download PDF!

The anthropology optional paper comprises two papers, each carrying 250 marks, totaling 500 marks. Paper I predominantly deals with theoretical frameworks and conceptual understanding, while Paper II emphasizes the application of anthropological knowledge, particularly in the context of India. Each paper is divided into two sections. Both sections have four questions. Question 1 from section 1 and Question 5 from section 2 are compulsory. Out of the remaining 6 questions, candidates are allowed to choose their questions. Here, Candidates have to apply their strategy by picking the most mark-fetching questions where they feel they can write the best answer.

Year	UPSC Anthropology Optional Question Papers PDF Link
2023	UPSC Anthropology Optional Question Paper 1 UPSC Anthropology Optional Question Paper 2
2022	UPSC Anthropology Optional Question Paper 1 UPSC Anthropology Optional Question Paper 2
2021	UPSC Anthropology Optional Question Paper 1 UPSC Anthropology Optional Question Paper 2
2020	UPSC Anthropology Optional Question Paper 1 UPSC Anthropology Optional Question Paper 2
2019	UPSC Anthropology Optional Question Paper 1 UPSC Anthropology Optional Question Paper 2
2018	UPSC Anthropology Optional Question Paper 1 UPSC Anthropology Optional Question Paper 2

Benefits of Choosing Anthropology Optional Subject

There are several benefits to choosing anthropology as an optional subject, especially if candidates are interested in understanding human societies and cultures. Here are some of the key advantages:

Broad and Interdisciplinary: Anthropology is a broad and interdisciplinary field that draws from sociology, psychology, biology, history, and linguistics. This holistic approach allows you to gain a comprehensive understanding of human behavior and social institutions.
Relevant to Current Affairs: Anthropology provides a valuable lens for analyzing and understanding contemporary social issues and challenges. You’ll be able to examine topics like ethnicity, migration, gender, globalization, and indigenous rights from a socio-cultural perspective.
Improves Critical Thinking Skills: Studying anthropology requires you to critically evaluate different cultures and societies. You’ll learn to challenge assumptions, consider multiple perspectives, and develop sound arguments based on evidence.
Strong Emphasis on Research Skills: Anthropology places a strong emphasis on research skills, including data collection, analysis, and interpretation. These skills are valuable in any academic or professional setting.
Relatively Manageable Syllabus: Compared to some other optional subjects, anthropology has a relatively manageable syllabus. This can be a benefit if you are short on time or have other commitments.
Scoring Potential: Anthropology is considered to be a scoring subject in many competitive exams. The questions are often direct and answerable, and there is a good amount of overlap with the general studies section of the exam.
Interesting and Engaging: If you find human cultures and societies fascinating, then anthropology can be a very interesting and engaging subject to study. This can make the preparation process more enjoyable and help you stay motivated.

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Anthropology Optional Success Rate

Success in the UPSC examination depends on various factors, including the choice of the optional subject. Anthropology has witnessed a fair share of success stories, with candidates securing commendable scores. The subject’s interdisciplinary approach allows candidates to connect anthropological theories with current societal issues, enhancing their chances of success.

The table below offers a comprehensive overview of the success rate achieved by candidates who opted for Anthropology during this period:

UPSC Anthropology Optional Success Rate
Year	Number of Candidates	Number of Candidates Selected	Success Rate (%)
2020	1211	100	8.30%
2019	1189	108	9.1
2018	797	65	8.2
2017	880	85	9.7

Anthropology Optional Trend Analysis

Anthropology is a popular optional subject for UPSC aspirants due to its interdisciplinary nature and relevance to various aspects of society. Aspirants often find it engaging and rewarding to study the evolution of human societies, cultures, and behaviors.

Over the years, Anthropology has maintained a steady popularity among UPSC aspirants. The subject’s comprehensive coverage of human society, its dynamic nature, and its applicability to contemporary challenges make it a subject of choice for many.

Candidates who have chosen Anthropology as their elective subject can greatly benefit from completing previous year’s UPSC Anthropology Question Papers. This practice provides them with valuable insights into the expected question patterns, test format, and other crucial aspects of the examination. Anthropology, being an optional subject, is known for featuring 5–6 recurring themes, either directly or indirectly, each year.

This characteristic makes it a high-scoring and weighty optional subject. By solving UPSC Anthropology Previous Year Question Papers, candidates can assess and improve their speed, accuracy, time management skills, and pinpoint the specific themes they should focus on for their Philosophy optional paper. Additionally, comprehending the UPSC Anthropology Optional Question Paper Trend Analysis aids candidates in streamlining their preparation strategy for this optional subject more effectively.

Anthropology Optional Topper Copy

Analyzing the responses of successful candidates can provide valuable guidance on effective exam strategies. Toppers typically emphasize a thorough grasp of core concepts, succinct yet comprehensive articulation of ideas, and the integration of illustrative examples and case studies to bolster arguments.

List of Some Anthropology Toppers

Name	Year	Marks	Rank
Nidhi Pal	2022	325	36
Shubham Kumar	2020	320	1
Mandar Patki	2019	286	22
Yogesh Patil	2019	285	63
Akshat Jain	2018	335	2
Lakshmi	2018	362	45
Anudeep Durishetty	2017	318	1

Anthropology Optional Notes

Comprehensive notes are indispensable for effective preparation. These notes should encompass all topics outlined in the syllabus, presented with clarity and coherence. While many coaching institutes offer anthropology optional notes, candidates can also compile their own by synthesizing information from standard textbooks and online resources.

