{"id":117702,"date":"2024-07-03T20:03:00","date_gmt":"2024-07-03T14:33:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?post_type=current-affairs&#038;p=117702"},"modified":"2024-07-04T12:21:19","modified_gmt":"2024-07-04T06:51:19","slug":"iit-bombay-to-improve-rural-connectivity","status":"publish","type":"current-affairs","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/iit-bombay-to-improve-rural-connectivity","title":{"rendered":"New IIT Bombay-led network standard offers to improve rural connectivity"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>Institute of electrical and electronics engineers <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(IEEE) approved a <\/span><b>wireless network architecture<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for affordable<\/span><b> broadband access in rural areas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> which is developed by a research at <\/span><b>IIT bombay<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These research <\/span><b>solutions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> developed in the lab form the<\/span><b> basis of the 2061-2024 standard<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table style=\"width: 100.201%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: rgba(184, 165, 217, 0.53); text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%;\">\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #000000;\"><b>What are access and core networks?<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Access Network (AN)<\/b><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Coverage area<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: It consists of <\/span><b>br stations<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that <\/span><b>provide wireless connectivity<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to mobile devices in a <\/span><b>limited geographical area<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, called the Coverage area<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">A network operator usually installs br stations across the length and breadth of the region to be covered.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Core Network (CN)<\/b><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The CN of a cellular network has <\/span><b>equipment<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that <\/span><b>provides connectivity to other networks<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, such as the <\/span><b>Internet<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Centralised:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Unlike AN br stations, the <\/span><b>CN operates in a central location<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and possibly far from any of the br stations.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>CN is essential to support user mobility:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Even if <\/span><b>two users are nearby and are connected to the same or adjacent br stations<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the data <\/span><b>must pass through the central CN.\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>What is the IEEE 2061-2024 standard?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The standard defines a <\/span><b>wireless network architecture<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for <\/span><b>affordable broadband access in rural areas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The IEEE-2061 network also <\/span><b>includes a CN and AN similar<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to <\/span><b>cellular networks<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>AN is heterogeneous:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> In IEEE-2061 AN is heterogenous wherein <\/span><b>different types of br stations coexist<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Different from the 5G network: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Where the <\/span><b>AN is homogeneous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> comprising br stations of the <\/span><b>same type and typically smaller coverage area.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Integrated AN control functionality in the IEEE-2061: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A key capability of the system is that it allows a device to move from a <\/span><b>Wi-Fi br connectivity to a macro-BS connectivity <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">without <\/span><b>any service disruption<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As wireless systems evolve, both legacy and new technologies \u2014 including 4G, 5G, 6G, Wi-Fi and networks \u2014 will coexist and complement each other.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In such a heterogeneous network, an integrated <\/span><b>AN control functionality like the one included in the IEEE-2061 standard will help avoid issues like call drops<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Multi-Hop Wireless Middle-Mile Network:\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IEEE-2061 standard proposes the use of a multi-hop wireless middle-mile network to extend <\/span><b>connectivity to areas where optical-fibre links are not available<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It provides <\/span><b>cost-effective connectivity over long distances,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> eliminating the need for a <\/span><b>costly and difficult-to-deploy optical fibre<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An IEEE-2061 network can <\/span><b>flexibly use one or more technologies<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> like <\/span><b>satellites<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, or<\/span><b> long-range Wi-Fi <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">for the middle-mile.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Direct and alternate path to the Internet: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IEEE-2061 AN also has a direct and alternate path to the Internet unlike the\u00a0 <\/span><b>(4G\/5G) network<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, where Internet <\/span><b>connectivity is possible only via the CN.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>What impedes rural connectivity?<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Urban-Rural Digital Divide: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to the latest Telecom Subscription Data from the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India, <\/span><b>urban tele-density in the country is 127% <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">while the <\/span><b>rural tele-density is 58%.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On average, an<\/span><b> urban use<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">r has <\/span><b>one or more mobile connections (1.27)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> whereas only <\/span><b>one out of two persons (0.58) is connected<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Lower Income Of The People: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A big chunk of the <\/span><b>rural population finds mobile services unaffordable.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Lower Population Density:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Populations distributed in clusters (villages) often <\/span><b>separated by vast empty spaces<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and <\/span><b>remoteness<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Taking fibre infrastructure to a far-off village<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, in the Himalayas, say, to<\/span><b> connect the br station there may neither be cost-effective nor easy.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Government Initiatives For Developments in Rural Digital Infrastructure<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Production Linked Incentive (PLI) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">for telecom and networking products\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It will promote<\/span><b> domestic mobile manufacturin<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">g as well as <\/span><b>network installation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Bharat Net Project<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It\u00a0 shall continue to improve <\/span><b>accessibility<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><b>affordability<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><b>connectivity<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and<\/span><b> inclusivity pan-India<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is the <\/span><b>world\u2019s largest rural broadband<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> connectivity programme using Optical fibre.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>National Optical Fibre Network (NOFN) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">which was launched in 2011 was renamed as Bharat Net Project in 2015.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NOFN was envisaged as an information superhighway through the cr<\/span><b>eation of a robust middle-mile infrastructure <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">for reaching broadband <\/span><b>connectivity to Gram Panchayats<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Fund: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The entire project is being funded by Universal service Obligation Fund (USOF), which was set up for improving telecom services in rural and remote areas of the country.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Implementing Agency:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Bharat Broadband Network (BBNL).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>BBNL is a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> set up by the Government of India under the <\/span><b>Companies Act, 1956.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/store.pw.live\/govt-entrance-exams\/upsc-books?utm_source=SEO&#038;utm_medium=PW+Live&#038;utm_campaign=UPSC+CSE+Books\" 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bombay<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"footnotes":""},"tags":[],"paper-wise":[2089],"subject":[2092],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs\/117702"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/current-affairs"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=117702"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs\/117702\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":117755,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs\/117702\/revisions\/117755"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=117702"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=117702"},{"taxonomy":"paper-wise","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/paper-wise?post=117702"},{"taxonomy":"subject","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/subject?post=117702"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}