{"id":121991,"date":"2024-07-23T20:17:29","date_gmt":"2024-07-23T14:47:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?post_type=current-affairs&#038;p=121991"},"modified":"2024-07-25T09:42:36","modified_gmt":"2024-07-25T04:12:36","slug":"international-seabed-authority","status":"publish","type":"current-affairs","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/international-seabed-authority","title":{"rendered":"International Seabed Authority (ISA)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India <\/span><b>will apply for licenses to explore for deep-sea minerals in the Pacific Ocean <\/b>a<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">s it competes to secure supplies of minerals critical for energy transition technologies.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India\u2019s<\/span><b> Ministry of Earth Sciences is gearing <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">up to apply for exploration of seabed minerals in the Pacific.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>China, Russia, and some Pacific Island nations have already secured exploration licenses<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for the Pacific Ocean.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Deep Sea Exploration Licence<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-122566 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/unnamed-47-66a102115ca65.webp\" alt=\"International Seabed Authority\" width=\"550\" height=\"309\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/unnamed-47-66a102115ca65.webp 1920w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/unnamed-47-66a102115ca65-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/unnamed-47-66a102115ca65-1024x576.webp 1024w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/unnamed-47-66a102115ca65-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/unnamed-47-66a102115ca65-1536x864.webp 1536w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/unnamed-47-66a102115ca65-1568x882.webp 1568w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/united-nations\/\">UN<\/a>-backed <\/span><b>International Seabed Authority (ISA) has issued 31 deep-sea exploration licences in total, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0including <\/span><b>two for India in the Indian Ocean, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">but is yet to allow mining.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Total Area Assigned: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">More than <\/span><b>1.5 million km2 of international seabed, roughly the size of Mongolia<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, has been set aside for mineral exploration.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Present Status of India:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> India has been<\/span><b> allotted a site of 75,000 sq. km. in the Central Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) by ISA for the<\/span><b> exploitation of polymetallic nodules (PMN).<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Technology Demonstrator:\u00a0 India&#8217;s National Institute of Ocean Technology conducted trials of its mining machine at a depth of 5,270m <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in the central Indian Ocean basin and<\/span><b> collected some polymetallic nodules in 2022 as <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">part of the<\/span><b> Deep Sea Ocean Mission.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>India\u2019s Plans: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India is planning to get a licence to <\/span><b>explore the Clarion-Clipperton Zone<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (a vast plain between Hawaii and Mexico containing large volumes of polymetallic nodules)<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India has <\/span><b>submitted applications to <a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/deep-sea-mining-mission\/\">ISA for exploration<\/a> focused on the Carlsberg Ridge and Afanasy-Nikitin Seamount regions,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> known for polymetallic sulphide deposits and ferromanganese crusts.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>The International Seabed Authority (ISA):<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Establishment: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The International Seabed Authority <\/span><b>came into existence on 16 November 1994, established under the 1982 <a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/united-nations-convention-on-the-law-of-the-sea-unclos\/\">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) <\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and the 1994 Agreement relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Headquarters: Kingston, Jamaica.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>Membership: It has 169 Members<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in total, including 168 Member States and the <a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/european-union\/\">European Union<\/a>.<\/span><b> USA is not a member<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Article 156(2) of the UNCLOS, states that all States Parties to UNCLOS are ipso facto members of ISA.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Mandate:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ISA <\/span><b>organizes and controls all mineral-resources-related activities in the High Seas Area <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and ensures the effective protection of the marine environment from harmful effects that may arise from deep-seabed-related activities.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><b>The High Seas Area:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It is an area in international waters comprising\u00a0 <\/span><b>all parts of the sea that are not included in the exclusive economic zone, the territorial sea or the internal waters of a State, or in the archipelagic waters<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of an archipelagic State<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It covers <\/span><b>around 54 per cent of the total area of the world\u2019s oceans.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Governance Structure: The ISA is composed of four principal organs ie,\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><b>The Assembly: It <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is the<\/span><b> supreme decision-making and political organ of the ISA formed by all members of the ISA<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, with the power to establish the general policies of the ISA and\u00a0 approve the rules and regulations recommended by the Council.