{"id":121045,"date":"2024-07-19T20:01:23","date_gmt":"2024-07-19T14:31:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?post_type=current-affairs&#038;p=121045"},"modified":"2024-07-21T19:13:45","modified_gmt":"2024-07-21T13:43:45","slug":"on-political-representation-of-women","status":"publish","type":"current-affairs","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/on-political-representation-of-women","title":{"rendered":"On Political Representation of Women"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Recently, <\/span><b>General elections in the U.K<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> saw a record <\/span><b>263 women MPs (40%)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> have been elected to the House of Commons.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The South African National Assembly has <\/span><b>around 45% women representatio<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">n, while the <\/span><b>U.S. House of Representatives has 29%<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\">Political Representation of Women in India<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India as a sovereign republic provided the <\/span><b>right to vote<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for all its women right from the <\/span><b>first general elections in 1952.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While the <\/span><b>right to vot<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">e was provided to all women since the <\/span><b>commencement of the Constitution<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the <\/span><b>representation of women<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the <\/span><b>Lok Sabha and State legislative assemblies<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> has been far from satisfactory.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Lok Sabha:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The percentage of women MPs in the Lok Sabha had been <\/span><b>very low between 5% and 10% till 2004<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/women-in-the-18th-lok-sabha\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It rose marginally to <\/span><b>12% in 2014 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and currently stands at <\/span><b>14% in the 18th Lok Sabha<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The<\/span><b> 17th Lok Sabha<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> has the highest ever number of women politicians with a total of <\/span><b>78<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> but declined to <\/span><b>74<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in <\/span><b>18th Lok sabha.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Rajya Sabha:<\/b> <b>Percentage<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of women is around <\/span><b>11<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Legislative Assemblies: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are only around <\/span><b>9 per cent women<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> MLAs in the Assemblies of our states.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Legislative Councils: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is much less in the case of <\/span><b>Legislative Councils,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> where around <\/span><b>5 percent are women.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>Party Wise Highest: Trinamool Congress <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">has the highest proportion of <\/span><b>women MPs <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in the <\/span><b>current Lok Sabha at 38%.\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The ruling <\/span><b>Bharatiya Janata Party <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and principal Opposition<\/span><b> Congress party <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">have around <\/span><b>13% each.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>Naam Tamilar Katchi, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a State party in Tamil Nadu, has been following a <\/span><b>voluntary quota of 50% for women candidates<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the last three general elections.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100.098%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: rgba(184, 165, 217, 0.53); text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;\">\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt; color: #000000;\"><b>Women In Executive Government Positions In The World<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>As of 1 June 2024<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, there are <\/span><b>27 countries where 28 women serve as Heads of State<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and\/or Government\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>At the current rate<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, gender equality in the highest positions of power will not be <\/span><b>reached for another 130 years\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Just 18 countries<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> have a woman Head of State, and <\/span><b>15 countries <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">have a woman Head of Government\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Data compiled data by UN Women show that women represent <\/span><b>23.3 per cent of Cabinet members heading Ministries,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> leading a policy area as of 1 January 2024\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are only <\/span><b>15 countries<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in which women<\/span><b> hold 50 per cen<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">t or more of the positions of <\/span><b>Cabinet Ministers leading policy areas<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Five most commonly held portfolios by women Cabinet Ministers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are Women and gender equality, followed by Family and children affairs, Social inclusion and development, Social protection and social security, and Indigenous and minority affairs<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Importance Of Political Representation of Women<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Diverse Perspectives: Women bring different perspectives and experiences, leading to more comprehensive and inclusive decision-making.<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Strengthening Democracy : <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Women\u2019s participation ensures that political institutions are <\/span><b>more representative of the population, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">enhancing the legitimacy of democratic processes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Public Trust: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Diverse and inclusive political representation<\/span><b> increases public trust in political institutions <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and <\/span><b>processes.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Focus on Social Issues: Female leaders often prioritise issues such as healthcare, education, and social welfare, improving the quality of life for communities.