{"id":135817,"date":"2024-10-05T18:54:39","date_gmt":"2024-10-05T13:24:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?post_type=current-affairs&#038;p=135817"},"modified":"2025-02-13T16:00:00","modified_gmt":"2025-02-13T10:30:00","slug":"circular-migration-within-india","status":"publish","type":"current-affairs","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/circular-migration-within-india","title":{"rendered":"Circular Migration, Solution for Global Skill Shortage"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>migration of 997 youth from Maharashtra<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, with high school certificates beginning a job in Israel, with a<\/span><b> monthly salary of Rs 1.37 lakh <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">exemplifies <\/span><b>circular migration <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">resulting in<\/span><b> skill gain for both Israel and India.<\/b><\/p>\n<div class=\"vc_table_green\"><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.7992%; height: 204px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 204px;\">\n<th style=\"width: 100%; height: 204px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: rgba(184, 165, 217, 0.53); text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Circular Migration Within India<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Between Rural and Urban Areas:<\/b> <b>Internal migration within India is primarily circular,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with individuals moving <\/span><b>back and forth between rural and urban areas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for employment opportunities.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Example<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: <\/span><b>Construction sector<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> saw notable increased employment, especially for rural males.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>About Circular Migration<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Definition: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Circular migration is a <\/span><b>repetitive form of migration<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> wherein people move to another place (the destination country) and back (country of origin) according to the availability of employment.<\/span><b>\u00a0\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This migration can take place<\/span><b> across international borders <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">or <\/span><b>between rural and urban locals.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is a phenomenon <\/span><b>mostly among low-income groups<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> who<\/span><b> migrate to avail of seasonally available<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> jobs in another country, city, place etc.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Criteria for Circular Migration (Philippe Fargues):<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Temporary residence in the destination country.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Possibility of multiple entries into the destination country.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Freedom of movement between origin and destination countries during residence.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Legal right to stay in the destination country.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protection of migrants\u2019 rights.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Demand for temporary labour in the destination country.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Movement Frequency: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As per the report on measuring circular migration by the <\/span><b>United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Task Force<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A person is considered a circular migrant after <\/span><b>completing at least two loops between two countries <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(e.g., A to B, back to A, then A to B again).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Benefits of Circular Migration<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Circular Migration as a way to Address Global Skill Shortages And Poverty Alleviation In India: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Circular migration facilitated by <\/span><b>government-to-government agreements <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that <\/span><b>protect the wages<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>social security<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of migrant workers.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These agreements also ensure that migrant workers have a guaranteed return to their home country, <\/span><b>fostering a sustainable migration pattern.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Skill Enhancement:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Skill enhancement for <\/span><b>both sending and receiving countries.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Triple-win scenario:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Circular Migration benefits <\/span><b>host countries<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by filling labour shortages, <\/span><b>home countries<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by retaining skilled workers, and <\/span><b>migrants <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">through enhanced skills and wages.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Remittances:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Circular migrants tend to <\/span><b>send back higher remittances compared to permanent migrants<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, benefiting their families and local economies, contributing to poverty alleviation back home.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Example: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Manual workers in the <\/span><b>UAE, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar and Oman<\/b> <b>contribute 40 per cent of the total remittances to India.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As per the World Bank, <\/span><b>India received USD 120 billion in remittances in 2023.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Government Perspectives: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Circular migration allows governments in destination countries to <\/span><b>manage labour needs without permanently altering the population<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, as migrants are expected to return home.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Public Acceptance: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The notion that migrants will circulate back to their home countries can<\/span><b> ease concerns in host nations.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Costs of Circular Migration<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Brain Drain: Loss of skilled workers from the home country<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, impacting human resources and development.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Limited Skill Utilisation: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Migrants may work in <\/span><b>unskilled jobs abroad<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, gaining <\/span><b>little experience<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that contributes to their home country&#8217;s development.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Social Impact on Families: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Temporary separation can lead to <\/span><b>family disruption<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, especially for children left behind while parents work abroad.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Exploitation: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Recruitment may involve <\/span><b>deception<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>exploitation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, leading to <\/span><b>forced labour <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and<\/span><b> marginalisation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the host country.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Example:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> In a tragic building fire in <\/span><b>Kuwait,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> around <\/span><b>45 Indians and three Filipino nationals lost their lives<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The incident occurred in a building that housed foreign workers in the Gulf Kingdom.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In <\/span><b>February 2021<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the <\/span><b>Guardian <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">said <\/span><b>6,500 migrant workers from India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> had <\/span><b>died in Qatar<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> since it won its World Cup bid.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Gender Issues: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Traditional gender roles<\/span><b> limit women&#8217;s participation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in circular migration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Health Risks: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Migrants face increased vulnerability to health issues due to<\/span><b> isolation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>poor living conditions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, potentially spreading diseases to home communities.