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Assembly als<\/span><b>o elects the Finance Committee,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> which oversees the financial management of the ISA\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>The Council: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It\u00a0 is the <\/span><b>executive organ of the ISA with the\u00a0 power to establish the specific policies of the ISA <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and to recommend rules, regulations and procedures.The Council has two organs, namely,<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><b>The Legal and Technical Commission (LTC) and The Economic and Planning Commission\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>The\u00a0 Secretariat: <\/b>I<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">t provides administrative and legal services, as well as scientific and technical input, through its offices of Administrative Services, Legal Affairs and Environmental Management, Mineral Resources<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>The\u00a0 Enterprise:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It is the<\/span><b> operational arm of the ISA, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">which shall carry out mineral-related activities in the Area<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-121973\" src=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/235-669fb65e5be1a.webp\" alt=\"International Seabed Authority\" width=\"649\" height=\"282\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/235-669fb65e5be1a.webp 1197w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/235-669fb65e5be1a-300x130.webp 300w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/235-669fb65e5be1a-1024x445.webp 1024w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/235-669fb65e5be1a-768x334.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 649px) 100vw, 649px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Exploration Contracts:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> With the establishment of ISA in 1994, exploration activities for mineral resources in the Area began to be regulated under exploration contracts.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>ISA has entered into 15-year contracts<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for the exploration for polymetallic nodules (PMN), polymetallic sulfides (PMS) and cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts (CFC) <\/span><b>in the deep seabed with 31 contractors\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\"><b>The ISA has only issued exploration contracts, but is developing regulations to govern the transition to exploitation.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Polymetallic\u00a0 Nodules:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Found in the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone (17), and Central Indian Ocean Basin (1), and Western Pacific Ocean (1).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Polymetallic Sulphides:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Seven contracts for exploration in the SouthWest Indian Ridge, Central Indian Ridge and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge are given.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Cobalt-rich Ferromanganese Crusts (CFC): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Five contracts are awarded for exploration for cobalt-rich crusts in the Western Pacific Ocean.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table style=\"width: 100.201%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;\">\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><b>Polymetallic Nodules<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-121974 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/236-669fb65d5f2e4.webp\" alt=\"International Seabed Authority\" width=\"403\" height=\"269\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/236-669fb65d5f2e4.webp 636w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/236-669fb65d5f2e4-300x200.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 403px) 100vw, 403px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Formation:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Nodules <\/span><b>require a nucleus <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(A piece of pumice, a shark tooth, basalt debris or even microfossils) around which it starts forming\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Process:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The<\/span><b> metals get enriched around the nucleus either hydro genetically <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">by the precipitation of metals from the seawater or through release from the interstitial spaces between the underlying sediments<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Occurrence:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The deposits of<\/span><b> economic importance occur mostly at 4,000-6,000 meters <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">depths in areas of extremely low sedimentation rate.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Found:T<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">hey are found in <\/span><b>areas off the west coast of Mexico in the Pacific (known as the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone), the Central Indian Ocean Basin, and the Peru basin.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Composition:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These are potato-shaped rocks that<\/span><b> lie on the seafloor and are composed mainly of Manganese, Iron, silicates and hydroxides but also rich in cobalt, nickel, and copper <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(The Rare Earth Elements)\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Size:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The nodules vary from micro-nodules to about <\/span><b>20 cm, the common size being two to eight centimeters.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;\">\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><b>Polymetallic Sulphides<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-121975 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/237-669fb65cd4825.webp\" alt=\"International Seabed Authority\" width=\"404\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/237-669fb65cd4825.webp 577w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/237-669fb65cd4825-300x201.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 404px) 100vw, 404px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Found: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Massive polymetallic sulphide deposits <\/span><b>are 3D deposits <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and are most<\/span><b> commonly formed along tectonic plate boundaries and volcanic provinces in water depths from <500 to 5000m.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Process: <\/b>S<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">eawater seeps into the volcanic rock through cracks and fissures, this hot fluid then circulates through the sub-seafloor, dissolving metals and other elements from the surrounding rocks.