{"id":114685,"date":"2024-06-17T19:29:49","date_gmt":"2024-06-17T13:59:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?post_type=current-affairs&#038;p=114685"},"modified":"2025-02-13T11:28:47","modified_gmt":"2025-02-13T05:58:47","slug":"solid-waste-management-cess","status":"publish","type":"current-affairs","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/solid-waste-management-cess","title":{"rendered":"Solid Waste Management Cess"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Recently, the Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) has proposed a Solid Waste Management (SWM) Cess of \u20b9100 per month for each household.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Solid Waste Management Cess<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) levy user fees or SWM cess as per the provisions of <\/span><b>Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016.\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to these guidelines, ULBs must collect user fees\/cess for SWM services provisions provided. While there is no specified rate, ULBs typically charge about \u20b930-50 per month as SWM cess, which i<\/span><b>s collected along with property tax.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table style=\"width: 100.025%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: rgba(184, 165, 217, 0.53); text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;\">\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt; color: #000000;\"><strong>Cess<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A cess is an <\/span><b>additional tax <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">imposed on top of the existing tax to raise funds for a specific purpose<\/span><\/span><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100.099%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: rgba(184, 165, 217, 0.53); text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;\">\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt; color: #000000;\"><strong>About Solid Wastes<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Solid Wastes: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These are unwanted or useless solid materials produced by human activities in residential, industrial, or commercial areas.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Classification of waste: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Depending on the physical state they are categorized into solid, liquid and gaseous. Solid Wastes are categorized into-<\/span><b> municipal, hazardous, medical and radioactive wastes.<\/b><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Liquid Wastes:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Liquid wastes are produced during industrial activities such as<\/span><b> washing, flushing,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>manufacturing processes.<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Gaseous Wastes: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0Gaseous wastes, on the other hand, are emissions released in the form of gases from sources like automobiles, factories, and the combustion of fossil fuels such as petroleum.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">These gases disperse into the atmosphere, contributing to phenomena like smog and acid rain when they interact with other atmospheric components.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>About Solid Waste Management<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Waste Management: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This process reduces or eliminates the <\/span><b>negative impact<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on the environment and<\/span><b> human health.<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Effective waste management for a municipality involves several processes, including <\/span><b>monitoring, collection, transport, processing, recycling, and disposal.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Components of Solid Waste Management:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> SWM services broadly consists of four components: collection, transportation, processing and disposal.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ULBs typically<\/span><b> package collection and transportation together, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and processing and <\/span><b>disposal <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">together.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Collection and transportation are resource and<\/span><b> labour-intensive a<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">nd consumes up to <\/span><b>85-90% of the SWM budget, w<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">hereas only about <\/span><b>10-15% is spent<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on processing and disposal of waste.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Data on Solid Waste Generation: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Solid waste generated in Indian cities consists of about 55-60% wet biodegradable material and <\/span><b>40-45% non-biodegradable material.\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The portion of recyclable material in the <\/span><b>dry waste <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is minimal, only about <\/span><b>1-2%<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, with the rest being mostly <\/span><b>non-recyclable <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and <\/span><b>non-biodegradable waste.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Although 55% of the wet waste can be converted into organic compost or biogas, the yield is as low as<\/span><b> 10-12%, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">making both <\/span><b>composting and biogas generation <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">from solid waste financially unviable.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Components of Solid Waste<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Construction and Demolition Waste:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Wastes generated from the <\/span><b>construction o<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">f new buildings, <\/span><b>renovation, a<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">nd <\/span><b>demolition activities.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Plastic Waste:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Includes items such as polythene bags and plastic bottles.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Biomedical Waste: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wastes produced during <\/span><b>diagnosis, treatment, and immunisation, in<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cluding human and<\/span><b> animal anatomical waste<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, treatment apparatus like <\/span><b>needles and syringes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and <\/span><b>cytotoxic drugs.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Hazardous Waste:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Wastes that pose an immediate danger to individuals or the environment upon exposure.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>E-Waste:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Includes discarded items such as computer monitors, motherboards,<\/span><b> cathode ray tubes (CRTs), printed circuit boards (PCBs)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, mobile phones and <\/span><b>chargers, compact discs,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and headphones.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Methods of Solid Waste Management<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Landfill: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It involves<\/span><b> burying<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the waste in vacant locations around the cities.