{"id":121030,"date":"2024-07-19T19:56:56","date_gmt":"2024-07-19T14:26:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?post_type=current-affairs&#038;p=121030"},"modified":"2025-02-13T15:59:03","modified_gmt":"2025-02-13T10:29:03","slug":"the-green-revolution-in-maize","status":"publish","type":"current-affairs","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/the-green-revolution-in-maize","title":{"rendered":"The Green Revolution in Maize"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The crop of Maize has also undergone a <a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/ncert-notes\/the-green-revolution-in-india\/\">Green Revolution in India<\/a> with its <\/span><b>annual output increasing more than 3 times between 1999-2000 and 2023-24, from 11.5 to over 35 million tonnes (mt),<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with average per-hectare yields also rising from 1.8 to 3.3 tonnes.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\">The Green Revolution in Maize<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Private Sector Led: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Green Revolution in maize has been, and continues to be, <\/span><b>a private sector-led one with\u00a0 Private sector-bred hybrids accounting for more than 80% <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of the 10 million hectares-plus area planted to maize in India.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>First Generation Seeds: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Their higher yields, from crossing two genetically dissimilar inbred plants, is however<\/span><b> limited to the first generation only ie.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the farmers cannot harvest the same yields if they save the grains from these and reuse as seed.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>About Maize<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Scientific name: Zea mays L.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>Native: Central America and Mexico<\/b><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maize belongs to the <\/span><b>tribe Maydeae of the grass family Poaceae<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and is widely cultivated as cereal grain\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Queen of Cereals:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Maize is known as the queen of cereals because it<\/span><b> has the highest genetic yield potential among the cereals.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>Types: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It has many types like, <\/span><b>normal yellow\/ white grain, sweet corn, baby corn, popcorn, waxy corn,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> high amylase corn, high oil corn, quality protein maize, etc.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-121032 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/191-669a739e3e76f.webp\" alt=\"Maize\" width=\"403\" height=\"423\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/191-669a739e3e76f.webp 512w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/191-669a739e3e76f-286x300.webp 286w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 403px) 100vw, 403px\" \/><b>Maize Production In India:\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India is the <\/span><b>fifth largest producer of Maize in 2020 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">as per FAO data and India\u2019s share in world production accounted<\/span><b> for 2.59 per cent<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Among cereals maize has witnessed\u00a0 <\/span><b>highest growth rate in terms of area and productivity<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Productivity: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since 2010 maize productivity in India has <\/span><b>increased at over 50 kg\/ha\/year,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the highest among food crops.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Area:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It is principally grown in<\/span><b> two seasons, rainy (kharif) season representing\u00a0 around 83% o<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">f maize area in India, and winter <\/span><b>(rabi) corresponding\u00a0 to 17% maize area.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Total Production<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: In financial year 2023, <\/span><b>India&#8217;s production volume of maize was over 38 million metric tons <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">which accounts for a close to around<\/span><b> 10 percent of total food grain production in the country\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><b>State-wise Share: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The states of <\/span><b>\u00a0Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">have the highest area under production (15% each) followed by Maharashtra (10%), Rajasthan (9%), Uttar Pradesh (8%).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Andhra Pradesh has the highest state productivity. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some districts like Krishna, West Godavari etc. records as high as 12 t\/ha productivity.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Exports:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The country has <\/span><b>exported 3,453,680.58 MT of maize <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to the world for the in 2022-23 with major export destinations being,\u00a0 <\/span><b>Bangladesh, Vietnam, Nepal, Malaysia and Sri Lanka.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>Usage:\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\"><b>Staple Food Consumption:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Maize in the form of Corn, Corn Flour etc is a source of Food for humans,<\/span><b> but hardly a fifth of India\u2019s maize production <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is used for direct human consumption.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-121033 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/192-669a739cb8386.webp\" alt=\"Maize\" width=\"353\" height=\"298\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/192-669a739cb8386.webp 543w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/192-669a739cb8386-300x253.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 353px) 100vw, 353px\" \/><b>Feed Stock:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> An estimated<\/span><b> 60% goes as feed for poultry birds<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and livestock.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"4\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maize <\/span><b>supplies carbohydrates,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the principal energy source for poultry and livestock.<\/span><b> Broiler feed for chickens\u00a0 itself contains 55-65% maize by weight,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with these at 50-60% for egg-layer feed, and 15-20% in cattle feed.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\"><b>Industrial use: 14-15% of India\u2019s maize utilisation is for industrial purposes. Maize grains have 68-72% starch<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and 1-3% of other simple carbohydrates (sucrose, glucose and fructose). Starch has applications in the <\/span><b>textile, paper, pharmaceutical, food and beverage industries.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\"><b>Feedstock\u00a0 for Ethanol: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maize is emerging as a feedstock for ethanol that is used for blending with petrol. Distilleries are considering the use of Maize to produce Ethanol in the off-season (May-October), when cane isn\u2019t available.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Recent Developments in Maize Breeding Research<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Pusa Waxy Maize Hybrid-1:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Indian Agriculture Research Institute<\/span><b> (IARI)\u00a0 has bred India\u2019s first \u201cwaxy\u201d maize hybrid with high amylopectin starch content (at 93.9%) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">making it better suited for ethanol production.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The starch in maize is a<\/span><b> mixture of two polymers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, comprising glucose molecules bonded together in a <\/span><b>straight chain (amylose) and in branched form (amylopectin).