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Language Barriers:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Language differences can<\/span><b> hinder communication<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and understanding, making it difficult for migrant workers to adapt to new work environments and meet employer expectations.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This can often lead to <\/span><b>reliance on middlemen and brokers, often resulting in exploitation.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>Example: Kafala system in the UAE, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">which grants employers considerable power over immigrant labourers, especially those in low-wage jobs.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Skill-Matching Requirements: Government-to-Government (G-to-G) agreements<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for circular migration <\/span><b>necessitate precise skill matching between Indian workers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and the <\/span><b>demands of receiving countries,<\/b> <b>complicating the selection process.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/store.pw.live\/govt-entrance-exams\/upsc-books?utm_source=SEO&#038;utm_medium=PW+Live&#038;utm_campaign=UPSC+CSE+Books\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check Out UPSC CSE Books From PW Store<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"vc_table_green\"><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.6988%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: rgba(184, 165, 217, 0.53); text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;\">\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt; color: #000000;\"><b>Global Workforce Shortage and Opportunities for India<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Border Controls: Stricter immigration and labour controls have led to significant workforce shortages worldwide.\u00a0<\/b><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">Many countries are tightening regulations on foreign labour, leading to a reduced pool of available workers.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Ageing Population in Developed Countries: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>ageing demographic i<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">n developed nations such as <\/span><b>Western Europe, Japan<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> creates a significant opportunity for India.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Critical Skill Shortages: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some Developed countries are<\/span><b> facing substantial shortages of skilled professionals<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, particularly in sectors such as <\/span><b>quantum computing, infrastructure development, and healthcare <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">posing considerable challenges to their economic growth.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/div>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><b>Initiatives taken by the Indian Government for Addressing Global Skills Gap via Circular Migration<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Labour Mobility Partnership Agreement : <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India has signed labour migration agreements with countries like<\/span><b> Germany, Japan, Italy and Israel<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This will enable Indian workers to work abroad for a specified period, <\/span><b>typically around five years<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, before returning to India.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Skill Development and Training: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC),<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in collaboration with the <\/span><b>Maharashtra Institution for Transformation (MITRA)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, has developed <\/span><b>Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to enable skilled<\/span><b> youth<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in India to <\/span><b>access higher-wage job markets abroad.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL): National Skill Development Corporation <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">identifies youth with specific skill sets required by partner countries like Israel and <\/span><b>offers Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL) courses<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for <\/span><b>booster training to enhance employability.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Skills Acquisition and Knowledge Awareness for Livelihood (SANKALP)\u00a0 and Skills Strengthening for Industrial Value Enhancement (STRIVE)<\/b><b>: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>SANKALP <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">programme focuses on the <\/span><b>district-level skilling ecosystem<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and the <\/span><b>STRIVE<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> project aims to improve the <\/span><b>performance of ITIs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are other significant skilling interventions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"vc_table_green\"><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 99.6963%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: rgba(184, 165, 217, 0.53); text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>A Migration and Mobility Partnership Agreement (MMPA) is a formal arrangement <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">between <\/span><b>two or more countries<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> designed to facilitate the<\/span><b> legal and orderly movement of people.<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">MMPAs are comprehensive in nature and cover a <\/span><b>vast spectrum of mobility<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ranging from <\/span><b>short stay visas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><b>mobility of students, researchers, professionals for economic reasons, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and preventing and combating irregular migration and trafficking in human beings.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>India <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">has<\/span><b> signed MMPAs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with several countries to facilitate legal migration and mobility with<\/span><b> Austria (January 2023), France, United Kingdom, Germany, Finland etc.<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>TEJAS Initiative:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> TEJAS (Training for Emirates Jobs and Skills) is a S<\/span><b>kill India project<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> launched at Dubai Expo 2020 to skill, certify, and facilitate overseas employment <\/span><b>for Indians, aligning the workforce with UAE&#8217;s market demands.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><b>Recommendations to Enhance India&#8217;s Opportunities Amid Global Skill Shortages<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Facilitating International Mobility:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Streamline <\/span><b>visa application <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">processes for students, professionals, and skilled workers to <\/span><b>facilitate easier movement.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Mutual Recognition of Qualifications: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Establish agreements with other countries for the <\/span><b>mutual recognition of educational and professional qualifications.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Incentivise Return Migration: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Create incentives for skilled workers to return to India after gaining international experience, such as <\/span><b>tax benefits or grants for starting businesses.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Reintegration Programs:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Develop programs to <\/span><b>help returning migrants reintegrate<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> into the local economy and society.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Expand Mobility Partnerships:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Negotiate more Migration and Mobility Partnership Agreements<\/span><b> (MMPAs) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">with countries facing skill shortages<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc\/pw-only-ias?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Classes<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Conclusion<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India can <\/span><b>leverage circular migration<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to become <\/span><b>a global hub for skilled labour,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> benefiting from the experiences of returning migrants to enhance its workforce and drive global economic growth<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"vc_table_green\"><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100.043%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 130.811%; 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