{"id":129304,"date":"2024-09-02T20:08:40","date_gmt":"2024-09-02T14:38:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?post_type=current-affairs&#038;p=129304"},"modified":"2024-09-03T15:25:30","modified_gmt":"2024-09-03T09:55:30","slug":"administration-of-lie-detector-tests","status":"publish","type":"current-affairs","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/administration-of-lie-detector-tests","title":{"rendered":"Is the administration of lie-detector tests legally valid?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/upsc-notes\/central-bureau-of-investigation\/\">Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)<\/a> conducted a <\/span><b>second round of polygraph test<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">s on <\/span><b>seven people,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in connection with the<\/span><b> rape and murder of a resident doctor<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> at the<\/span><b> R.G. Kar Medical College and Hospital in Kolkata.<\/b><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>What Are Deception Detection Tests?<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Deception detection tests (DDTs)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are scientific procedures <\/span><b>employed to detect probable deception during interrogation.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 These tests include<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Polygraph Tests: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A polygraph test operates on the <\/span><b>presumption that specific physiological <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">responses are<\/span><b> triggered when a person is lying<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\"><b>Working: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Typically, the test is administered by <\/span><b>attaching instruments like cardio-cuffs or sensitive electrodes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to the suspect to measure variables <\/span><b>such as blood pressure, galvanic skin response (a proxy for sweat), breathing and pulse rate<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"4\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As questions are posed,<\/span><b> each physiological response is assigned a numerical value<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to <\/span><b>determine whether the individual is telling the truth or being deceptive.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.9783%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: rgba(184, 165, 217, 0.53); text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Sodium thiopental<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is a barbiturate that depresses the <strong>p<\/strong><\/span><b>atient&#8217;s reticular activating system.\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This agent has a<\/span><b> rapid uptake within the <\/b><strong>brai<\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>n<\/strong>, producing a rapid onset, <\/span><b>usually within 30 seconds.<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Narco-analysis: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In contrast, narco-analysis involves the<\/span><b> injection of a drug <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">called<\/span><b> sodium pentothal <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">into the accused, inducing a<\/span><b> hypnotic or sedated state.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The assumption is that a<\/span><b> subject in such a state is less inhibited<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and is more <\/span><b>likely to divulge information<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Because the drug is thought to weaken the<\/span><b> subject\u2019s resolve to lie<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, it is often referred to as a<\/span><b> \u201ctruth serum.\u201d\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Brain Mapping<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: It measures a<\/span><b> subject\u2019s neural activity<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2014<\/span><b>specifically brainwaves<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2014using <\/span><b>electrodes attached to the face and neck<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It operates on the principle that the<\/span><b> brain generates distinctive brainwaves <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">when exposed to f<\/span><b>amiliar stimuli, such as an image or a sound.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Legal and Ethical Dimensions Of DDTs<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Fundamental Rights &#038; Supreme Court Ruling:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> In 2010, the <\/span><b>Supreme Court of India <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in the case of <\/span><b>Selvi &#038; Ors vs State of Karnataka<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> held that the results of polygraph tests, narco-analysis, and brain-mapping tests <\/span><b>cannot be admitted as evidence in court<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> without the <\/span><b>consent of the person undergoing the test.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Article 20(3): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The court ruled that these tests violate <\/span><b>Article 20(3) of the Indian Constitution, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">which <\/span><b>protects against self-incrimination.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>Article 21: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0A person\u2019s<\/span><b> right to make a statement or remain silent<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is integral to<\/span><b> their right to privacy.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thus, they underscored, <\/span><b>compelling an individual to make a statement<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> would also constitute a <\/span><b>violation of Article 21 of the Constitution.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Little empirical evidence is present:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> SC accordingly cautioned that the<\/span><b> results of these tests cannot<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> be regarded as <\/span><b>\u201cconfessions.\u201d\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Evidence<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> can be<\/span><b> admitted in court: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If any information or material is subsequently discovered<\/span><b> \u201cwith the help of voluntarily administered test results,\u201d such evidence<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> can be<\/span><b> admitted in court.\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li><b>For Example:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> If an accused discloses the<\/span><b> location of a murder weapon <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">during the <\/span><b>test, and the investigating agency <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">later finds the weapon at that location,<\/span><b> the accused\u2019s statement itself will not be admitted as evidence<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, but the<\/span><b> weapon will be.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Reliability and Scientific Validity: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The effectiveness of DDTs in revealing \u201c<\/span><b>concealed knowledge in applied real-world settings\u201d <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">remains<\/span><b> uncertain.\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The reliability of <\/span><b>polygraph tests is questionable<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> as the test\u2019s underlying principle <\/span><b>is flawed: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Parameters such as<\/span><b> heart rate and blood pressure,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> which indicate a state of<\/span><b> hyper-arousal, have <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">not been proven to be<\/span><b> uniquely indicative of lying.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>Similarly, a 2019 study conducted in the United States<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: It flagged high <\/span><b>false positive rates and <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">noted that <\/span><b>individuals can train themselves to beat a polygraph.