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Anthropology Optional Books:

A selection of recommended books for anthropology optional preparation includes:

Anthropology Papers	Recommended Books
Paper-1	Physical Anthropology – P Nath Anthropology Simplified – Vivek Bhasme (a very good source for diagrams and answer structuring) Anthropology – Ember and Ember
Paper-2	Indian Anthropology -Nadeem Hasnain Tribal India – Nadeem Hasnain Anthropology Simplified– Vivek Bhasme The Tribal Culture of India – LP Vidyarthi Xaxa Report January 2014 edition of Yojana- Tribal and Marginalized Communities

These textbooks offer comprehensive coverage of the syllabus and are endorsed by both toppers and subject matter experts.

Anthropology Optional Question Paper

The anthropology optional question paper is designed to evaluate candidates’ comprehension of anthropological concepts, analytical abilities, and written communication skills. It is imperative to meticulously read and interpret each question, strategize the response structure, and present arguments cogently within the stipulated time frame.

How to prepare for the Anthropology UPSC Syllabus?

Understand the Syllabus: Start by thoroughly understanding the Anthropology syllabus for UPSC. Break it down into topics and sub-topics to create a clear roadmap for your preparation.
Gather Study Materials: Collect reliable and comprehensive study materials for Anthropology, including textbooks, reference books, online resources, and previous years’ question papers. Ensure you have access to the recommended books for this subject.
Focus on Core Concepts: Anthropology is conceptually driven, so focus on understanding the core concepts and theories. Develop a strong foundation in areas such as human evolution, social structures, cultural anthropology, and Indian anthropology.
Take Notes and Revise: Make concise notes while studying each topic. These notes will serve as valuable revision material later. Review and revise your notes to reinforce your understanding and retain information effectively.
Practice Answer Writing: Practice answering previous years’ question papers and sample questions. Pay attention to the structure, clarity, and coherence of your answers. Develop a writing style that effectively communicates your knowledge and analysis.
Analyze Case Studies and Examples: Anthropology involves the study of real-life case studies and examples. Familiarize yourself with significant case studies on human societies, cultures, and social issues. Analyze and understand their implications.
Stay Updated: Stay updated with current affairs and anthropology-related developments. Keep track of recent research, discoveries, and trends in the field. This will enhance your understanding and provide valuable insights for answer writing.
Join Test Series and Mock Tests: Enroll in a reliable test series or take mock tests specifically designed for Anthropology. This will help you assess your preparation level, identify areas of improvement, and get accustomed to the exam format.

Conclusion

In summary, anthropology presents a captivating exploration of human societies and cultures. With diligent preparation utilizing the syllabus, previous year questions, recommended readings, notes, and insights from successful candidates, aspirants can navigate this subject proficiently and excel in the UPSC examinations. It represents an enriching journey of discovery into the complexities of human existence and behavior, offering invaluable insights for those aspiring to comprehend the intricacies of the world around them.

Must Read
NCERT Notes For UPSC	UPSC Daily Current Affairs
UPSC Blogs	UPSC Daily Editorials
Daily Current Affairs Quiz	Daily Main Answer Writing
UPSC Mains Previous Year Papers	UPSC Test Series 2024

upsc upsc anthropology syllabus UPSC Syllabus

UPSC Anthropology Syllabus FAQs

The anthropology syllabus is concise, and with the right study materials and approach, it can be completed in just three to four months. For candidates with a science or engineering background who prefer not to select their degree subjects as optionals, anthropology can be a suitable choice.

Yes, anthropology is considered a high-scoring optional subject due to its manageable syllabus, focus on core concepts, and frequent overlap with general studies sections of UPSC mains exams.

Yes, candidates from science backgrounds can score high marks in Anthropology optional with focused study, as the subject often overlaps with scientific principles, especially in areas like physical anthropology and human evolution. 2017 topper Anudeep Durishetty has done engineering and topper exam with Anthropology optional.

The UPSC anthropology syllabus encompasses diverse subjects such as social and cultural anthropology, physical anthropology, and archaeology. It delves into areas like human evolution, kinship, marriage, religion, social structure, tribal communities, research methodologies, and various other topics.

Both anthropology and sociology can be high-scoring, but the choice depends on your strengths. Anthropology's focus on core concepts and manageable syllabus might make it easier to score if you prefer clear-cut answers.

Yes, anthropology optional is accessible to all candidates with an interest in human societies, cultures, and behaviors, regardless of their academic background.

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UPSC Anthropology Optional Syllabus

Anthropology Optional Syllabus

UPSC Anthropology Optional Paper 1 Topics and Sub-topics

UPSC Anthropology Optional Paper 2 Topics and Sub-topics

Anthropology Optional PYQ Paper – Download PDF!

Benefits of Choosing Anthropology Optional Subject

Anthropology Optional Success Rate

Anthropology Optional Trend Analysis

Anthropology Optional Topper Copy

List of Some Anthropology Toppers

Anthropology Optional Notes

Anthropology Optional Books:

Anthropology Optional Question Paper

How to prepare for the Anthropology UPSC Syllabus?

Conclusion

UPSC Anthropology Syllabus FAQs

Can anthropology be completed in 3 months?

Is Anthropology high scoring?

Do candidates from science background can score high marks in Anthropology optional subject?

What are the important topics in Anthropology UPSC?

Which is high scoring Sociology or Anthropology optional subject?

Is anthropology optional suitable for non science background candidates?

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