{"id":132972,"date":"2024-09-19T19:36:00","date_gmt":"2024-09-19T14:06:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?post_type=current-affairs&#038;p=132972"},"modified":"2024-09-20T12:23:06","modified_gmt":"2024-09-20T06:53:06","slug":"indus-water-treaty-iwt","status":"publish","type":"current-affairs","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/indus-water-treaty-iwt","title":{"rendered":"Indus Water Treaty"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India has sent a formal notice to Pakistan requesting changes to the Indus Water Treaty.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>More on the news<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The notice mentions that there have been fundamental changes in circumstances that need a review of the treaty.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In January 2023, India had also sent a similar notice to Pakistan asking for amendments to the treaty.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>About Indus Water Treaty\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-132964 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/194-66ec27d9a6aab.webp\" alt=\"Indus Water Treaty\" width=\"400\" height=\"311\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/194-66ec27d9a6aab.webp 668w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/194-66ec27d9a6aab-300x234.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Indus Water Treaty (IWT) is a<\/span><b> water-sharing agreement<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> between India and Pakistan.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It was\u00a0 arranged by the World Bank.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It was signed in 1960 in Karachi between <\/span><b>Jawaharlal Nehru and Ayub Khan.\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The treaty regulates the use of the Indus River and its tributaries between the two countries.<\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><b>Key Provisions of Indus Water Treaty<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The treaty ensures<\/span><b> fair water usage by both countries <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and <\/span><b>sets guidelines for building projects <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">over the rivers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Focuses on <\/span><b>cooperation and goodwill b<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">etween the nations for optimum water use.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It has established the<\/span><b> Permanent Indus Commission <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to resolve disputes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The treaty has survived several wars and provided a mechanism for conflict resolution.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Permanent Indus Commission<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It involves commissioners from both countries to oversee <\/span><b>cooperation and dispute resolution<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The commission has survived <\/span><b>three wars<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and ensures <\/span><b>annual inspections, data exchanges<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and meetings.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Both commissioners submit an <\/span><b>annual report<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Although these reports are not made public.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: rgba(184, 165, 217, 0.53); text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%;\">\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt; color: #000000;\"><b>History<\/b><b> and Background<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Indus Water Treaty resolved water disputes that arose after the <\/span><b>1947-1948 Indo-Pakistani War.<\/b><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">Since the treaty was signed in 1960, there have been no water-related wars between the two nations.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Disagreements are mostly settled through <\/span><b>legal procedures defined in the treaty.<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Distribution of Rivers and Water<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Eastern Rivers (Beas, Ravi, Sutlej): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India controls these rivers with a total flow of 41 billion m\u00b3 annually.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India gets most of the water from eastern rivers (80%).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Western Rivers (Indus, Chenab, Jhelum): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pakistan controls these rivers with a total flow of 99 billion m\u00b3 annually.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pakistan gets most of the water from western rivers (80%).\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India can use the Western Rivers for limited irrigation and non-consumptive purposes <\/span><b>like power generation and navigation.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/store.pw.live\/govt-entrance-exams\/upsc-books?utm_source=SEO&#038;utm_medium=PW+Live&#038;utm_campaign=UPSC+CSE+Books\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check Out UPSC CSE Books From PW Store<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.9987%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: rgba(184, 165, 217, 0.53); text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%;\">\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #000000;\"><b>Kishanganga Project<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">It is a run-off river project in Jammu and Kashmir.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Installed capacity of the project: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0330 MW.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">It diverts water from the Kishanganga River to theJhelum River basin.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Project Starting Date:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 2007<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">This project was halted in 2011 due to disputes with Pakistan.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Pakistan stance<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Pakistan raised concern about the project efforts on water flow to downstream areas in Pakistan-administered Kashmir.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>The Hague\u2019s Permanent Court of Arbitration (CoA) :<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> In 2013, Court allowed India to divert water with certain conditions.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Issues and Concerns<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Ratle Plant Dispute: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pakistan objects to India&#8217;s 850 MW <\/span><b>Ratle Hydroelectric Plan<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">t and seeks arbitration to resolve the issue.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Disputes like<\/span><b> Baglihar Power Plant and Kishanganga Plant <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">were resolved through the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) or neutral experts.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Groundwater Use:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Pakistan uses groundwater from eastern rivers ( Ravi and Sutlej) but India does not raise formal objections.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, It is a potential treaty violation by Pakistan<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India&#8217;s attempts to use water or build dams often face objections from Pakistan.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Tulbul Navigation Project<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is an example of such a dispute.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b style=\"background-color: var(--global--color-background); color: var(--global--color-primary); font-family: var(--global--font-secondary); font-size: var(--global--font-size-base);\">Flooding in Kutch: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pakistan\u2019s river works cause flooding in India\u2019s Great Rann of Kutch, violating the treaty.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc\/pw-only-ias?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Classes<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100.029%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 138.235%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;\" colspan=\"2\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Must Read<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50.5357%; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/editorial-analysis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UPSC Daily Editorials<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 87.6989%; 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