<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Esther Duflo<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> talks about her work with <\/span><b>Raghabendra Chattopadhyay<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in India where there is a <\/span><b>policy of affirmative action for women in politics<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> at the local level<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This\u00a0 led to not only<\/span><b> increased provision of public goods<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that benefited women and children more,\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This exposure to a woman in power also resulted in <\/span><b>higher graduation rates for girls<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,<\/span><b> reduced the parents\u2019 aspiration gap <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">between boys and girls, and i<\/span><b>ncreased teenagers\u2019 own aspirations <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">for their lives and careers.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>For example<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: <\/span><b>Chhavi Rajawat<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Often hailed as the changing face of <\/span><b>rural Rajasthan, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chhavi also addressed delegates at the <\/span><b>UN&#8217;s 11th Info poverty World Conference in 2011.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Promoting Gender Equality: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0Women\u2019s political participation challenges traditional gender roles and promotes gender equality in all spheres of life.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Six countries have 50 per cent or more women in parliament in single or lower houses<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Rwanda (61 per cent), Cuba (56 per cent), Nicaragua (54 per cent), Andorra (50 per cent), Mexico (50 per cent), New Zealand (50 per cent), and the United Arab Emirates (50 per cent)\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Conflict Resolution: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Women&#8217;s involvement in peacebuilding efforts can contribute to m<\/span><b>ore sustainable solutions to complex societal challenges.\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><b>For example<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><b> Leymah Gbowee<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a Liberian peace activist, played a key role in the peace process that ended the Second Liberian Civil War.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Empowering Future Generations: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Female political leaders serve as <\/span><b>role models<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, inspiring other women and girls to pursue leadership roles in various sectors.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Draupadi Murmu <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">as the <\/span><b>first female tribal President <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of India has inspired young girls and women to pursue <\/span><b>leadership positions in politics and public service.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Challenges In Women\u2019s Participation In India\u2019s Electoral Landscape<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Structural Norms and Gender Discrimination:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Women\u2019s limited political voice and representation stem from long-standing structural norms and deep-rooted gender discrimination present in Indian society.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These norms create barriers for women to fully participate in the political arena.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Societal Prejudices and Political Party Practices:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Societal prejudices against women are perpetuated within political parties.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These prejudices influence the allocation of seats and the hierarchy within political parties, limiting women\u2019s access to key positions and opportunities to contest elections.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Lack of Authority and Influence:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Women often lack positions of authority and influence within political networks. This lack of influence diminishes their ability to shape policy decisions and have a meaningful impact within the political sphere.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Dynastic and Celebrity Backgrounds: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Women from dynastic and celebrity backgrounds might have more visibility and recognition, giving them an advantage over others.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Sarpanch-patism: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Recently, the Supreme Court raised the concern that the Men often wielding the actual power behind elected women who remain \u201cfaceless wives and daughters-in-law\u201d in grassroots politics.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/store.pw.live\/govt-entrance-exams\/upsc-books?utm_source=SEO&#038;utm_medium=PW+Live&#038;utm_campaign=UPSC+CSE+Books\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check Out UPSC CSE Books From PW Store<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Government Initiatives<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Constitution (106th Amendment) Act, 2023<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It reserves one-third of all seats for women in <\/span><b>Lok Sabha<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, State legislative assemblies, and the Legislative Assembly of the<\/span><b> National Capital Territory of Delhi<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, including those reserved for SCs and STs.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This would ensure a fair representation of women in legislatures that would increase gender sensitivity in parliamentary processes and legislation.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It would also hopefully increase the number of women Ministers in the Centre and States.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Reservation for Women in Panchayati Raj Institutions:\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/ncert-notes\/73rd-amendment-of-indian-constitution-panchayati-raj\/\">73rd and 74th amendments of the Constitution<\/a> in 1992\/1993<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, provided for <\/span><b>one-third reservation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for women in panchayats and municipalities.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Clause (3) of Article 243D<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the Constitution ensures participation of women in <\/span><b>Panchayati Raj Institutions <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">by mandating <\/span><b>not less than 1\/3rd reservation for women<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> out of a total number of seats to be filled by <\/span><b>direct election and a number of offices of chairpersons of Panchayats.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, attempts between <\/span><b>1996 and 2008<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to provide similar reservation in the Lok Sabha and assemblies were unsuccessful.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Capacity Building: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Through a number of programmes, including the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/smart-gram-panchayat\/\"><b>Rashtriya Gramin Swaraj Yojana (RGSY)<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><b>Panchayat Mahila Evam Yuva Shakti Abhiyan (PMEYSA), Rajiv Gandhi Panchayat Sashaktikaran Abhiyan (RGPSA), <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and the recently launched<\/span><b> Rashtriya Gramme Swaraj Abhiyan (RGSA).<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table style=\"width: 99.921%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 137.81%; 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