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Convection carries this hot (up to 450\u00b0C), acidic, metal-rich fluid back up towards the surface where it is expelled at the seafloor<\/span><b>, creating hydrothermal vents\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As this<\/span><b> hot fluid reacts with the cold seawater particles of metal sulphide minerals precipitate from the fluid and settle out on the seafloor.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Composition:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> These metalliferous muds contained large amounts of <\/span><b>copper, zinc, lead, iron, silver and gold.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Occurrence: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Massive Sulphides deposits <\/span><b>occurs along the mid-ocean ridges, backarc environments, submarine volcanic arcs and in basins near volcanic arcs.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;\">\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><b>Cobalt-rich Ferromanganese Crusts<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-121976 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/238-669fb65bbca8b.webp\" alt=\"International Seabed Authority\" width=\"401\" height=\"268\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/238-669fb65bbca8b.webp 611w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/238-669fb65bbca8b-300x200.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 401px) 100vw, 401px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Occurrence: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They are found a<\/span><b>t shallower depths of <400 to about >5,000 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">meters in areas of significant volcanic activity.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The crusts<\/span><b> grow on hard-rock substrates of volcanic origin by the precipitation of metals dissolved in seawater<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in areas of <\/span><b>seamounts, ridges, plateaus <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and where prevailing currents prevent deposition of unconsolidated sediments and occupy large areas on top of these topography highs.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In many cases, the deposits occur within the exclusive economic zone of the countries.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Composition:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> They are similar in general composition to the polymetallic nodules but have <\/span><b>higher cobalt percentage (up to 2%), platinum (0.0001%) and rare earth elements besides nickel and manganese.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/store.pw.live\/govt-entrance-exams\/upsc-books?utm_source=SEO&#038;utm_medium=PW+Live&#038;utm_campaign=UPSC+CSE+Books\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check Out UPSC CSE Books From PW Store<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100.101%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: rgba(184, 165, 217, 0.53); text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%;\">\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt; color: #000000;\"><b>Deep Sea Mining<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/deep-sea-mining\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Deep-sea mining <\/span><\/a><b>is the process of extracting and often excavating mineral deposits<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Cobalt, copper, gold, lead, manganese, nickel, silver, zinc and other rare metals) from the deep seabed achieved through methods such as <\/span><b>dredging sand or lifting materials in various ways.<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The deep seabed is the seabed at ocean depths <\/span><b>greater than 200m, and covers about two-thirds of the total seafloor.\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt; color: #000000;\"><b>India\u2019s EEZ and Mineral Exploration Rights<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India\u2019s Exclusive Economic Zone<\/span><b> spreads over 2.2 million sq. km.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> holding significant recoverable resources which lies unexplored and unutilized.<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Union List: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The<\/span><b> entry at serial No. 54 of List I<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> mandates the <\/span><b>central government to own the minerals within the exclusive economic zone of India (EEZ).\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Legal Right: The Parliament has passed\u00a0 the <\/span><b>Offshore Areas Mineral (Development and Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2023<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, giving two types of<\/span><b> operating rights to be granted to private sector<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> through auction by <\/span><b>competitive bidding, viz. production lease and composite licence<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Geological Survey India <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">has delineate the resources of the following minerals in the offshore areas:<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">79 million tons of heavy <\/span><b>mineral placers in the inner-shelf and mid-shelf<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> off Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Phosphorite <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in the Eastern and Western continental margins.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Polymetallic Ferromanganese (Fe-Mn) nodules<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and crusts in Andaman Sea and Lakshadweep Sea.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100.128%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 137.976%; text-align: center; border-style: 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technologies.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":122450,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"footnotes":""},"tags":[],"paper-wise":[],"subject":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs\/121991"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/current-affairs"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=121991"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs\/121991\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":122628,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs\/121991\/revisions\/122628"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/122450"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=121991"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=121991"},{"taxonomy":"paper-wise","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/paper-wise?post=121991"},{"taxonomy":"subject","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/subject?post=121991"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}