{"id":131392,"date":"2024-09-11T19:49:11","date_gmt":"2024-09-11T14:19:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?post_type=current-affairs&#038;p=131392"},"modified":"2024-09-12T13:39:25","modified_gmt":"2024-09-12T08:09:25","slug":"ovarian-cancer","status":"publish","type":"current-affairs","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/ovarian-cancer","title":{"rendered":"Ovarian Cancer"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>Ovarian Cancer Awareness Month<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is celebrate<\/span>d <b>in the month of September <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">so as to build awareness about this elusive disease of the female reproductive organ.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>About Ovarian Cancer<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-131364 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/117-66e19e813ad52.webp\" alt=\"Ovarian Cancer\" width=\"400\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/117-66e19e813ad52.webp 636w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/117-66e19e813ad52-300x241.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ovarian cancer is the<\/span><b> most malignant\u00a0 of the female cancers and every person assigned female at birth is at risk.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It occurs when <\/span><b>abnormal cells in the ovaries,\u00a0 and peritoneum or fallopian tubes grow and multiply<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> out of control.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><b>The Female Reproductive System: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It contains<\/span><b> two ovaries,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> one on each side of the <\/span><b>uterus. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The ovaries (almond sized) produce eggs (ova) as well as the<\/span><b> hormones estrogen and progesterone.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Risk Statistics:\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><b>World: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As per <\/span><b>Globocan\u2019s 2022 projections,\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Incidence: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The number of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer will r<\/span><b>ise over 55% to 503,448 by 2050.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>Mortality: T<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">he number of women dying from ovarian cancer may <\/span><b>increase to 350,956 showing an almost 70% increase<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from 2022.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>India: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ovarian cancer is<\/span><b> ranked amongst the top three cancers, contributing to 6.6% of <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">all women\u2019s cancers in India.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><b>In 2022, India reported 47,333 new ovarian cancer <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cases and 32,978 deaths<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Symptoms:\u00a0 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A 2004 study reported women with ovarian cancer typically experience these symptoms<\/span><b> 20 to 30 times a month.<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Persistent Bloating<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, loss of appetite, feeling full quickly, constipation<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Pelvic\/abdominal pain,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">back pain, persistent fatigue, weight loss,<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Urinary Symptoms: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Urgent or frequent need to urinate, and postmenopausal vaginal bleeding<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Types: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ovarian cancer is an <\/span><b>umbrella term comprising more than 30 different types of cancer <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">which are named after the type of cell they come from.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It <\/span><b>begins in the tissue covering the ovary<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, in the lining of the <\/span><b>fallopian tube <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">( (which deliver eggs from the ovaries to the uterus) and the <\/span><b>peritoneum <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(which lines the abdominal wall and covers the abdominal organs)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Germ Cell Ovarian Cancer<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: It comes from the r<\/span><b>eproductive cells of the ovaries (eggs)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 and is quite rare.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-131365 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/118-66e19e80c7fca.webp\" alt=\"Ovarian Cancer\" width=\"402\" height=\"293\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/118-66e19e80c7fca.webp 710w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/118-66e19e80c7fca-300x219.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 402px) 100vw, 402px\" \/><b>Stromal Cells Ovarian Cancer: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It comes from <\/span><b>connective tissue cell.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>Small cell carcinoma (SCCO) of the ovary:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> This is an extremely rare ovarian cancer.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Cause: <\/b>C<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ertain lifestyle factors are linked to ovarian cancer risk.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Family history, inherited gene mutations:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Ovarian Cancer is the most heritable of all cancers with <\/span><b>65-85% of hereditary ovarian cancer cases involving mutations in the BRCA1 or the BRCA2 genes.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>Use of talcum powder containing\u00a0 asbestos ( <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">known carcinogen) in the genital area<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Use of chemical hair products<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with studies showing a possible link between the prolonged use of hair dyes and an increased risk of ovarian cancer.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">f<\/span><b>requent use of hair straighteners, relaxers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or pressing products that release <\/span><b>formaldehyde gas<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">commonly used to alleviate menopausal symptoms, has been linked to a higher risk of ovarian cancer\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Detection and Diagnosis: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are<\/span><b> no effective screening tests for ovarian cancer.\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><b>The CA125 blood test i<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">s however useful<\/span><b> to monitor ovarian cancer<\/b> <b>only after diagnosis <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">but is less effective at screening asymptomatic women as it can lead to false positives.