{"id":113451,"date":"2024-06-12T19:07:11","date_gmt":"2024-06-12T13:37:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?post_type=current-affairs&#038;p=113451"},"modified":"2024-06-13T18:08:25","modified_gmt":"2024-06-13T12:38:25","slug":"international-year-of-quantum-science-and-technology","status":"publish","type":"current-affairs","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/international-year-of-quantum-science-and-technology","title":{"rendered":"International Year of Quantum Science and Technology (IYQ)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Recently, the <\/span><b>United Nations has declared 2025 as the International Year of Quantum Science and Technology (IYQ) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to boost research and development in the emerging area.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>UN has declared 2025 as the International Year of Quantum Science and Technology (IYQ)<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-113484 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/121-6669ac5b04417.webp\" alt=\"Quantum Science and Technology \" width=\"302\" height=\"348\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/121-6669ac5b04417.webp 497w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/121-6669ac5b04417-261x300.webp 261w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 302px) 100vw, 302px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Recognition of 100 years of Quantum Mechanics: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The year 2025 was chosen for this International Year as it <\/span><b>recognizes 100 years since the initial development of quantum mechanics.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Matrix Mechanics<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: It marks <\/span><b>100 years <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">since theoretical <\/span><b>physicists Werner Heisenberg, Max Born and Pascual Jordan developed matrix mechanics,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the first formulation to express quantum physics in mathematical form.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Schr\u00f6dinger wave Equation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Year 2025 also marks <\/span><b>100 years <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">since <\/span><b>Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger postulated the Schr\u00f6dinger equation <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that governs the wave function of a quantum-mechanical system \u2013 a landmark moment in quantum mechanics that proved to be seminal to the field and won him a Nobel Prize in Physics.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Global Initiatives and Outreach:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> A steering committee is also<\/span><b> \u201cplanning global initiatives and events,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> particularly those that reach audiences unaware of the<\/span><b> importance of quantum science and technology.\u201d<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>About International Year of Quantum Science and Technology (IYQ)<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-113485 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/122-6669ac5a5eac4.webp\" alt=\"Quantum Science and Technology \" width=\"552\" height=\"410\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/122-6669ac5a5eac4.webp 936w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/122-6669ac5a5eac4-300x223.webp 300w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/122-6669ac5a5eac4-768x571.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 552px) 100vw, 552px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Background:<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><b>2023:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Led by the nation of <\/span><b>Mexico,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in May 2023 the Executive Board of the <\/span><b>United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) endorsed <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a resolution encouraging official UN proclamation.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It was followed by an endorsement of the full <\/span><b>UNESCO General Conference in November 2023<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which was co-sponsored by nearly 60 countries.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>2024:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> In May 2024, the nation of <\/span><b>Ghana formally submitted a draft resolution<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for official proclamation of the International Year to the U.N. General Assembly.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On <\/span><b>June 7, 2024<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the U.N. General Assembly officially declared 2025 to be The International Year of Quantum Science and Technology.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The proclamation has<\/span><b> also received the endorsements of <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, the International Union of Crystallography, and the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science and Technology.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Aim:\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Strengthening of Capabilities: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To strengthen national capacities in the basic sciences and science education.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To reflect the growing recognition of quantum science and technology as<\/span><b> a key driver of future innovations and economic growth.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Contribution and Future Potential: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To highlight the contribution of quantum science to our increased knowledge and understanding of the physical universe, as well as the critical role of quantum science and technology in <\/span><b>developing sustainable solutions in energy, education, communications, and human health.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>Awareness, Encouragement and Collaboration:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It focuses on raising awareness about the importance of quantum technologies, fostering international collaborations, and encouraging educational and outreach activities.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>About Quantum Science and Technology<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-113673 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/unnamed-25-666ae75320878.webp\" alt=\"Quantum Science and Technology\" width=\"401\" height=\"233\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/unnamed-25-666ae75320878.webp 1022w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/unnamed-25-666ae75320878-300x174.webp 300w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/unnamed-25-666ae75320878-768x446.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 401px) 100vw, 401px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>An Interdisciplinary Field:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Quantum Science and Technology is an interdisciplinary field that harnesses the principles of quantum mechanics to <\/span><b>develop new technologies with potentially transformative capabilities.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Fundamentals of Quantum Computing:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> There are three fundamentals of quantum computing- <\/span><b>Superposition, Entanglement and Qubits.