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Incineration:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It involves<\/span><b> high-temperature oxidation (<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">burning\/thermal treatment) of primarily organic compounds that produce<\/span><b> thermal energy, CO2 and water.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Pyrolysis:\u00a0 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Solid is converted into a <\/span><b>liquid state <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and the liquid is<\/span><b> converted into gas. P<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">roducts can then be used for the production of energy.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Gasification: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The material to be treated is directly converted into<\/span><b> SynGas (synthetic gas) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">which has <\/span><b>hydrogen and carbon dioxide<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> as its components.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Bioremediation:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It is the use of living organisms, primarily <\/span><b>microorganism<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">s, to degrade <\/span><b>environmental contaminants <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">into less toxic forms.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These techniques are more <\/span><b>economical<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> than traditional methods and pollutants can be <\/span><b>treated on-site, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">thus <\/span><b>reducing exposure risks f<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">or personnel.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Phytoremediation:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It\u2019s a<\/span><b> plant-based sustainable,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> cost-efficient, and environment-friendly technology. It uses <\/span><b>plants to get rid of contaminants f<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">rom the environment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Vermiculture: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Also known as <\/span><b>Earthworm farming.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Earthworms are added to the compost. These worms<\/span><b> break the solid waste <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and along with the<\/span><b> earthworms\u2019 excret<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a, the compost becomes rich in nutrients.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Solid Waste Management Rules 2016<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Source segregation of waste:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Rules have mandated the<\/span><b> source segregation of waste t<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">o channelise the waste to wealth by <\/span><b>recovery, reuse and recycling.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Waste generator: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It will have the responsibility of segregating the waste into<\/span><b> wet, dry and Hazardous.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Waste processing facilities: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They will have to be set up by<\/span><b> all local bodies<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> having<\/span><b> 1 million or more population <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">within two years.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Waste Management Fees:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The new rules empower local bodies across India to determine user fees. Municipal authorities will<\/span><b> impose user fees for the collection, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">disposal, and<\/span><b> processing of waste from bulk generators.\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to the rules, waste generators must pay a <\/span><b>&#8220;User Fee&#8221; <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to the waste collector and may face a &#8220;<\/span><b>Spot Fine&#8221; for littering<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and failing to segregate waste, with the amounts being set by the<\/span><b> local bodies.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Integration:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The integration o<\/span><b>f rag pickers, waste pickers and kabadiwalas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from the informal sector to the<\/span><b> formal sector<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by the state government.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Development: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Developers of <\/span><b>Special Economic Zone, industrial estate<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and industrial park to earmark at least <\/span><b>5 % of the total area of the plot f<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">or recovery and recycling facility.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Segregation: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mandatory Segregation of <\/span><b>biodegradable, non-biodegradable <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and domestic hazardous waste.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Prohibition:<\/b> <b>Burning of Solid Waste<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> has been prohibited.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Collect Back scheme for packaging waste: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Brand owners who sell or market their products in <\/span><b>non-biodegradable packaging material,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> should put in place a system to collect back the <\/span><b>packaging waste g<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">enerated due to their production.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Star Rating Protocol for Garbage Free Cities: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It will encourage\u00a0 the cities with a <\/span><b>spirit of healthy competition<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to improve their<\/span><b> overall cleanliness<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and allow <\/span><b>multiple cities <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to be awarded the same star rating.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The major focus in the ratings is on <\/span><b>waste storage and litter bins.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Online database: l<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">aunched to capture the<\/span><b> progress of states and cities o<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">n their SBM components, thereby enhancing the robustness and transparency of <\/span><b>Mission monitoring.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Operational and Revenue Challenges of Solid Waste Management in India<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Unsustainable Funding:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Operational revenue from waste processing facilities covers only about <\/span><b>35-40% of operational expenses, w<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ith the rest s<\/span><b>ubsidised by the ULB.