{"id":135670,"date":"2024-10-04T19:31:42","date_gmt":"2024-10-04T14:01:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?post_type=current-affairs&#038;p=135670"},"modified":"2025-02-13T11:15:06","modified_gmt":"2025-02-13T05:45:06","slug":"all-odisha-leopard-estimation-2024","status":"publish","type":"current-affairs","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/all-odisha-leopard-estimation-2024","title":{"rendered":"Leopard population in Odisha&#8217;s forests jumps by 22% to 696 in two years"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>All Odisha Leopard Estimation 2024<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, released recently, estimates the State\u2019s leopard population to range between 668 and 724, with a median count of<\/span><b> 696<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>All Odisha Leopard Estimation 2024<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Key Highlights:\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Leopard Population Increase<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Odisha\u2019s leopard population has risen by 22% between 2022 and 2024, from 568 to 696 leopards.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>2024 Leopard Estimation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: The All Odisha Leopard Estimation 2024 reported a range of 668 to 724 leopards, with a median of 696.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Comparison to Previous Census<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: In 2018, NTCA estimated the population at 760 leopards; however, it dropped to 568 by 2022.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Statewide Monitoring<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: The estimation was conducted across 47 forest divisions using both field surveys and camera traps.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Melanistic Leopards:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Rare melanistic leopards <\/span><b>(black panthers)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> were recorded in Odisha.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Melanism<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a common trait in leopards, causing their<\/span><b> entire skin and spots to turn black<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. It&#8217;s caused by a <\/span><b>recessive mutation in the ASIP (agouti signalling protein) gene.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Estimation Techniques:<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Camera Traps<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Leopards were identified using camera traps, focusing on their unique rosette patterns.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This technique is widely used in <\/span><b>national leopard population assessment<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">s.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Field Survey<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Indirect evidence, including pugmarks, scats, scrapes, and vocalisations, was used to track leopard presence.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Important Habitats:<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Similipal Tiger Reserve<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Largest leopard population in the state. This landscape is vital for leopard dispersal to nearby wildlife sanctuaries like Hadagarh and Kuldiha.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Satkosia Landscape<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Holds the second-highest leopard population in the state.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Hirakud Wildlife Division<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Including Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary, it has a significant leopard population.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Leopard Presence in Non-Protected Areas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: 45% of leopards live outside protected areas in territorial forest divisions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Leopard Population in India: Fifth Cycle Leopard Population Estimation (2022)<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Released: In 2024 by Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Involved Organisations<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: The <\/span><b>National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>Wildlife Institute of India (WII)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, along with State Forest Departments,<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Coverage of the survey<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Leopard Population concentrated on <\/span><b>roughly 70% of the animals\u2019 predicted habitat<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and encompassed <\/span><b>18 states<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in India.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The estimation covered the <\/span><b>main areas for tiger conservation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2014forested habitats\u2014within <\/span><b>18 tiger states.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>High Himalayan (above 2000 m)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>non-forested areas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> were not included.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Methodology:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> To estimate l<\/span><b>e<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">opard abundance, <\/span><b>photo-captures<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> were combined with <\/span><b>spatial data on prey<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><b>habitat,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and<\/span><b> anthropogenic<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> factors using a likelihood-based <\/span><b>spatially explicit capture mark-recapture (SECR)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> covariate framework.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Population Estimate:<\/b> <b>13,874 leopards<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are thought to exist in India, a stable number when compared to the <\/span><b>2018 estimate <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(<\/span><b>12852<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">).\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Geographical\u00a0 Trends:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The population of <\/span><b>Central India<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is constant or slightly increasing, although areas such as the<\/span><b> Shivalik hills and Gangetic plains <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">are declining.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The selected areas are <\/span><b>growing at a rate of 1.08% annually<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> overall.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Distribution by State:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> With 3907 (2018: 3421) leopards,<\/span><b> Madhya Pradesh has the highest <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">population in the nation. It is <\/span><b>followed by Maharashtra<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (2022: 1985; 2018: 1,690), <\/span><b>Karnataka<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (2022: 1,879; 2018: 1,783), and<\/span><b> Tamil Nadu <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(2022: 1,070; 2018: 868).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Environment:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The tiger reserves or locations with the <\/span><b>greatest concentration<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of leopards are<\/span><b> Satpura (AP), Panna (MP), and Nagarjunasagar Srisailam (AP<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Declining Population:<\/b> <b>Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, and West Bengal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> recorded a combined 150% increase to 349 large cats<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Uttarakhand<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> reported a 22% fall in big cat numbers, presumably due to poaching and man-animal conflict.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/store.pw.live\/govt-entrance-exams\/upsc-books?utm_source=SEO&#038;utm_medium=PW+Live&#038;utm_campaign=UPSC+CSE+Books\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check Out UPSC CSE Books From PW Store<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"vc_table_green\"><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.5984%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: rgba(184, 165, 217, 0.53); text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;\">\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #000000;\"><b>About Indian Leopard<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Indian Leopard (Panthera pardus fusca)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a leopard <\/span><b>subspecies<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that is widespread throughout the <\/span><b>Indian subcontinent.<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They are the <\/span><b>smallest of the big cats.<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They are noted for their capacity to <\/span><b>adapt to a range of environments.<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They are <\/span><b>strong and agile predator<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">s capable of<\/span><b> climbing trees <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and dragging their victim to safety.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Conservation status<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: <\/span><b>Vulnerable (IUCN Red List).<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Appendix I of CITES<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/div>\n<div class=\"vc_table_green\"><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100.043%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 130.811%; 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