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Early detection can come <\/span><b>from an awareness of risk factors and symptoms <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and family history with regular consultations with healthcare providers\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Survival Rates: Five-year ovarian cancer survival rates <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">vary between countries with the\u00a0 developed countries rates ranging from 36% to 46%.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><b>India: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>10-year survival rate is estimated to be 15\u201330% <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">due to screening at an advanced stage (70-80%) In general, women diagnosed before age 65 have better outcomes than older women.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Treatment:\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Surgery:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It is a standard treatment for ovarian cancer to remove as much of the cancer as possible.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Chemotherapy:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Chemotherapy is often used <\/span><b>after surgery, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">especially for advanced ovarian cancer.<\/span><b> Platinum-based drugs like cisplatin or carboplatin are often use<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Radiation therapy:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Radiation therapy can be used after surgery to remove any remaining cancer cells. It can also be used to manage symptoms of advanced ovarian cancer, such as abdominal pain.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Hormonal treatment:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Some women benefit from hormonal treatment with drugs like anastrozole, letrozole, or tamoxifen.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Prevention:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The survival rate for patients with ovarian cancer <\/span><b>depends on the stage of detection and access to appropriate treatment.\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Personalised Risk Management: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It includes<\/span><b> genetic testing, tailored clinical surveillance, chemoprevention, and prophylactic surgeries<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which can reduce the risk of developing ovarian cancer in high-risk women.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Detecting Endometriosis<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: It is a condition where <\/span><b>uterine-like tissue grows outside the uterus<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, has been linked to an increased risk of certain types of ovarian cancer, particularly endometrioid and clear-cell cancers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Genetic Counselling: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The process helps identifying <\/span><b>individuals at risk for hereditary cancers and provides tailored guidance<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on preventive measures and potential treatments.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/store.pw.live\/govt-entrance-exams\/upsc-books?utm_source=SEO&#038;utm_medium=PW+Live&#038;utm_campaign=UPSC+CSE+Books\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check Out UPSC CSE Books From PW Store<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100.099%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: rgba(184, 165, 217, 0.53); text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%;\">\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt; color: #000000;\"><b>Government Initiatives Related to Cancer Care<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>The Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It offers <\/span><b>health insurance up to INR 5 lakhs per family<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for secondary and tertiary care hospitalisation, covering many cancer-related treatments.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>The National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases &#038; Stroke (NPCDCS):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It aims to prevent and<\/span><b> control chronic non-communicable diseases, including cancer.\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>The Rashtriya Arogya Nidhi (RAN):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It provides <\/span><b>financial assistance to patients living below the poverty line<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> suffering from life threatening diseases ie. cancer at government hospitals.<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>The Health Minister\u2019s Cancer Patient Fund (HMCPF) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">within Rashtriya Arogya Nidhi provides financial assistance for cancer treatment through the <\/span><b>procurement of generic drugs.<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>First Cancer Care (FCC) initiative:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It was <\/span><b>\u00a0introduced in 2022 and utilises advanced technology<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to transform cancer prevention and treatment, focusing on quality, timeliness, precision, and fairness.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>State Illness Assistance Funds:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It is set up by<\/span><b> various state governments, offering financial aid to poor patients<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to cover treatment costs for different diseases, including cancer.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>The Tertiary Care Cancer Centres (TCCC): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The scheme is <\/span><b>complemented by the Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana (PMSSY),<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 and aims to <\/span><b>set up state cancer institutes <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and tertiary care cancer centres across the country to improve facilities for cancer treatment.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>National Cancer Grid (NCG): I<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">t\u00a0 is a<\/span><b> network of cancer centres, research institutes, patient groups, and charitable institutions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> across India to<\/span><b> establish uniform standards of patient care<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer and provide specialised training and education in oncology\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Awareness campaigns: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Measures <\/span><b>targeting tobacco control and the promotion of healthy lifestyle<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">s are vital in reducing the risk factors associated with cancer.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.8306%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 137.735%; 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