{"id":136639,"date":"2024-10-09T19:18:29","date_gmt":"2024-10-09T13:48:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/?post_type=current-affairs&#038;p=136639"},"modified":"2024-10-10T12:02:03","modified_gmt":"2024-10-10T06:32:03","slug":"isro-pslv-37-mission","status":"publish","type":"current-affairs","link":"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/current-affairs\/isro-pslv-37-mission","title":{"rendered":"PSLV-37 mission re-enters Earth\u2019s atmosphere"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/isro-indian-space-research-organisation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)<\/a> informed that the upper stage of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle C-37 (PSLV C-37 mission) re-entered the Earth\u2019s atmosphere on October 6.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>About PSLV-C37 Mission<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Launched on <\/span><b>February 15, 2017 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">with <\/span><b>Cartosat-2D<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> as the main payload along with another <\/span><b>103 satellites<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">INS-1A, INS- 1B, Al-Farabi 1, BGUSAT, DIDO-2, Nayif 1, PEASS, 88 Flock-3p satellites, and 8 Lemur-2 satellites.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>104 satellites: Highest number of satellites<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> launched in a single flight so far<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pw.live\/batches\/upsc?utm_source=seo+upsc+batch&#038;utm_medium=seo+upsc&#038;utm_campaign=seo&#038;utm_id=upsc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enroll now for UPSC Online Course<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Orbital Decay and Re-entry<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-136622 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/910-670685700f6de.webp\" alt=\"PSLV-37 mission\" width=\"396\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/910-670685700f6de.webp 628w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/910-670685700f6de-300x284.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 396px) 100vw, 396px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After injecting satellites into orbit, the<\/span><b> PS4 upper stage<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was left in a 470&#215;494 km orbit.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Due to <\/span><b>atmospheric drag<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the <\/span><b>orbit decayed<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, leading to re-entry.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Re-entry<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> occurred in the<\/span><b> North Atlantic Ocean<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, as predicted by both ISRO and US Space Command (USSPACECOM).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><b>Compliance with International Guidelines<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The re-entry was <\/span><b>compliant with the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC) guidelines<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which recommend l<\/span><b>imiting post-mission orbital life<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of defunct objects in <\/span><b>Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) to 25 years<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>ISRO reduced <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the residual orbital lifetime to<\/span><b> 8 years through a passivation sequence<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"><b>Future Debris Mitigation Initiatives<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ISRO is working to <\/span><b>reduce the post-mission orbital lifetime of PSLV upper stages<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to<\/span><b> less than 5 years<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> using engine restarts.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Controlled re-entry is planned<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for future PSLV missions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ISRO aims to achieve the<\/span><b> &#8220;Debris Free Space Mission&#8221; (DFSM) by 2030<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> as part of its commitment to space sustainability.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>About Debris-Free Space Missions (DFSM)<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-136623 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/911-6706856f4c5ea.webp\" alt=\"PSLV-37 mission\" width=\"403\" height=\"229\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/911-6706856f4c5ea.webp 787w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/911-6706856f4c5ea-300x170.webp 300w, https:\/\/pwonlyias.com\/stage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/911-6706856f4c5ea-768x436.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 403px) 100vw, 403px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Debris-Free Space Missions (DFSM) is an <\/span><b>initiative by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to make <\/span><b>all Indian space missions debris-free by 2030.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The initiative aims to ensure the <\/span><b>sustainability of space<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by<\/span><b> reducing the amount of space debris and preventing future collisions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The DFSM initiative includes:\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Avoiding debris generation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: This includes avoiding debris during the operational life of satellites and launch vehicles, as well as during post-mission disposal.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Avoiding on-orbit collisions:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> This includes using failure mode studies, redundant systems, and mission design with high reliability.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Guidelines for space actors:\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This includes guidelines for all Indian space actors, both governmental and non-governmental,<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is on <\/span><b>how to select clean orbits, budget fuel<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for post-mission <\/span><b>disposals, and control trajectories<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> during atmospheric re-entry.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"vc_button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/store.pw.live\/govt-entrance-exams\/upsc-books\/upsc-modules?utm_source=SEO&#038;utm_medium=PW+Live&#038;utm_campaign=UPSC+Modules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check Out UPSC Modules From PW Store<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Re-entry missions of ISRO<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>LVM3-M3<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The LVM3-M3 <\/span><b>rocket body was disposed of through natural orbital decay<\/b> <b>within two years<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of orbital injection.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This complied with international guidelines and <\/span><b>India&#8217;s Debris Free Space Missions (DFSM) initiative.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment (CARE)<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Launched on<\/span><b> December 18, 2014,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> CARE was an <\/span><b>experimental test vehicle for ISRO&#8217;s future orbital vehicle, Gaganyaan.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"vc_table_green\"><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100.043%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 130.811%; 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