<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Superposition:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The ability of a particle to hold two \u201cstates\u201d at the same time. It is a fundamental principle where a quantum system can exist in multiple states simultaneously.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Entanglement:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The strange property of quantum systems. If one particle is entangled with another and measures the spin of the first one (which resolves into either value), the entangled particle will instantly resolve into the same value.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Quantum computing uses both of these principles \u2014 superposition and entanglement to solve certain types of problems much faster than classical computers, particularly for complex simulations, optimization, cryptography, and searching large databases.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Qubit or Quantum Bit:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> A basic unit of quantum information. It is a <\/span><b>two-state quantum-mechanical system<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, one of the simplest quantum systems displaying the peculiarity of quantum mechanics.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/store.pw.live\/govt-entrance-exams\/upsc-books?utm_source=SEO&#038;utm_medium=PW+Live&#038;utm_campaign=UPSC+CSE+Books\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check Out UPSC CSE Books From PW Store<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Application Areas of Quantum Science and Technology<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Quantum Computing: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is a multidisciplinary field comprising aspects of <\/span><b>computer science, physics, and mathematics<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that utilizes quantum mechanics to solve complex problems faster than on classical computers.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Quantum computers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> use quantum bits (qubits) which, unlike classical bits, can exist in multiple states simultaneously due to superposition.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Quantum Communication: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It uses the laws of quantum physics to protect data.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These laws allow particles\u2014typically photons of light for transmitting data along optical cables\u2014to take on a state of superposition, which means they can represent multiple combinations of quantum bits (qubits).\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Quantum Key Distribution (QKD):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It utilizes quantum mechanics to enable secure communication channels that are theoretically immune to eavesdropping.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Quantum Internet:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It is <\/span><b>a future vision of a global network<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that uses quantum signals for ultra-secure communication and distributed quantum computing.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Quantum Sensing and Metrology: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">aims at harnessing new approaches that use the principles of quantum physics in order to overcome the noise produced by quantum fluctuations.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The applications range from the improvement and synchronization of <\/span><b>atomic clocks, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the detection of the magnitude and direction of tiny <\/span><b>magnetic fields,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>interferometric measurements of phase shifts, medical imaging, navigation, and fundamental physics research.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Quantum Materials: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exploration of materials with unique quantum properties, such as superconductors and topological insulators have applications in the development of<\/span><b> new electronic devices, improved energy transmission, and advanced material science.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Quantum Simulation: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Quantum simulators can model complex quantum systems, helping in the <\/span><b>understanding of high-temperature superconductivity, chemical reactions, and exotic phases of matter.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Advantages of Quantum Technology<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Increased Computing Power:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Quantum computers are much faster than present computers and also have the capability to solve complex problems.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Improved Security:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Due to quantum mechanics, quantum encryption techniques are much more secure than traditional encryption methods.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Faster Communication: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Quantum communication networks can transmit information faster and more securely than traditional networks, with the potential for completely unhackable communication.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Enhanced Artificial Intelligence (AI): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Quantum machine learning algorithms can potentially enable more efficient and accurate training of AI models.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Better Sensing and Measurement: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Quantum sensors can detect extremely small changes in the environment, making them useful in areas such as medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and geological exploration.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The advancements in quantum science and technology have the potential to revolutionize <\/span><b>various fields, driving innovation in computing, communication, sensing, and beyond.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Obstacles to Mainstream Adoption for Quantum Technology<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Stability: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Qubits are very sensitive to heat and are error-prone.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-113486 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/123-6669ac596a629.webp\" alt=\"Quantum Science and Technology \" width=\"450\" height=\"341\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/123-6669ac596a629.webp 827w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/123-6669ac596a629-300x227.webp 300w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/123-6669ac596a629-768x582.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><b>Scalability: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Building larger quantum computers can be difficult.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Connectivity:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Qubits need to be connected to operate, which is difficult as the number increases.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Integration: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Combining quantum components with classical systems to create hybrid technologies.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Decoherence:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Over time, qubits can lose information stored in them.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Programming: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Completely new skills are needed as well as knowledge of quantum mechanics.