<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Normal maize starch has 30% amylose and 70% amylopectin while the <\/span><b>starch from IARI\u2019s waxy maize hybrid (AQWH-4) has 93.9% amylopectin<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> which will impart softness in the grain and <\/span><b>would affect the starch recovery at 68-70% recovery and fermentation rates.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\"><b>Productivity: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It has\u00a0 an <\/span><b>average grain yield of 7.3 tonnes per hectare<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and potential of 8.8 tonnes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>higher recoverable starch<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from waxy maize should<\/span><b> give 415-420 litres of Ethanol from one tonne of Maize grain,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> rising up from 390 litres of ethanol from one tonne of normal maize grain.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Potential for Commercial Cultivation:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The IARI-developed hybrid has been<\/span><b> identified for release under the All-India Coordinated Research Project on Maize <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">with future plans to move the\u00a0 <\/span><b>Central Variety Release Committee, whose approval will pave the way for the\u00a0 hybrid to be officially released a<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">nd notified for commercial cultivation.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\"><b>Field Trails: I<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ARI has signed a<\/span><b> memorandum of understanding with the Uttar Pradesh Distillers\u2019 Association<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for <\/span><b>field trials <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of its waxy maize hybrid<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Maize Doubled Haploid (DH) Facility:<\/b> <b>CIMMYT has opened a maize doubled haploid (DH) facility at Kunigal in Karnataka<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in partnership with the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore <\/span><b>producing\u00a0 100% homozygous (i.e. having two identical copies of a single gene), and genetically pure inbred lines of maize <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that can be used as parents for further crossing and breeding of hybrids.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Advantage: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Double Haploid technology e<\/span><b>nables production of completely uniform lines after just two cropping cycles and speeds up inbred line development<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, thereby improving the efficiency of maize breeding and shortening the process.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Knowledge sharing:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> CIMMYT is<\/span><b> sharing its improved inbred lines with both public sector institutions and 25-odd private seed companies <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0including\u00a0 Mahyco, Shriram Bioseed, Advanta Seeds, Nuziveedu Seeds, Kaveri Seeds, Mahindra Agri Solutions, Rasi Seeds and Indo-American Hybrid Seeds.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/store.pw.live\/govt-entrance-exams\/upsc-books?utm_source=SEO&#038;utm_medium=PW+Live&#038;utm_campaign=UPSC+CSE+Books\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check Out UPSC CSE Books From PW Store<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.7996%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: rgba(184, 165, 217, 0.53); text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%;\">\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt; color: #000000;\"><b>Green Revolution<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Green Revolution is the <\/span><b>term given to the use of high-yielding varieties (HYVs) of wheat and rice particularly during the 1960s <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to increase food crop production, especially in India.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Institutions and Leadership: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The new seed varieties were<\/span><b> bred by institutions such as the Mexico-based CIMMYT<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center) and the<\/span><b> Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) in New Delhi,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> under the <\/span><b>leadership of scientists like Norman Borlaug and M S Swaminathan.<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Funding: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It was a government-driven <\/span><b>agricultural modernization programme, majorly funded by international agencies<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, supplied farmers with high-yielding variety (HYV) or hybrid seeds, pesticides, fertilisers, and other inputs, specifically in areas with assured irrigation, mainly targeting wheat and rice cultivation.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Unequal Beneficiaries:\u00a0<\/b><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Regional Inequality: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Green Revolution was not a pan India phenomenon and\u00a0 predominantly <\/span><b>benefited regions like Punjab, western U.P., coastal Andhra Pradesh, and parts of Tamil Nadu.\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Income Inequality: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0It mainly benefited <\/span><b>medium and large farmers <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">due to the high costs associated with the new inputs, further widening the economic disparity within rural communities.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Why was the green revolution prevalent in certain areas?<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Assured Irrigation Support: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Punjab and Haryana has a well <\/span><b>developed water canals and dam network (Bhakra Nangal Dam and Indira Gandhi Canal)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> which provides irrigation support to the HYV seed crop.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Economically viable land size: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>average size of the farm land per capita was\/is higher in the region like punjab and krishna- Godavari Delta <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0which makes the application of chemical fertilizers and mechanical machinery more viable economically.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Infrastructure location: P<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">unjab and adjoining regions are<\/span><b> located near Delhi where <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">most of the research and scientific infrastructure was located during the 60s which benefitted them in terms of <\/span><b>easier access to markets, research and testing labs etc.<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Enterprising Farmers:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Green Revolution was a success in areas where large or middle farm owners lived who had the<\/span><b> monetary bandwidth to invest in machines; seeds; fertilizers etc.<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100.227%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 138.118%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;\" colspan=\"2\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Must Read<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50.5357%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/editorial-analysis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UPSC Daily Editorials<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 87.5827%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/daily-current-affairs\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UPSC Daily Current Affairs<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50.5357%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/store.pw.live\/govt-entrance-exams\/upsc-books\/upsc-textbooks?utm_source=SEO&#038;utm_medium=PW+Live&#038;utm_campaign=UPSC+Textbooks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check Out UPSC NCERT Textbooks From PW Store<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 87.5827%; 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