{"id":124469,"date":"2024-08-02T19:34:45","date_gmt":"2024-08-02T14:04:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?post_type=current-affairs&#038;p=124469"},"modified":"2025-02-13T11:29:38","modified_gmt":"2025-02-13T05:59:38","slug":"national-clean-air-programme-ncap","status":"publish","type":"current-affairs","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/national-clean-air-programme-ncap","title":{"rendered":"National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Delhi-based Centre for Science and Environment recently evaluated the metrics used in the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They found the current methods for assessing city performance to be inadequate.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>About National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Nodal Ministry : <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Launch: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It was launched in January 2019.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is the first national effort to create a framework for air quality management.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Objective: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aims to reduce the levels of coarse particles (PM10) and fine particles (PM2.5) by at least 20% within five years, using 2017 as the base year.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Target Cities:<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The programme focuses on 131 cities, Includes 123 non-attainment cities (NACs) and additional million-plus cities (MPCs).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Non-Attainment Cities (NACs): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These are the cities Identified for not meeting national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) for five consecutive years.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Million-Plus Cities (MPCs): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Identified by the <a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/udaan\/15th-finance-commission\/\">15th Finance Commission (XV-FC)<\/a> for receiving performance-based grants for air quality improvement.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Overlap: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">34 out of 42 MPCs are also covered under NCAP.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Significance:<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Enhanced Air Quality Monitoring:<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It develops a comprehensive and reliable network for monitoring ambient air quality nationwide.<\/span>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ensure a robust database for accurate data collection.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Efficient Data and Public Outreach:<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Implement effective data dissemination strategies.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Foster public participation in planning and implementing government policies on air pollution.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Promote timely measures for the prevention and mitigation of air pollution.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Air Pollution Management: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Create and implement practical plans for preventing, controlling, and reducing air pollution.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Effectiveness of the NCAP: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NCAP has\u00a0 been very effective at some places but failed at other places. Therefore, it shows mixed results<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><b>PM10 levels: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Under this program, 82 cities were given an annual target of 3-15% reduction in PM10 levels.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><b>City performance:<\/b>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li><b>Worst performers: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Durgapur and several cities in Maharashtra have seen rise in PM10 Levels. For example, Mumbai experienced a 37% rise in PM10 levels from 2019 to 2023.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Best performers:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Varanasi has shown notable improvements with a decrease in PM10 Levels by 63%.<\/span>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: circle;\">\n<li><b>Talcher and Agra<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> have also shown notable decreases in PM10 levels.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Deterioration:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The study conducted by\u00a0 <\/span><b>Climate Trends and Respirer Living Sciences<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> showed that PM10 levels have deteriorated in 22 cities out of 46 cities tracked over five years.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Only 8 cities achieved the initial target of 20- 30%.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>High Pollution Levels: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most cities are so polluted that they crossed National <\/span><b>Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and the World Health Organization&#8217;s guidelines.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><b>The Need for a New Performance Assessment Framework<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To accurately evaluate the performance of the 131 cities under NCAP, XV-FC, and SVS assessments, there is a need for new, robust metrics.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 15pt;\"><b>Current Limitations in Evaluation<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Narrow Focus<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Current evaluations mainly use PM10 levels and overall air quality data, often ignoring specific sector initiatives.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Unfair Labeling<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Cities may be unfairly marked as non-performers if PM10 levels haven&#8217;t improved, despite significant efforts in other areas.<\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"2\">\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 15pt;\"><b>Issues with Current Weightage<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Swachh Vayu Survekshan (SVS)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Assigns only 2.5% weight to improving PM10 levels, underrepresenting its importance.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Assessment Discrepancies<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: The second assessment focused fully on PM10, but the low weight in SVS undermines the core goals of NCAP.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/store.pw.live\/govt-entrance-exams\/upsc-books?utm_source=SEO&#038;utm_medium=PW+Live&#038;utm_campaign=UPSC+CSE+Books\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check Out UPSC CSE Books From PW Store<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 15pt;\"><b>Need for a Comprehensive Framework: A comprehensive framework should be established that includes:<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Sector-Specific Actions: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Acknowledging and evaluating specific initiatives taken in various sectors.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Multi-Pollutant Approach: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Use data for\u00a0 both PM10 and PM2.5 data to provide a more holistic assessment.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 15pt;\"><b>Shift in Focus for Public Health<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">From a public health perspective, the focus should shift towards the more harmful PM2.5 particles.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Establishing PM2.5 as the benchmark for performance-linked funding would ensure a more accurate and fair assessment of cities&#8217; efforts and progress in improving air quality.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This shift would align the evaluation with the actual impact on public health and ensure a more comprehensive understanding of air quality improvements.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><b>Challenges in Evaluating 131 NCAP Cities<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 15pt;\"><b>Initial Phase Disparities<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the first year of the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP), the evaluation process faced challenges due to incomplete preparations. By September 2021:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><b>City Action Plans<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Out of 131 cities, 125 received approval for their action plans.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Micro Action Plans<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Only 58 cities submitted their micro action plans.