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Standardization: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Establishing industry-wide standards will be essential for success.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Access and Availability:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Quantum computing services are expensive at this time.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Algorithm Creation: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Quantum computers can\u2019t work like traditional computers, they need special algorithms to do tasks in their environment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Need for Low Temperature:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Quantum computers require extreme temperatures (-460\u00b0F.) that are hard to maintain.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Low Precision: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Quantum computers have a low level of precision. Scientists have to create their own qubits, which is difficult.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Software: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The field of creating quantum algorithms and software is still developing, and qualified professionals are in short supply.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>High Cost:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Building and maintaining quantum computers is currently relatively expensive, and this may prevent widespread deployment<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Interoperability:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Due to the lack of standards in the realm of quantum computing, it might be challenging to compare and combine various quantum computers.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc\/pw-only-ias?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Classes<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Way Forward<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Establishing Centers of Excellence: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The government should create specialized centers of excellence dedicated to quantum science and technology within both academic institutions and government research institutes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Technology Development: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India must harness the power of startups and Big Tech corporations involved in developing quantum technology and applications.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Indigenization: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prioritizing the development of quantum computational capabilities is imperative for our nation, as obtaining this technology from foreign sources would pose significant challenges and cost hurdles.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Effective Roadmap:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> To effectively monitor global advancements in quantum computing and evaluate and guide India&#8217;s efforts in this domain, the establishment of an Indian Quantum Computing Roadmap Group is essential.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Research &#038; Development with Collaboration:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Continuous research and development, along with international collaboration, are crucial for overcoming current challenges and unlocking the full potential of quantum technologies.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table style=\"width: 100.201%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: rgba(184, 165, 217, 0.53); text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%;\">\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #000000;\"><strong>Major International Quantum Computing Collaborations<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Quantum Technologies Flagship:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It was established in <\/span><b>2018 by the European Union (EU<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), with aims to bring together research, private, and public institutions, and consolidate European leadership in the field of quantum technologies over a period of 10 years.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>The AUKUS Quantum Arrangement: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It was\u00a0 initiated in 2022 with an aim to accelerate investments in <\/span><b>\u201cgeneration-after-next\u201d quantum capabilities.\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Quadrilateral Security Dialogue:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> In 2021, the Quad leaders agreed to establish a Critical and Emerging Technology Working Group to ensure that the standards and frameworks for key technologies s<\/span><b>uch as 5G, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Quantum Computing <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">are governed by \u201cshared interests and values\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>CERN Quantum Technology Initiative: The European Council for Nuclear Research\u2019s (CERN) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Quantum Technology Initiative is a comprehensive R&#038;D and academic programme initiated in 2020, which aims to set up collaborations between its <\/span><b>23 member states<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> as well as international initiatives in quantum technologies\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt; color: #000000;\"><strong>Various Government Initiatives<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Quantum Computing Applications Lab (QCAL):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It was launched by the <\/span><b>Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in collaboration with Amazon Web Services (AWS).<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It aims to accelerate the <\/span><b>adoption of quantum computing in India<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by providing access to quantum computers, tools, and resources to researchers and developers.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>The National Mission on Quantum Technologies and Applications (NM-QTA):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It\u00a0 was launched in 2020 with the goal of creating a strong quantum technology ecosystem in India.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>National Quantum Mission:\u00a0 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With a total cost of <\/span><b>Rs.6003.65 crore from 2023-24 to 2030-31<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, it aims to nurture and scale up scientific and industrial R&#038;D and create a vibrant &#038; innovative ecosystem in Quantum Technology (QT).<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100.341%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 138.412%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;\" colspan=\"2\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Must Read<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50.5357%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/editorial-analysis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UPSC Daily Editorials<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 87.8767%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/daily-current-affairs\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UPSC Daily Current Affairs<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50.5357%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; 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