{"id":110719,"date":"2024-05-28T20:15:23","date_gmt":"2024-05-28T14:45:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?post_type=current-affairs&#038;p=110719"},"modified":"2025-02-13T11:29:11","modified_gmt":"2025-02-13T05:59:11","slug":"eco-restoration","status":"publish","type":"current-affairs","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/eco-restoration","title":{"rendered":"Eco-restoration"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Context<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Recently, the <\/span><b>Kerala government <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">amended its earlier order of allowing the Kerala Forest Development Corporation (KFDC) to plant <\/span><b>eucalyptus trees<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for its financial sustenance in 2024-2025 to limit permission to only cut exotic tree species from lands in the KFDC\u2019s control.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Kerala Revises KFDC Order to Combat Invasive Species and Human-Wildlife Conflict<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Issue with the Earlier Order:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> In 2021, the Kerala government had published an <\/span><b>eco-restoration policy <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that sought to<\/span><b> address the \u201cproliferation of invasive species that are not suitable for our environment\u201d<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and the resulting <\/span><b>\u201cdepletion of natural forests\u201d.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Harmful Impacts: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to the policy, such <\/span><b>depletion<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was in turn<\/span><b> forcing wild animals to move to human-occupied land <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in search of food and thus increasing the prevalence of <\/span><b>human-wildlife conflict.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100.301%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: rgba(184, 165, 217, 0.53); text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%;\">\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt; color: #000000;\"><strong>About Eucalyptus:\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is <\/span><b>a fast-growing evergreen tree <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">native to Australia.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Use:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The eucalyptus tree oil is used as an antiseptic, a perfume, as a flavoring, in dental preparations and in industrial solvents.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Distinctive Trait:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It is adapted to grow in <\/span><b>a wide range of climatic regimes or soil types and grows rapidly and establishes itself easily<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">; etc.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>About Eco-Restoration<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Refers:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It is the<\/span><b> process of reclaiming habitat and ecosystem functions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by restoring the lands and waters on which plants and animals depend.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Aim:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It aims to <\/span><b>initiate or accelerate ecosystem recovery <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">by creating conditions for plants, animals and microorganisms to carry out the recovery process themselves.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is not a one-time activity and continues as the ecosystem recovers and matures.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Involves:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Restoration is a corrective step that involves <\/span><b>eliminating or modifying causes of ecological degradation and re-establishing the natural processes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> like natural fires, floods, or predator-prey relationships that sustain and renew ecosystems over time.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Actions: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It may involve actions like removing invasive species, reintroducing lost species or functions, altering landforms, planting vegetation, changing hydrology and reintroducing wildlife.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Practices: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reforestation and afforestation, wetlands restoration, river and stream restoration, peatland restoration, replanting mangroves and transplanting corals, etc.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>India&#8217;s Initiatives:<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sundarbans Mangrove Restoration<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems (NPCA)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">National Mission for a Green India (GIM)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Western Ghats Forest Landscape Restoration<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Green Wall<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">National Afforestation Programme (NAP)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">National Biodiversity Action Plan<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Significance:<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Biodiversity Conservation:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It helps to conserve biodiversity by providing species with the conditions they need to thrive.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Climate Change Mitigation:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It can sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (such as forests, peatlands and mangroves), thereby helping to mitigate climate change.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Ecosystem Services:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Healthier ecosystems, with richer biodiversity, yield greater benefits such as more fertile soils, bigger yields of timber and fish, and larger stores of greenhouse gases.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It can <\/span><b>help us to achieve all of the Sustainable Development Goals.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Economic Benefits:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The economic benefits of such interventions exceed<\/span><b> nine times the cost of investment,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> whereas<\/span><b> inaction is at least three times more costly than ecorestoration.<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It can help in creating jobs like planting trees, managing protected areas and eco-tourism. Also, it can <\/span><b>support local economies <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">through improved agriculture, fisheries, and forestry.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Challenges:<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Technical Challenges:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Selection of appropriate native species, determining the best methods for re-establishing those species and managing invasive species.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Funding:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> These actions can be expensive and require sustained funding for over long periods as ecosystems can take years or even decades to recover fully.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Need To Do:<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Social Considerations: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Any restoration action must consider the needs and rights of local communities, ensuring that restoration efforts also support local livelihoods.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is a need to ensure the involvement of local communities in planning and implementation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Adequate Funding:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> To attain success, there is a need to secure ongoing funding and gain political support.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Monitoring:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Careful monitoring, and evaluation to assess progress is the need of the hour.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Time has come to ensure that restoration goals are met and that the ecosystem can sustain itself in the long term.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Restoration vs Conservation: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Restoration is not a substitute for conservation. While it can restore biodiversity, structure, and function to ecosystems, it should not be used to justify destruction or unsustainable use.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It may not succeed in re-establishing the full assemblage of native species or the full extent of the original ecosystem\u2019s structure and function.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc\/pw-only-ias?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Classes<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.9987%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: rgba(184, 165, 217, 0.53); text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%;\">\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt; color: #000000;\"><strong>About the UN Decade on Eco-Restoration:<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Declaration: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The UN General Assembly has declared <\/span><b>2021\u20132030 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A global call to action, the UN Decade draws together <\/span><b>political support, scientific research, and financial muscle <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to massively scale up restoration.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Led by:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The <\/span><b>UNEP and the FAO,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> together with the support of partners to prevent, halt, and reverse the loss and degradation of ecosystems worldwide.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Aim:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Reviving billions of hectares, covering terrestrial as well as aquatic ecosystems.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt; color: #000000;\"><strong>About the UN World Restoration Flagships:<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Appreciation: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With the World Restoration Flagships, the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration is <\/span><b>honoring the best examples <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of large-scale and long-term ecosystem restoration in any country or region, embodying the 10 Restoration Principles of the UN Decade.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Monitoring: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Progress of all World Restoration Flagships will be transparently monitored through the Framework for Ecosystem Restoration Monitoring, the UN Decade\u2019s platform for <\/span><b>keeping track of global restoration efforts.<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100.236%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 36px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 5694.98%; 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