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Funding Mechanism: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most wet waste processing facilities operate on either tipping fees, paid by the government to the plant operator to meet the operational deficits, or funds allocated from the municipality\u2019s general expenditure.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Budget Strain on ULBs:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) face<\/span><b> significant financial challenges i<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">n providing sustainable<\/span><b> Solid Waste Management (SWM) services. L<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">arge cities like Bangalore spend a substantial portion of their budget on <\/span><b>SWM (around 15%), yet r<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">evenue from these <\/span><b>services is minimal.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Revenue Disparity: S<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">maller cities allocate even more of their budget to SWM but face similar revenue constraints. To bridge this gap, ULBs often levy<\/span><b> SWM cess on waste generators<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to cover costs, ensuring<\/span><b> essential waste management services c<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">an continue effectively despite <\/span><b>financial pressures.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Challenges in Urban Solid Waste Management:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ULBs face other challenges associated with SWM services, such as <\/span><b>extra work of clearing open points and drains<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, preventing open littering, <\/span><b>seasonal changes in waste generation,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and sweeping operations<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Operating Challenges: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Operating waste processing plants is more challenging due to a lack of financial viability, <\/span><b>insufficient segregation at source, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and a<\/span><b> limited market<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for finished products.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Additionally, the disposal of non-compostable and <\/span><b>non-recyclable dry waste,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> such as <\/span><b>single-use plastic,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> textile waste and inert materials, is expensive since the material needs to be shipped to cement factories or<\/span><b> waste-to-energy projects <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">located about 400-500 km from cities.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Strategies to Reduce Operational Expenditure<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Segregation of waste at source:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Encouraging and<\/span><b> enforcing segregation of waste <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">at the point of generation can increase the efficiency of composting operations by up to<\/span><b> 20% and improve recycling rates <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">for dry waste.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This reduces the overall waste that needs to be<\/span><b> transported and processed.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Reducing single-use plastic:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Single-use plastics are<\/span><b> non-recyclable and bulky,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> increasing <\/span><b>transportation costs <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">for disposal. Initiatives to reduce the use of single-use plastics can lower operational expenses associated with <\/span><b>waste management.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Decentralised composting initiatives:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Residents in urban areas often oppose <\/span><b>large-scale composting facilities <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">due to odour and<\/span><b> leachate issues.\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cities in <\/span><b>Tamil Nadu and Kerala h<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ave successfully implemented<\/span><b> Micro Composting Centers (MCCs) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">at the ward level, processing wet waste locally and <\/span><b>reducing transportation costs.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Information, Education, and Awareness (IEC) campaigns:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Investing in<\/span><b> IEC programs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to educate the public about<\/span><b> proper waste disposal <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and the environmental impact of littering can reduce the manpower and resources currently allocated to<\/span><b> sweeping roads and clearing drains.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Encouraging bulk waste generators:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Large institutions and businesses can be incentivized to manage their own waste through on-site processing facilities.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This approach not only<\/span><b> reduces the burden on ULBs <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">but also promotes cleaner and more <\/span><b>sustainable waste management practices.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/store.pw.live\/govt-entrance-exams\/upsc-books?utm_source=SEO&#038;utm_medium=PW+Live&#038;utm_campaign=UPSC+CSE+Books\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check Out UPSC CSE Books From PW Store<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100.331%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 138.232%; 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text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/quiz\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Daily Current Affairs Quiz<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 87.6967%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/mains-answer-writing\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Daily Main Answer Writing<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 138.232%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;\" colspan=\"2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/store.pw.live\/govt-entrance-exams\/upsc-books?utm_source=SEO&#038;utm_medium=PW+Live&#038;utm_campaign=UPSC+CSE+Books\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check Out UPSC CSE Books From PW Store<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) has proposed a Solid Waste Management (SWM) Cess of \u20b9100 per month for each household. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"footnotes":""},"tags":[],"paper-wise":[2089],"subject":[4642],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs\/114685"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/current-affairs"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=114685"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs\/114685\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":114687,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs\/114685\/revisions\/114687"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=114685"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=114685"},{"taxonomy":"paper-wise","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/paper-wise?post=114685"},{"taxonomy":"subject","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/subject?post=114685"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}