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Impact on Mental Health:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The stress and anxiety associated with <\/span><b>undergoing a polygraph test <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">can have <\/span><b>adverse psychological effects, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">particularly if the individual feels they are being unfairly\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Informed Consent:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Ethically, it is crucial that the <\/span><b>individual undergoing a polygraph test provides <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">informed <\/span><b>consent<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, understanding<\/span><b> both the procedure and the potential consequences<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Coercing or pressuring individuals <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to undergo such tests would <\/span><b>be ethically questionable.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>For Example: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the book, The <\/span><b>Truth Machines: Policing, Violence, and Scientific Interrogations in India, Jinee Lokaneet<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a underscores the<\/span><b> highly invasive nature of polygraphs <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and other allied tests.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">She questioned <\/span><b>whether informed and free consent<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> can ever <\/span><b>be obtained in police custody.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">She also documents instances, such as in the case of the exonerees in the <\/span><b>2007 Mecca Masjid blasts case <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and the accused in the <\/span><b>2006 Mumbai blasts case, where narco analysis <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">was<\/span><b> forcibly administered, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">often accompanied by<\/span><b> physical abuse, to extract false confessions.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Autonomy: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Respecting an individual\u2019s autonomy and their <strong>r<\/strong><\/span><b>ight to refuse such tests is a core ethical principle.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/store.pw.live\/govt-entrance-exams\/upsc-books?utm_source=SEO&#038;utm_medium=PW+Live&#038;utm_campaign=UPSC+CSE+Books\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check Out UPSC CSE Books From PW Store<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.897%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: rgba(184, 165, 217, 0.53); text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%;\">\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt; color: #000000;\"><b>Pre-2010 Precedents<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prior to 2010, Indian courts were strongly <strong>i<\/strong><\/span><b>n favor of these tests<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, even deeming consent from the accused as irrelevant before administering them.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>In Rojo George v. Deputy Superintendent of Police (2006): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kerala High Court noted that the techniques used for the commission of crimes have become<\/span><b> \u201cvery sophisticated and modern,\u201d<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> making the<\/span><b> use of these scientific tests essential for effective investigations<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>SC Ruled: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When such tests are conducted under strict supervision of the expert, it c<\/span><b>annot be said that there is any violation of the fundamental rights guaranteed to a citizen of India<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>In Dinesh Dalmia v. State (2006): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Madras High Court observed that<\/span><b> reliance on these tests by investigating agencie<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">s did not constitute <\/span><b>\u201ctestimonial compulsion.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Court also pitched these <\/span><b>\u201cscientific methods of investigation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d as a<\/span><b> safer alternative to the custodial violence often used to extract information.<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>In 2008, the Delhi High Court in Sh. Shailender Sharma v. State &#038; Another<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: SC asserted that in l<\/span><b>ight of the rising crimes against societ<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y, it is necessary to keep in mind the<\/span><b> need of a thorough and proper investigation as against individual righ<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ts while ensuring that<\/span><b> constitutional rights are not infringed.<\/b><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Adding that narco-analysis tests do not suffer from any constitutional infirmity<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and are a \u201cstep in aid of investigation\u201d, the Court allowed the administration of the test.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Way Forward<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Clear Guidelines and Regulations: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The government should establish <\/span><b>clear and comprehensive guidelines regarding the circumstances<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> under which polygraph tests can be<\/span><b> administered, ensuring compliance with constitutional rights<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These guidelines should <\/span><b>mandate informed consent<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,<\/span><b> voluntary participation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and s<\/span><b>trict oversight to prevent misuse.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Enhancing Scientific Research and Validation: E<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ncouraging further <\/span><b>scientific research into the accuracy and reliability of polygraph tests <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">can help address the ongoing concerns about their validity.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Third-Party Oversight: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Establishing<\/span><b> independent oversight bodies <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to monitor the use of polygraph tests can help <\/span><b>prevent abuse and ensure that ethical standar<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ds are upheld.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Transparency in Use: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Law enforcement agencies should <\/span><b>maintain transparency in their use of polygraph <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">tests, including reporting on their frequency of use, the outcomes, and the safeguards in place to protect individuals\u2019 rights.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Balancing Law Enforcement Needs and Individual Rights: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The decision to use polygraph tests should be made on a <\/span><b>case-by-case basis<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, weighing the <\/span><b>potential benefits against the risks to individual rights.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In cases where polygraph tests are deemed necessary, stringent safeguards must be<\/span><b> in place to ensure that their use does not violate constitutional protections.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc\/pw-only-ias?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Classes<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.8293%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 137.721%; 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Kar Medical College and Hospital in Kolkata.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"footnotes":""},"tags":[],"paper-wise":[2084],"subject":[2124],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs\/129304"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/current-affairs"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=129304"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs\/129304\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":129467,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/current-affairs\/129304\/revisions\/129467"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=129304"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=129304"},{"taxonomy":"paper-wise","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/paper-wise?post=129304"},{"taxonomy":"subject","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/subject?post=129304"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}