{"id":116726,"date":"2024-06-26T19:39:15","date_gmt":"2024-06-26T14:09:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?post_type=current-affairs&#038;p=116726"},"modified":"2024-06-26T21:29:53","modified_gmt":"2024-06-26T15:59:53","slug":"enemy-agents-ordinance","status":"publish","type":"current-affairs","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/enemy-agents-ordinance","title":{"rendered":"Enemy Agents Ordinance"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Those people <\/span><b>found assisting militants<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in J&#038;K should be tried by investigating agencies under the<\/span><b> Enemy Agents Ordinance, 2005.<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The law is <\/span><b>more stringent than the <a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/banning-of-organizations-under-uapa\/#:~:text=The%20UAPA%20is%20an%20anti,sovereignty%20and%20integrity%20of%20India.&#038;text=Citizens%20of%20India%20outside%20India,Government%2C%20wherever%20they%20may%20be.\">Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA)<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and has the punishment of either a life term or a death sentence.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Background of the J&#038;K Enemy Agents Ordinance<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Origin: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It was first issued in 1917 by the then Dogra Maharaja of J&#038;K and is referred to as an \u2018ordinance\u2019 since laws made during the Dogra rule were called ordinances.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>After Partition in 1947: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ordinance was incorporated as a law in the erstwhile state and was also amended.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Enemy Agents Ordinance 2005: It<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was promulgated under Section 5 of the Jammu and Kashmir Constitution Act 1996.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>In 2019<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: When Article 370 of the Constitution was repealed,<\/span><b> J&#038;K\u2019s legal framework also underwent several changes.<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>J&#038;K Reorganisation Act <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">listed out state laws that were to continue while several others were repealed and replaced with Indian laws.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For example, while the security laws such as Enemy Agents Ordinance and Public Safety Act remained, the Ranbir Penal Code was replaced with the Indian Penal Code.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Salient Provisions of the J&#038;K Enemy Agents Ordinance<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Trials under the ordinance: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The trial under the Enemy Agents Ordinance is conducted by a special judge who is appointed by the <\/span><b>\u201cgovernment in consultation with the High Court\u201d<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Under the ordinance, the accused cannot engage a lawyer to defend herself unless permitted by the court.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Appeal against the verdict: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is <\/span><b>no provision<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for appeal against the verdict.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The decision of the special judge can <\/span><b>only be reviewed by a person chosen (by the Govt) from the judges of the HC<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and the decision of that person shall be final.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Bar on ordinance:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The ordinance also <\/span><b>bars any disclosure or publication<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the case tried under it.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Any person who, without the previous authorisation of the Government, discloses or publishes any information with respect to any proceedings or with respects to any person proceeded against under this Ordinance,<\/span><b> shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine, or with both<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table style=\"width: 99.9975%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: rgba(184, 165, 217, 0.53); text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;\">\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt; color: #000000;\"><b>Terms Defined in Enemy Agents Ordinance 2005<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u201cEnemy\u201d: It<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> means and includes any person, directly or indirectly, participating or assisting in the campaign recently undertaken by raiders from outside in subverting the Government of Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir established by law in the Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u201cEnemy agent\u201d<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: It means a person, not operating as a member of enemy armed force, who is employed by, or works for, or acts on instructions received from the enemy.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Penalty for aiding the enemy:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> According to the ordinance, anyone deemed an enemy agent or who conspires to assist the enemy, impede Indian military or air operations, endanger lives, or commit arson can be punished with death, life imprisonment, or rigorous imprisonment up to 10 years, along with a fine.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Challenges Associated with Enemy Agents Ordinance<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Curtails Fundamental Rights: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An individual may be identified as a terrorist <\/span><b>without any judicial scrutiny<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and even <\/span><b>before the commencement of a trial.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table style=\"width: 99.7979%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: rgba(184, 165, 217, 0.53); text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%;\">\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt; color: #000000;\"><b>Constitution of India guarantees the following Fundamental Rights available to individuals upon being arrested<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Article 22:\u00a0<\/b><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">The person should be conveyed the grounds of arrest.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">Within 24 hours of the arrest, the person should be brought before a magistrate.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">Right to consult a lawyer.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The right to a <\/span><b>fair, just, and speedy tria<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">l is provided under Article 14 and 21 as laid down in the case of Huissainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Right to free legal aid<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is accorded under <\/span><b>Article 39A.\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is violative of the right to equality (Article 14), free speech (Article 19) and life (Article 21) of the Constitution.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Impact on Civil Liberties:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> UAPA may infringe on civil liberties, including the right to a fair trial.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For instance, in <\/span><b>Romila Thapar v. Union of India cas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">e filed against the arrest of five activists after inter-caste violence in Bhima Koregaon, SC clarified that <\/span><b>state cannot infringe upon an individual\u2019s liberty based on speculation.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Guilty Until Proven Innocent:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> A presumption of innocence of the accused until they are proven guilty at the end of the judicial process is the basis of most of the criminal justice systems.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Enemy Agents Ordinance 2005<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> takes away this right from individuals because even in the <\/span><b>absence of any trial or any judicial scrutiny<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the law allows a person to be declared a terrorist.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Admissibility of Confessions: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Act allows <\/span><b>confessions made to police officers <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to be admissible in certain circumstances which might lead to coerced confessions and undermine the <\/span><b>principles of fairness and due process.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/store.pw.live\/govt-entrance-exams\/upsc-books\/upsc-textbooks?utm_source=SEO&#038;utm_medium=PW+Live&#038;utm_campaign=UPSC+Textbooks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check Out UPSC NCERT Textbooks From PW Store<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.8276%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 137.731%; 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