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Source Apportionment Studies<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Only 12 cities completed these studies, while 72 were ongoing, and 42 were still in the tendering stage.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These discrepancies highlighted significant differences among the cities, with many lagging in crucial preparatory steps, such as developing comprehensive action plans and detailed source apportionment studies.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Flaws in Assessment Methodology: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During the second evaluation phase, the method used for assessing XV-FC cities had some limitations:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Exclusion of Extreme Data: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The evaluation removed 2% of the most extreme PM10 concentration data (seven to eight days out of 365), which normalized the data.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This approach moderated the situation and failed to fully reflect the actual reduction in PM10 levels and the increase in good air quality days.<\/span>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li><b>Data Manipulation:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Excluding extreme pollution levels (outliers) skewed the true picture of air quality and its impact on health.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Limited Focus: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Emphasis on average annual PM10 levels ignored short-term pollution spikes, which are harmful to health.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Exclusion of Unhealthy Exposures:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> By excluding these extreme situations, the evaluation did not account for the impact of unhealthy exposures on human health.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-124454 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/25-66acdfe563df3.webp\" alt=\"National Clean Air Programme\" width=\"551\" height=\"404\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/25-66acdfe563df3.webp 956w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/25-66acdfe563df3-300x220.webp 300w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/25-66acdfe563df3-768x563.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 551px) 100vw, 551px\" \/><b style=\"background-color: var(--global--color-background); color: var(--global--color-primary); font-family: var(--global--font-secondary); font-size: var(--global--font-size-base);\">Insufficient Weighting: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The low importance assigned to PM10 reduction undervalued efforts to improve air quality.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Oversimplified Comparison<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Ranking cities based only on population, without considering other factors, led to unfair comparisons.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 15pt;\"><b>Disconnected Assessment Results<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Inconsistent Rankings: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Different methods produced varying rankings for the same cities, making it hard to identify effective strategies.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Lack of Correlation: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No clear link was found between a city&#8217;s pollution reduction actions and actual improvements in air quality.q<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Key Legislative Acts for Air Quality Management in India<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><b>The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> India&#8217;s first major law to tackle air pollution.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Key Provisions: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Establishes Central and State Pollution Control Boards to monitor air quality and implement pollution control measures.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It was created to address environmental issues following the Bhopal Gas Tragedy.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Key Provisions:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Allows the central government to regulate all forms of pollution and set standards for emissions and waste discharges.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aims to control vehicle emissions, a major source of air pollution in cities.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Key Provisions: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Requires vehicles to use pollution control devices and undergo regular emission tests.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>The National Green Tribunal Act, 2010: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Established a specialized tribunal for handling environmental cases.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Key Provisions: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/national-green-tribunal-ngt\/\">National Green Tribunal (NGT)<\/a> deals with cases related to air quality, environmental protection, and conservation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>The Commission for Air Quality Management in National Capital Region and Adjoining Areas Act, 2021<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Purpose: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Formed to address air quality issues in the National Capital Region (NCR) and nearby areas.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Key Provisions: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The commission can implement measures to reduce pollution from industries, vehicles, and construction activities.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc\/pw-only-ias?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Classes<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.6988%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: rgba(184, 165, 217, 0.53); text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%;\">\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt; color: #000000;\"><b>Acts Related to Air as a Natural Resource<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 15pt; color: #000000;\"><b>The Factories Act, 1948 (Amended in 1987)<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Purpose: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Focuses on improving the working environment for employees.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>1987 Amendment: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enhanced environmental concerns and extended regulations to hazardous processes.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 15pt; color: #000000;\"><b>The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Purpose: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aims to control and reduce air pollution<\/span><b>.<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Key Provision:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Empowers the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to enforce pollution control measures.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 15pt; color: #000000;\"><b>The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1982<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Purpose:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Details the procedures for the meetings and functions of pollution control boards.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Key Provision:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Defines the powers and responsibilities of these boards.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 15pt; color: #000000;\"><b>The Atomic Energy Act, 1982<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Purpose: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Manages radioactive waste.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Key Provision: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Regulates the handling and disposal of radioactive materials to prevent pollution.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 15pt; color: #000000;\"><b>The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amendment Act, 1987<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Purpose:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Enhances the powers of central and state pollution control boards.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Key Provision: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enables boards to address severe air pollution emergencies.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 15pt; color: #000000;\"><b>The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Purpose: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Regulates the transportation of hazardous waste.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Key Provision: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ensures hazardous waste is properly packaged, labeled, and transported.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.9241%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 137.807%; 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