{"id":108602,"date":"2024-05-17T21:52:40","date_gmt":"2024-05-17T16:22:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?post_type=current-affairs&#038;p=108602"},"modified":"2024-05-17T21:52:40","modified_gmt":"2024-05-17T16:22:40","slug":"khetri-copper-mine-complex","status":"publish","type":"current-affairs","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/khetri-copper-mine-complex","title":{"rendered":"Khetri Copper Mine Complex Incident"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Context<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><b>Recently, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fourteen<\/span><b> officials of Hindustan Copper Limited (HCL)<\/b> <b>trapped inside a mine at Khetri<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in <\/span><b>Rajasthan\u2019s Neem Ka Thana district.<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The<\/span><b> incident occurred at the Kolihan mine<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> when a <\/span><b>lift carrying officials down the mine shaft collapsed due to a rope snapping.<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kolihan mine is <\/span><b>part of the northern tip of the Khetri Copper Belt.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Khetri Copper Mine Complex<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is situated at the<\/span><b> foothills of the Aravalli Range, at Khetri Nagar, Neem Ka Thana<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> district of <\/span><b>Rajasthan.<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100.283%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: rgba(184, 165, 217, 0.53); text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Hindustan Copper Limited (HCL),<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is a<\/span><b> Miniratna Category-I,<\/b> <b>Central PSU incorporated in 1967,<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is under the administrative control of the <\/span><b>Ministry of Mines, GoI<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>The Company has 5 Units,\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">Malanjkhand Copper Project (MCP) at Malanjkhand, Madhya Pradesh\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">Khetri Copper Complex (KCC) at Khetri Nagar, Rajasthan\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">Indian Copper Complex (ICC) at Ghatsila, Jharkhand\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">Taloja Copper Project (TCP) at Taloja, Maharashtra\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">Gujarat Copper Project (GCP) at Jhagadia, Gujarat\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Range :\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It hosts <\/span><b>copper mineralization,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> giving rise to a 80 km long <\/span><b>metallogenetic province from Singhana<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the north to <\/span><b>Raghunathgarh<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the south, popularly known as <\/span><b>Khetri Copper Belt.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It has<\/span><b> Mechanized underground mines<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> namely<\/span><b> &#8216;Khetri&#8217; and &#8216;Kolihan'(capacity 1.0 million tonnes of ore per annum)<\/b><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It comprises <\/span><b>Proterozoic metasediments <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that rest over basement gneisses and<\/span><b> is a part of the North Delhi fold belt.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Prominent deposits<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the belt are: <\/span><b>Khetri, Kolihan, Banwas, Chandmari, Dhani Basri, Baniwali Ki Dhani (Neem Ka Thana, Rajasthan).\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>Other deposits are: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dholamala, Akwali, Muradpura &#8211; Pacheri (Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan), and Devtalai (Bhilwara, Rajasthan).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Management of Khetri Mine Complex : <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Development of Khetri Mine was started by <\/span><b>National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and the project was handed over to <\/span><b>HCL in 1967 when HCL was formed.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Copper Mineral Scenario<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Copper occurs <\/span><b>naturally in the Earth&#8217;s crust in a variety of forms.<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It can be found in <\/span><b>sulfide deposits <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(as chalcopyrite, bornite, chalcocite, covellite), in c<\/span><b>arbonate deposits <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(as azurite and malachite), in <\/span><b>silicate deposits<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (as chrysocolla and dioptase) and<\/span><b> as pure &#8220;native&#8221; copper.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Copper is the<\/span><b> second largest non-ferrous metal by usage,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with <\/span><b>global demand for refined copper being about 25.04 million tonnes in 2020.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Methods of mining copper minerals<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Open pit and underground\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Open- pit mining accounts for 80% of all copper mining operations in the world.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Copper Extraction :<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Mined copper ore is initially crushed , milled and concentrated by ore beneficiation process into a fine, gray powder called <\/span><b>copper concentrate .\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\"><b>If the nature of ore is sulphide : Froth floatation process<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is adopted to do the beneficiation wherein the<\/span><b> 1 % copper containing ore is converted to more than 25 % copper containing concentrate.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\"><b>If the ore is oxide in nature<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> : it is subjected to<\/span><b> leaching followed by solvent extraction (SX) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and <\/span><b>electro-winning (EW) to produce refined copper.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Copper concentrate can <\/span><b>contain 25-35% of copper,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>similar levels of iron and Sulphur, minor percentages <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of other metals including<\/span><b> gold &#038; silver metals depending.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Copper Reserves and Production in India\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Largest reserves\/resources of copper ore :<\/b> <b>Rajasthan around 868 million tonnes (52.25%)\u00a0 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">followed by <\/span><b>Madhya Pradesh around 387 million tonnes (23.28%<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) and<\/span><b> Jharkhand with 251 million tonnes (15.14%)<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Largest Producer : Madhya Pradesh<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was the leading producer of copper concentrates, accounting for<\/span><b> about 56% <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in 2022 followed by <\/span><b>Rajasthan (43%).<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Low Metal Content :<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> India\u00a0 has low-grade copper ore with <\/span><b>less than 1% metal content <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">while the international average for copper ore <\/span><b>metal content is 2.5%.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc\/pw-only-ias?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Classes<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><strong>Global:\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Chile is the top copper producer<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the world, <\/span><b>with 27% of global copper production.<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Two largest mines in the world, <\/span><b>Escondida and Collahuasi.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0Chile is followed by <\/span><b>Peru, responsible for 10% of global production.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table style=\"width: 100.242%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 36px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 4929.12%; 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The incident took place at Hindustan Copper Limited&#8217;s Kolihan copper mine after a lift rope snapped<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"footnotes":""},"tags":[],"paper-wise":[2088],"subject":[2122],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs\/108602"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/current-affairs"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=108602"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs\/108602\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":108607,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs\/108602\/revisions\/108607"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=108602"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=108602"},{"taxonomy":"paper-wise","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/paper-wise?post=108602"},{"taxonomy":"subject","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/subject?post=108602"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}